Coaches' use of anticipatory and counterfactual regret messages during competition

Journal of Applied Communication Research

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 116-138

  Turman, Paul D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

Athletes; Athletics; Coaching; Regret; Sport

Indexed keywords

EID: 27944477255     PISSN: 00909882     EISSN: 14795752     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00909880500045072     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Baker, J., Cote, J., & Hawes, R. (2000). The relationship between coaching behaviors and sport anxiety in athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 3, 110-119.
2. Barnett, N. P., Smoll, F. L., & Smith, R. E. (1992). Effects of enhancing coach-athlete relationship on youth sport attrition. Sport Psychologist, 6, 111-127.
3. Bell, D. E. (1981). Explaining utility theory paradoxes by decision regret. In J. Morse (Ed.), Proceedings of the fourth international conference on multiple criteria decision making (pp. 28-39). New York: Springer.
4. Bell, D. E. (1982). Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations Research, 30, 961-981.
5. Bennett, G., & Maneval, M. (1998). Leadership styles of elite Dixie Youth baseball coaches. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 754.
6. Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw Hill.
7. Black, S. J., & Weiss, M. R. (1992). The relationship among perceived coaching behaviors, perception of ability, and motivation in competitive age-group swimmers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 309-325.
8. Cary, P., Dotinga, R., & Comarow, A. (2004, June 7). Fixing kid's sports: Violence in sports. U.S. News and World Report, 136, 44-48.
9. Chelladurai, P. (1984). Discrepancy between preferences and perceptions of leadership behavior and satisfaction of athletes in varying sports. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 27-41.
10. Davis, C. G., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Counterfactual thinking and coping with traumatic life events. In N. J. Roese, & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 353-373). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Gardner, D. E., Light-Shields, D. L., Light-Bredemeier, B. J., & Bostrom, A. (1996). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and team cohesion among baseball and softball players. Sport Psychologist, 10, 367-381.
12. Gavanski, I., & Wells, G. L. (1989). Counterfactual processing of normal and exceptional events. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 314-325.
13. Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1995). The experience of regret: What, when, and why. Psychological Review, 102, 379-395.
14. Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
15. Gleicher, F. H., Kost, K. A., Baker, S. M., Strathman, A., Richman, S. A., & Sherman, S. J. (1990). The role of counterfactual thinking in judgments of affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 284-295.
16. Gould, D., Hodge, K., Peterson, K., & Giannini, J. (1989). An exploratory examination of strategies used by elite coaches to enhance self-efficacy in athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 128-140.
17. Heath, S. B. (1991). "It's about winning!" The language of knowledge in baseball. In L. B. Resnick, & I. M. Levine (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (pp. 101-124). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
18. Hetts, J. J., Boninger, D. S., Armor, D. A., Gleicher, F., & Nathanson, A. (2000). The influence of anticipated counterfactual regret on behavior. Psychology and Marketing, 17, 345-368.
19. Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. New York: Free Press.
20. Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136-153.
21. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). The simulation heuristic. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovick, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 201-208). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
22. Kassing, J., Billings, A. C., Brown, R., Halone, K. K., Harrison, K., Krizek, B., et al. (2004). Enacting, (re)producing, consuming, and organizing sport: Communication in the community of sport. In P. J Kalbfleisch (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 28 (pp. 373-409). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Kassing, J. W., & Infante, D. A. (1999). Aggressive communication in coach-athlete dyads. Communication Research Reports, 16, 110-120.
24. Landman, J. (1993). Regret: The persistence of the possible. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Lipe, M. G. (1991). Counterfactual reasoning as a framework for attribution theories. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 456-471.
26. Liukkonen, J., Laakso, L., & Telama, R. (1996). Educational perspectives of youth sport coaches: Analysis of observed coaching behaviors. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27, 439-453.
27. Luce, R. D., & Raiffa, H. (1957). Games and decisions. New York: Wiley.
28. Martens, R. (1992). Coaches guide to sport psychology (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
29. Miles, J. A., & Greenberg, J. (1993). Using punishment threats to attenuate social loafing effects among swimmers. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56, 246-265.
30. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Niedenthal, P. M., Tangney, J. P., & Gavanski, I. (1994). "If only I weren't" versus "if only I hadn't": Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 585-595.
32. Orlick, T., & Botterill, C. (1975). Every kid can win. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
33. Parrott, R., & Duggan, A. (1999). Using coaches as role models of sun protection for youth: Georgia's "Got Youth Covered" project. Journal of Applied Communicatio Research, 27, 107-119.
34. Roberts, G. C. (1984). Achievement motivation in children's sport. In J. G. Nicholls (Ed.), Advances in motivation and achievement, (Vol. 3, pp. 251-281). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
35. Roese, N. J. (1994). The functional biases of counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 805-818.
36. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1995). Counterfactual thinking: A critical overview. In N. J. Roese, & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 1-55). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Savage, L. J. (1951). The theory of statistical decision. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 46, 55-67.
38. Schliesman, E. S. (1987). Relationship between the congruence of preferred and actual leader behavior and subordinate satisfaction with leadership. Journal of Sport Behavior, 10, 157-166.
39. Seefeldt, V. D., & Ewing, M. E. (2000). Youth sports in America: An overview. President's Council on Physical and Sports Research Digest, 2(11), 1-10.
40. Smith, R. E., & Smoll, F. L. (1990). Self-esteem and children's reactions to youth sport coaching behaviors: A field study of self-enhancement processes. Developmental Psychology, 26, 987-993.
41. Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.
42. Sunwolf, & Frey, L. R. (2001). Storytelling: The power of narrative communication and interpretation. In W. P. Robinson, & H. Giles (Eds.), The new handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 119-135). Sussex, MA: Wiley.
43. Taylor, S. E., & Pham, L. B. (1996). Mental simulation, motivation, and action. In P. M. Gollwitzer, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 219-235). New York: Guilford Press.
44. Terry, P., & Howe, B. (1984). The coaching preferences of elite athletes competing at Universaide '83. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science, 9, 201-208.
45. Thornton, J. S. (1991). Springing young athletes from the parental pressure cooker. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 19(7), 92-97.
46. Turman, P. (2001). Situational coaching styles: The impact of success and "athlete maturity" level on coach's leadership styles over time. Small Group Research, 32, 572-590.
47. Turman, P. (2003a). Athletic coaching from an instructional communication perspective: The influence of coach experience on high school wrestlers' preferences and perceptions of coaching behaviors across a season. Communication Education, 52, 73-86.
48. Turman, P. (2003b). Coaches and cohesion: The impact of coaching techniques on team cohesion in the small group sport setting. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26, 86-104.
49. Turman, P., & Schrodt, P. (2004). Coaching as an instructional communication context: Relationships among coaches' leadership behaviors and athletes' affective learning. Communication Research Reports, 21, 130-143.
50. Tykocinski, O. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1998). The consequences of doing nothing: Inaction inertia as avoidance of anticipated counterfactual regret. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 607-616.
51. Wells, G. L., & Gavanski, I. (1989). Mental simulation of causality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 161-169.
52. Zeelenberg, M. (1999). The use of crying over spilled milk: A note on the rationality and functionality of regret. Philosophical Psychology, 12, 325-340.