Reconstructing Iraq's economy

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 73-93

  Crocker, Bathsheba ^a  

^a CSIS

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 27944469589     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/wash.2004.27.4.73     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. See Jonathan Weisman and Mike Allen, "Officials Argue for Fast U.S. Exit From Iraq," Washington Post, April 21, 2003, p. A1.
2. Patrick E. Tyler, "U.S. Says Bank Credits Will Finance Sale of Goods to Iraq," New York Times, May 27, 2003, p. A14.
3. Ariana Eunjung Cha and Jackie Spinner, "U.S. Companies Put Little Capital Into Iraq," Washington Post, May 15, 2004. p. A17.
4. See CSIS and the Association of the U.S. Army, "Post-Conflict Reconstruction Task Framework," May 2002, http://www.csis.org/isp/pcr/framework.pdf (accessed June 15, 2004).
5. On the problem of grafting institutions onto new domestic context, see Saleh M. Nsouli, "The Changing Institutional Needs of the Transition Economies and the Role of the IMF" (paper, East-West Conference, November 2-4, 2003), p. 4.
6. Jonathan E. Sanford, "Iraq's Economy: Past, Present, Future," CRS Report for Congress, RL31944, June 3, 2003, p. 5, http://www.export.gov/iraq/pdf/crsiraqeconomy.pdf (accessed July 24, 2004).
7. Lorenzo Perez, "Statement on the International Monetary Fund's Staff Macroeconomic Assessment of Iraq, Madrid, October 23, 2003, http://www.imf.org/external/np/dm/2003/102303.htm (accessed July 8, 2004).
8. See also UN Development Group and World Bank Group, "United Nations/World Bank Joint Iraq Needs Assessment," October 2003, http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/mna/mena.nsf/Attachments/Iraq+Joint+Needs+ Assessments/$File/Joint+Needs+Assessment.pdf (accessed July 13, 2004).
9. Sanford, "Iraq's Economy," p. 8.
10. For a critique of the postwar planning failures, see James Fallows, "Blind Into Baghdad," Atlantic Monthly, January /February 2004, p. 52;
11. David Rieff, "Blueprint for a Mess," New York Times Magazine, November 2, 2003.
12. See Joseph Stiglitz, "Iraq's Next Shock Will Be Shock Therapy," Project Syndicate, February 2004, http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=13&ItemID=5164 (accessed July 13, 2004).
13. "Coalition Provisional Authority [CPA] Order Number 94, Banking Law of 2004," June 6, 2004, http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20040607CPAORD94BankingLawof 2004withAnnexA.pdf (accessed July 12, 2004).
14. "Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 18, Measures to Ensure the Independence of the Central Bank of Iraq," July 7, 2003, http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/ 20030707CPAORD18Independenceofthe CentralBankofIraq.pdf (accessed July 9, 2004).
15. "A Tricky Operation," Economist, June 26, 2004, pp. 73-74.
16. Ibid.
17. John Taylor, "Financial Reconstruction in Iraq," February 11, 2004, http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/js1165.htm (accessed June 15, 2004) (testimony before the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on International Trade and Finance, February 11, 2004).
18. "The Spoils of War, Part I: Iraq's Reconstruction Money Disappearing in a Web of Bribes, Kickbacks, and Price Gouging," Marketplace, NPR, April 20, 2004.
19. "Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 39, Foreign Investment," September 19, 2003, http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20031220CPAORD39 ForeignInvestment.pdf (accessed July 13, 2004).
20. "Let's All Go to the Yard Sale," Economist, September 27, 2003.
21. Ibid.
22. See Naomi Klein, "Bring Halliburton Home," The Nation, September 24, 2003, p. 10;
23. David J. Scheffer, "Future Implication of the Iraq Conflict: Beyond Occupation Law," American Journal of International Law 99 (October 2003): 851;
24. Daphne Eviatar, "Free-Market Iraq? Not So Fast," New York Times, January 10, 2004, p. B9.
25. CPA, "Administrator's Weekly Report: Economy," June 19-28, 2004, http://www.iraqcoalition.org/economy/consolidated/June28_Econ.doc (accessed July 8, 2004).
26. "Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 37, Tax Strategy for 2003," September 19, 2003, http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030919CPAORD37 TaxStrategyfor2003.pdf (accessed July 9, 2004).
27. Dana Milbank and Walter Pincus, "U.S. Administrator Imposes Flat Tax System on Iraq," Washington Post, November 2, 2003, p. A9;
28. Daniel J. Mitchell, "If a Flat Tax Is Good for Iraq, How About America?" Heritage Foundation, November 10, 2003, http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed111003.c.cfm (accessed July 8, 2004).
29. "Tricky Operation," pp. 73-74.
30. Doug Struck, "Engines of Industry Sputtering in Iraq," Washington Post, July 10, 2004, p. A14.
31. Christopher Foote et al., "Economic Policy and Prospects in Iraq," Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Public Policy Discussion Papers, no. 04-1, May 4, 2004, p. 13, http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/ppdg/2004/ppdp0401.pdf (accessed July 13, 2004).
32. David Francis, "One Year Later: A Rebound in Iraq," Christian Science Monitor, March 11, 2004, p. 16.
33. Cha and Spinner, "U.S. Companies Put Little Capital Into Iraq," p. A17.
34. See David J. Lynch, "Cash Crunch Curbs Rebuilding in Iraq," USA Today, May 31, 2004, p. 1B.
35. See Rajiv Chandrasekaran, "Mistakes Loom Large as Handover Nears," Washington Post, June 20, 2004, p. A1;
36. James Glanz and Erik Eckholm, "Reality Intrudes on Promises in Rebuilding of Iraq," New York Times, June 30, 2004, p. 1.
37. U.S. Department of Commerce, "Business Guide for Iraq," March 5, 2004, p. 17.
38. Chandrasekaran, "Mistakes Loom Large as Handover Nears"
39. Glanz and Eckholm, "Reality Intrudes on Promises in Rebuilding of Iraq."
40. "Attacks Cripple Iraq Oil Exports," BBC News, June 15, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/world/middleeast/3809587.stm (accessed June 22, 2004);
41. Gal Luft, "Iraq's Oil Sector One Year After Liberation," Saban Center Middle East Memo, no. 4, June 17, 2004, http://www.brookings.edu/fp/saban/luftmemo20040617.htm (accessed July 13, 2004).
42. See Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, "Iraq Pipeline Watch," June 22, 2004, http://www.iags.org/iraqpipelinewatch.htm (accessed June 22, 2004).
43. See Open Society Institute, "Auditors Find Poor Practices in Management of Iraqi Oil Revenues," Iraq Revenue Watch, June 2004, http://www.iraqrevenuewatch.org/reports/0622404.shtml (accessed July 8, 2004);
44. Open Society Institute, "Keeping Secrets: America and Iraq's Public Finances," Revenue Watch Report, no. 3, October 2003, http://www.iraqrevenuewatch.org/reports/101403.pdf (accessed July 8, 2004);
45. Joshua Chaffin, "Focus on Halliburton Masks Deeper Problems With Iraq Contracts," Financial Times, March 30, 2004, p. 10;
46. T. Christian Miller, "Coalition Faulted for Lax Controls," Los Angeles Times, June 30, 2004, p. 5.
47. See Open Society Institute, "Racing the Deadline: The Rush to Account for Iraq's Public Funds," Revenue Watch Report, no. 6, April 2004, http://www.iraqrevenuewatch.org/reports/041904.pdf (accessed July 8, 2004).
48. Center for American Progress, "Iraq After June 30: A Strategy for Progress," June 28, 2004, http://www.americanprogress.org/atf/cf/{E9245FE4-9A2B-43C7-A521- 5D6FF2E06E03}/IraqAfterJune30.pdf (accessed July 14, 2004).
49. Gayle Smith and Sonal Shah, "Putting People Last: Iraq's Economy One Year Later,", Center for American Progress, March 19, 2004, http://www.americanprogress.org/site/ pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=38981 (accessed July 9, 2004). For a discussion of the revenue curse,
50. see Nancy Birdsall and Arvind Subramanian, "Saving Iraq From Its Oil," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 4 (July/August 2004): 77-89;
51. Svetlana Tsalik, Caspian Oil Windfalls: Who Will Benefit? (New York: Open Society Institute, 2003), pp. 3-4.
52. See Birdsall and Subramanian, "Saving Iraq From Its Oil."
53. James Glanz, "It's a Dirty Job, but They Do It, Secretly, in Iraq," New York Times, June 19, 2004, p. 1.
54. For a discussion of the use of private contractors in Iraq, see Peter W. Singer, "Warriors for Hire," Salon.com, April 15, 2004, http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/fellows/singer20040415.htm (accessed July 14, 2004);
55. Peter W. Singer, "Outsourcing the War," Salon.com, April 16, 2004, http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/fellows/singer20040416.htm (accessed June 23, 2004).
56. Paul Wolfowitz, testimony before the House Armed, Services Committee, June 22, 2004.
57. See, e.g., David Barstow, "Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq," New York Times, April 19, 2004, p. A1;
58. Sue Pleming, "Security and Insurance Costs Soar in Iraq," Reuters, May 10, 2004.
59. F. Brinley Bruton, "Iraq Security Eating Chunks of Contractors' Costs," Reuters, April 13, 2004.
60. "The Spoils of War, Part I."
61. "Tricky Operation," pp. 73-74;
62. Paul Blustein and Mike Allen, "U.S. Considers Forgiving Poor Nations' Debt," Washington Post, June 9, 2004, p. E1.
63. On Iraq's debt and reparations, see Frederick D. Barton and Bathsheba N. Crocker, "A Wiser Peace: An Action Strategy for a Post-Conflict Iraq," CSIS, January 2003, http://www.csis.org/isp.wiserpeace.pdf (accessed July 10, 2004);
64. Frederick D. Barton and Bathsheba N. Crocker, "Supplement I: Background Information on Iraq's Financial Obligations," CSIS, January 23, 2003, http://www.csis.org/isp/wiserpeace.Ipdf (accessed July 10, 2004);
65. Jubilee Iraq, "Saddam's Debts," http://www.jubileeiraq.org/debttoday.htm (accessed July 8, 2004).
66. UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1483, S/Res/1483 (2003), http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/368/53/PDF/N0336853.pdf? OpenElement (accessed July 10, 2004).
67. "Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land," The Hague, October 18, 1907, art. 43, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/385ec082b509e76c41256739003e636d/ 1d1726425f6955aec125641e0038bfd6?OpenDocument (accessed July 14, 2004).
68. "Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War," Geneva, August 12, 1949, art. 64, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/ 6756482d8614689c125641e004aa3c5?OpenDocument (accessed July 14, 2004).
69. Scheffer, "Future Implication of the Iraq Conflict," p. 851.
70. See Eviatar, "Free-Market Iraq?" p. B9.
71. Foote et al., "Economic Policy and Prospects in Iraq," p. 15.
72. UNSCR 1483, para. 4.
73. Eviatar, "Free-Market Iraq?"
74. CPA, "Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period," March 8, 2004, art. 26(c), http://www.cpa-iraq.org/government/TAL.html (accessed June 22, 2004).
75. UNSCR 1546, S/Res/1546 (2004), para. 1, http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/381/16/PDF/N0438116.pdf? OpenElement (accessed June 24, 2004)
76. CPA, "Annex to the Law for the Administration of Iraq in the Transitional Period," sec. 2, http://www.cpa-iraq.org/government/TALAnnex.html (accessed June 22, 2004) ("Institutions and Powers of the Iraqi Interim Government").
77. Robin Wright, "U.S. Immunity in Iraq Will Go Beyond June 30," Washington Post, June 24, 2004, p. A1.
78. On the state of Iraq's justice system at the time the occupation ended, see U.S. General Accounting Office, "Rebuilding Iraq: Resource, Security, Governance, Essential Services, and Oversight Issues," GAO-04-902R, June 2004, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04902r.pdf (accessed July 8, 2004).
79. U.S. Department of Defense, "Working Papers: Iraq Status," June 17, 2004.
80. See CPA, "Administrator's Weekly Report: Economy," June 5-11, 2004, http://www.iraqcoalition.org./economy/consolidated/Jun11Econ.doc (accessed June 24, 2004).
81. Chandrasekaran, "Mistakes Loom Large as Handover Nears," p. A1.
82. John Howley, "The Iraq Jobs Crisis: Workers Seek Their Own Voice," Education for Peace in Iraq Center Issue Brief, no. 1, June 2004, http://www.epic-usa.org/portals/l/epiclaborreport2.pdf (accessed July 14, 2004);
83. Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Brookings Institution, "Iraq Index: Tracking Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq," July 7, 2004, http://www.brookings.edu/iraqindex (accessed July 8, 2004).
84. "On the Job Front: Unemployment Is Still High, but Salaries Also Rise," ABCNews.com, March 14, 2004, http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/wnt/GoodMorningAmerica/ Iraqanniversaryjobs040314.html (accessed July 8, 2004).
85. Foote et al., "Economic Policy and Prospects in Iraq," p. 16.
86. See Bathsheba Crocker, "With Money Comes Power," Washington Post, June 20, 2004, p. B1.
87. "Tricky Operation," pp. 73-74.
88. Crocker, "With Money Comes Power."