A review of the factors affecting the survival of donkeys in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa

Tropical Animal Health and Production

Volumn 37, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages 1-19

  Smith, D G ^a   Pearson, R A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Africa; Donkey; Drought; Survival strategies

Indexed keywords

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL FOOD; CATTLE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HORSE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ANIMAL NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; CATTLE; EQUIDAE; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

ANIMALIA; BOS TAURUS; BOVIDAE; EQUUS ASINUS;

EID: 28244450371     PISSN: 00494747     EISSN: 15737438     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:TROP.0000047928.65424.28     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Bayer, W. and Waters-Bayer, A., 1998. Forage Husbandry, (London, CTA/Macmillan), 20-25
2. Bell, R.H.V., 1969. The use of the herb layer by grazing ungulates in the Serengeti. In: A. Watson (ed.), Animal Populations in Relation to their Food Resources. Symposium of the British Ecological Society, (Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford), 111-128
3. Bullard, R.W., Dill, D.B. and Yousef, M.K., 1970. Responses of the burro to desert heat stress. Journal of Applied Physiology, 29, 159-167
4. Butterworth, M.H., Mosi, A.K. and Nuwanyakpa, M., 1987. Intake and digestibility of roughages by donkeys. In: M. Rose (ed.), Herbivore Nutrition Research. Research papers presented at the second international symposium on the nutrition of herbivores. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 6-10 July 1987, (Australian Society of Animal Production, Brisbane), 105
5. Corbett, J.D., Collis, S.N., Bush, B.R., Jeske, R.Q., Martinez, R.E., Zermoglio, M.F., Lu, Q., Muchugu, E. I., White, J.W. and Hodson, D.P., 2001. Almanac Characterisation Tool v. 3.0. A resource base for characterizing the agricultural, natural and human environments for selected African countries. Research Centre Report no. 01-08, March 2001, documentation and CD-ROM, (Texas Agricultural Experimental Station, Texas A and M, Temple)
6. Cuddeford, D., Pearson, R.A., Archibald, R.F. and Muirhead, R.H. 1995. Digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time of diets containing different proportions of alfalfa and oat straw given to Thoroughbreds, Shetland ponies, Highland ponies and donkeys. Animal Science, 61, 407-417
7. Dijkman, J.T., 1992. A note on the influence of negative gradients on the energy expenditure of donkeys walking, carrying and pulling loads. Animal Production, 54, 153-156
8. Dill, D.B., Yousef, M.K., Cox, C.R. and Barton, R.G., 1980. Hunger vs thirst in the burro (Equus asinus). Physiology and Behaviour, 24, 975-978
9. Doran, M.H., Low, A.R.C. and Kemp, R.L., 1979. Cattle as a store of wealth in Swaziland: implications for livestock development and overgrazing in Eastern and Southern Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61, 41-47
10. FAOSTAT, 2002. http://appa.fao.org/page/collections?subset=agriculture
11. Fielding, D. and Krause, P., 1998. Physiology, nutrition and feeding. In: D. Fielding and P. Krause (eds.), Donkeys, (MacMillan Education, London), 14-31
12. Haltenorth, T. and Diller, H., 1988. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Africa Including Madagascar, (Collins, London)
13. Harker, K.W., Taylor, J.I. and Rollinson, D.H.L., 1956. Studies on the habits of Zebu cattle. V. Night paddocking and its effect on the animal. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 47, 44-49
14. Izraely, H., Choshniak, I., Stevens, C.E., Demment, M.W. and Shkolnik, A., 1989. Factors determining the digestive efficiency of domesticated donkey (Equus asinus asinus). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 74, 1-6
15. Izraely, H., Choshniak, I., Stevens, C.E. and Shkolnik, A., 1989. The donkey: coping with low quality feed. American Journal of Animal Science, 2, 289-291
16. Jahnke, H.E., 1982. Livestock Production Systems and Livestock Development in Tropical Africa, (Kiler Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk Kiel) 20-25
17. Janis, C., 1976. The evolutionary strategy of equidae and the origins of rumen and caecal digestion. Evolution, 30, 757-774
18. Jones, N.L., Houpt, K.A. and Houpt, T.R., 1989. Stimuli of thirst in donkeys (Equus asinus). Physiology and Behaviour, 46, 661-665
19. Kingdon, J., 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals, (Academic Press, London), 30-45
20. Lampkin, G.H. and Quarterman, J., 1958. Observations on the grazing habits of grade and Zebu steers in a high altitude temperate climate. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 50, 211-218
21. Lawrence, P.R. and Stibbards, R.J., 1990. The energy costs of walking, carrying and pulling loads on flat surfaces by Brahman cattle and swamp buffalo. Animal Production, 50, 29-39
22. Maloiy, G.M.O., 1970. Water economy of the Somali donkey. American Journal of Physiology, 219, 1522-1527
23. Maloiy, G.M.O., 1973. The effect of dehydration and heat stress on intake and digestion of food in the Somali donkey. Environment, Physiology and Biochemistry, 3, 36-39
24. Maloiy, G.M.O. and Boarer, C.D.H., 1971. Responses of the Somali donkey to dehydration: haematological changes. American Journal of Physiology, 221, 37-41
25. Maloiy, G.M.O., Taylor, C.R. and Clemens, E.T., 1978. A comparison of gastrointestinal water content and osmolarity in east African herbivores during hydration and dehydration. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 91, 249-254
26. McCarthy, G., 1989. The principles and practice of feed rationing for donkeys. In E.D. Svendsen (ed.), The Professional Handbook of the Donkey, 2nd edn, (Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth), 54-63
27. Ministry of Agriculture Food and Fisheries (MAFF) 1987. MAFF Technical Bulletin: 433. Energy allowances and feeding systems for ruminants, (Ministry of Agriculture Food and Fisheries, London)
28. Moehlman, P.D., Fowler, L.E. and Roe, J.H., 1998. Feral asses (Equus africanus) of Volcano Alcedo, Galapagos: behavioural ecology, spatial distribution and social organisation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 60, 197-210
29. Mueller, P.J., Hintz, H.F., Pearson, R.A., Lawrence, P.R. and van Soest, P.J., 1994. Voluntary intake of roughage diets by donkeys. In: M. Bakkoury and R.A. Prentis (eds.), Working Equines. Second International Colloquium, Rabat, Morocco, 20-22 April 1994, (Actes Éditions, Rabat, Morocco), 137-148
30. Mueller, P.J. and Houpt, K.A., 1991. A comparison of the responses of donkeys (Equus asinus) and Ponies (Equus caballus) to 36 h of water deprivation. In: D. Fielding and R.A. Pearson (eds), Donkey, Mules and Horses in Tropical Agricultural Development, (CTVM, Edinburgh, UK), 86-95
31. Nengomasha, E.M., Pearson, R.A. and Smith, T., 1999. The donkey as a draught power resource in smallholder farming in semi-arid western Zimbabwe. 1. Live weight and food and water requirements. Animal Science, 69, 297-304
32. Ouedraogo, T. and Tisserand, J.L., 1996. Comparative studies of forage utilization between donkey and sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 45, 437-444
33. Pearson, R.A., Archibald, R.F. and Muirhead, R.H., 2001. The effect of forage quality and level of feeding on digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time of oat straw and alfalfa given to ponies and donkeys. British Journal of Nutrition, 85, 599-606
34. Pearson, R.A., Dijkman, J.T., Krecek, R.C. and Wright, P., 1998. Effect of density and weight of load on the energy cost of carrying loads by donkeys and ponies. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 30, 67-78
35. Pearson, R.A. and Merritt, J.B., 1991. Intake, digestion and gastrointestinal transit time in resting donkeys and ponies and exercised donkeys given ad libitum hay and straw diets. Equine Veterinary Journal, 23, 339-343
36. Pearson, R.A. and Nengomasha, E., 1994. Improving the productivity of draught animals in sub-Saharan Africa existing information relevant to draught animal management studies. In: J. Ellis-Jones (ed.), Improving the Productivity of Draught Animals in Sub Saharan Africa. Report on a workshop held at Matopos Research Station, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 17-19 October 1994, (University of Zimbabwe, Harare), 9-18
37. Rudman, R., 1990. The behaviour and ecology of feral Burros on St. John, U.S. Virgin Island, (PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY)
38. Smith, C.A., 1959. Studies on the Northern Rhodesia 'Hyparrhenia' veld. Part I. The grazing behaviour of indigenous cattle grazed at high and heavy stocking rates. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 52, 369
39. Smith, C.A., 1961. Studies in the Northern Rhodesia Hyparrhenia Veld. III The effect on the growth and grazing behaviour of indigenous cattle of restricting their daily grazing time by night kraaling. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 56, 243-248
40. Smith, D.G., 1999. The impact of grazing time allowance on the dry matter intake and foraging behaviour of cattle and donkeys managed under traditional African grazing systems, (PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh)
41. Smith, D.G., Nahius, A. and Archibald, R.F., 1994. A comparison of the energy requirements for work in donkeys, ponies and cattle. In: M. Bakkoury and R.A. Prentis (eds.), Working Equines. Second International Colloquium, Rabat, Morocco, 20-22 April 1994, (Actes Éditions, Rabat, Morocco), 17-22
42. Smith, D.G., Tesfaye, A. and More, L (eds.), 2001. Alleviating Poverty in Peri-urban Ethiopia by Improving the Health, Welfare and Management of Donkeys, (CTVM, Edinburgh)
43. Sufit, E., Houpt, K.A. and Sweeting, M.P., 1985. Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns in ponies. Equine Veterinary Journal, 17, 12-16
44. Tesfaye, A. and Smith, D.G., 2001. Comparison of donkey owners and non-donkey owners in the household economy. In D.G. Smith, A. Tesfaye, and L. More (eds.), Alleviating Poverty in Peri-urban Ethiopia by Improving the Health, Welfare and Management of Donkeys, (CTVM, Edinburgh), 76-92
45. Thrash, I. and Derry, J. F., 1999. The nature and modelling of biospheres: a review. Koedoe, 42, 73-94
46. Tisserand, J.L., Faurie, F. and Toure, M. (1991). A comparative study of donkey and pony digestive physiology. In: D. Fielding and R.A. Pearson (eds), Donkeys, Mules and Horses in Tropical Agricultural Development, (CTVM, Edinburgh), 67-78
47. Twerda, M., Fielding, D. and Field, C., 1997. Role and management of donkeys in Samburu and Turkana pastrolist societies in Northern Kenya. Tropical Animal Production and Health, 29, 48-54
48. White, J., 1981. The estimation and interpretation of pastoralists' prices responses. In: Agricultural Administration Unit (ed.), The Design and Management of Pastoral Development, (ODI, London), 1-4
49. Wilson, P.N., 1961. The grazing behaviour and free-water intake of East African short horned zebu heifers at Serere, Uganda. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 56, 351-364
50. Yousef, M.K. and Dill, D.B., 1969. Energy expenditure in desert walks: man and burros Equus asinus. Journal of Applied Physiology, 27, 681-683
51. Yousef, M.K., Dill, D.B. and Freeland, D.V., 1972. Energetic cost of grade walking in man and burro, Equus asinus: desert and mountain. Journal of Applied Physiology, 33, 337-340
52. Yousef, M.K., Dill, D.B. and Mayes, M.G., 1970. Shifts in body fluid during dehydration in the burro, Equus asinus. Journal of Applied Physiology, 29, 345-349