The historiography of British Imperial education policy, Part II: Africa and the rest of the colonial empire

History of Education

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 441-454

  Whitehead, Clive ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 28044452652     PISSN: 0046760X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00467600500138147     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. For the establishment and work of the advisory committee see the author's article 'The Advisory Committee on Education in the (British) Colonies 1924-1961, Paedagogica Historica, XXVII/3 (1991), 385-421.
2. Minutes of the Advisory Committee's first meeting, January 1924. See Sir Christopher Cox Papers, National Archives, Kew, Ref. CO 1045/1
3. Despatch from Governor of Fiji, No. 48 of 13/2/30, Box 226, Joint International Missionary Council/Conference of British Missionary Societies Archives.
4. For more detail on the problem of secondary education for Fiji Indians see the author's article 'Education and the "Indian Problem" in Colonial Fiji 1920-45', Education Research and Perspectives, 8/1 (June 1981), 76-88.
5. Imperial Conference 1926. Appendices to the Summary of Proceedings, Cmd 2769, p. 123.
6. For more detail on this point see the author's recent article. 'The Christian Missions and the origins of the Indian Education Commission 1882-83', Education Research & Perspectives, 31/2 (December 2004) 120-136.
7. Education Policy in British Tropical Africa, Cmd. 2372, March 1925.
8. For more on this subject see E. Ashby, Universities: British, Indian, African (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1966)
9. and the author's article, 'The "two-way pull" and the establishment of university education in British West Africa', History of Education, 16/2 (1987), 119-33.
10. Report of the Royal Commission into Decentralization in India, No. 1, 1909, Cd 4360, p. 127.
11. W. Meston, Indian Educational Policy: Its Principles and Problems (Madras: Christian Literature Society, 1936), 135.
12. A. Mayhew, Education in the Colonial Empire (London: Longmans, Green, 1938), 33.
13. A major influence in Whitehall's adoption of the theory of adaptation as a guiding principle in colonial schooling were the two reports on education in Africa prepared by the Phelps-Stokes Fund of New York. See Education in Africa (New York, Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1922)
14. and Education in East Africa (New York/London, Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1925).
15. For a brief but perceptive analysis of the leading critics of colonial education in the interwar years see P. Hetherington, British Paternalism and Africa 1920-1940 (London: Frank Cass, 1978) chapter 7.
16. A. V. Murray, A School in the Bush (London: Longmans Green, 1938).
17. Macmillan, W. M., Africa Emergent (London: Faber & Faber, 1938).
18. L. Woolf, Imperialism and Colonization (London: Hogarth Press, 1928)
19. N. Leys, A Last Chance in Kenya (London: Hogarth Press, 1931).
20. L. Barnes, The Duty of Empire (London: Gollancz, 1932).
21. W. M. Macmillan, 'The Importance of the Educated African', African Affairs, January (1934), 139.
22. Education in Africa, op. cit.
23. and Education in East Africa, op. cit.
24. By far the best and most comprehensive study of the influence of the Phelps-Stokes reports is by K. J. King, Pan Africanism and Education: a Study of Race Philosophy and Education in the Southern States of America and East Africa (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).
25. S. J. Ball, 'Imperialism, Social Control and the Colonial Curriculum', Journal of Curriculum Studies, 15/3 (1983), 237-63.
26. P. G. Okoth, 'The creation of a dependent culture', in J. A. Mangan, The Imperial Curriculum (London: Routledge, 1993), chapter 9.
27. Ward as quoted in E.W.D.H. Earle, 'The development of education in pre-independent Ghana', Oxford Development Records Project, No. 10 Rhodes House Library, 58.
28. F. D. Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (London: William Blackwood & Sons 1929) chapters XX1, XX11. Lugard drew heavily on the British experience in India in his two chapters on education. The Dual Mandate was the bible for British colonial administrators in the interwar years.
29. A. T. Mayhew, Educational Policy in the Colonial Empire (London: Longmans, 1938).
30. W. M. Hailey, An African Survey (London: Oxford University Press, 1938).
31. C. T. Loram, The Education of the South African Native (London: Longmans Green, 1917).
32. J. Huxley, Africa View (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931).
33. H. S. Scott, 'The development of the education of the African in relation to western contact', The Year Book of Education (London: Evans Bros, 1938), 697-98.
34. There is a profusion of books dealing with decolonisation in postwar Britain. See esp. John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-war World (London: Macmillan, 1988).
35. See W.E.F. Ward, Educating Young Nations (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1959).
36. M. Carnoy, Education as Cultural Imperialism (New York, Longman, 1974).
37. M. J. Bowman, 'Review', Economic Development and Cultural Change, 24 (July 1976), 833-41.
38. D. G. Schilling, 'British policy for African Education in Kenya 1895-1939', PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1972.
39. T. Coombe, 'The origins of secondary education in Zambia', African Social Research, No. 3 (June 1967), 173-205;
40. African Social Research, No. 4 (December 1967), 283-315;
41. African Social Research, No. 5 (June 1968), 365-405.
42. W. Rodney, How Europe Undeveloped Africa (London: Bogle L'Ouverture Publications, 1972), 264, 275, 281.
43. S. Amin, 'What education for what development?', Prospects, V/1 (1975), 51.
44. I. Illich, Deschooling Society (New York, Harper & Row, 1971).
45. A. Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized (Boston: Beacon Press, 1965).
46. P. Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972).
47. F. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972).
48. A. Moumouni, L'Education en Afrique (Paris, Francois Maspero, 1964).
49. H. A. Gailey, Clifford: Imperial Proconsul (London: Rex Collings, 1982), 185.
50. M. J. Bowman, 'Review', Economic Development and Culture Change, No. 24 (July 1976), 833-41.
51. J.C.E. Greig, 'Decision-making in Educational Administration: a comparative study of the Gambia and Malawi during the period 1925-1945', PhD, Institute of Education, University of London: 1978,
52. For further detailed case studies reinforcing this point see the author's Education in Fiji Policy, Problems and Progress in Primary and Secondary education, 1939-1973 (Canberra: Australian National University, 1981);
53. M. Bray, Universal Primary Education in Nigeria: A Study of Kano State (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), and
54. A.E. Sweeting, 'The Reconstruction of Education in Post-War Hong Kong 1945-54: Variations in the Process of Policy Making', PhD (unpublished) University of Hong Kong, 1989.
55. African Education (Oxford: Nuffield Foundation/Colonial Office, 1953), 183.
56. 'Education policy in Africa', unpublished paper No. 7, prepared for the African Governors' Conference, Westminster, November 1947. National Archives, Kew. Ref. CO 847/37/47242/1947.
57. W.E.F. Ward, Educating Young Nations (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1959).
58. A. F. Pifer, Forecasts of the Fullbright Program in British Africa (US Educational Commissioner in the UK, 1953), 21-2.
59. National Archives, Ref. CO 1045.
60. Foreword to Sir James Robertson, Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence: a Memoir (London: C. Hurst, 1974).
61. D. K. Fieldhouse, Colonialism 1870-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1981).
62. L. Mair, 'Review', African Affairs, 80/320 (July 1981), 425.
63. C. Whitehead, 'British colonial education policy: a synonym for cultural imperialism?', in J.A. Mangan (ed.) Benefits Bestowed? Education and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 211-30.
64. V. R. Markham, Return Passage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953), 50.
65. Foreword to Historiography V, The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), vii.