Using animals in research, testing and teaching

OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 735-745

  Gauthier, C ^a   Griffin, G ^a  

^a Canadian Council on Animal Care   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alternative; Animal Care Committee; Animal testing; Animal welfare; Biotechnology; Ethical review process; Ethics; Genetically modified animals; Harmonisation; International standard; Non animal method; Reduction; Refinement; Regulatory testing; Replacement

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 27944446101     PISSN: 02531933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.20506/rst.24.2.1601     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Albrecht G. (1999). - A case for and some consequences of employing an ecological ethic to guide wildlife research. In The use of wildlife for research (D. Mellor & V. Monamy, eds). Proc. conference of the Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART), 26-27 May, Dubbo, Australia. ANZCCART, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 115-118.
2. Balls M. (2004). - Are animal tests inherently valid? ATLA, 32 (Suppl. 1B), 755-758.
3. Balls M., Blaauboer B.J., Fentem J.H., Bruner L., Combes R.D., Ekwall B., Fielder R.J., Guillouzo A., Lewis R.W, Lovell D.P., Reinhardt C.A., Repetto G., Sladoski D., Spielmann H. & Zucco F. (1995). - Practical aspects of the validation of toxicity test procedures: the report and recommendations of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) Workshop 5. ATLA, 23, 129-147.
4. Balls M., Goldberg A.M., Fentem J.H., Broadhead C.L., Durch R.L., Festing M.F.W., Frazier J.M., Hendriksen C.F.M., Jennings M., van der Kamp M.D.O., Morton D.P., Rowan A.N., Russell C., Russell W.M.S., Spielmann H., Stephens M.L., Stokes W.S., Straughan D.W., Yager J.D., Zurlo J. & van Zutphen B.F.M. (1995). - The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) Workshop 11. ATLA, 23 (6), 838-866.
5. Banner M.C. (1995). - Report of the committee to consider the ethical implications of emerging technologies in the breeding of farm animals. Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), London.
6. Banner M.C. (1998). - Ethics, society and policy: a way forward. In Animal biotechnology and ethics (A. Holland & A. Johnson, eds). Chapman & Hall, London, 325-339.
7. Bateson P. (1986). - When to experiment on animals. New Scientist, 109 (1496), 30-32.
8. Botham P.A. (2002). - Acute systemic toxicity. ILAR J., 43 (Suppl.), S27-S30.
9. Boyd Group (1999). - Genetic engineering: animal welfare and ethics. Website: www.boyd-group.demon.co.uk/genmod.htm (accessed on 11 January 2005).
10. British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation (BVAAWF)/Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME)/Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA)/Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Joint Working Group on Refinement (2003). - Refinement and reduction in production of genetically modified mice: 6th report of the Joint Working Group on Refinement. Lab. Anim., 37 (Suppl. 1), S1-S49.
11. Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) (1997). - CCAC guidelines on: transgenic animals. CCAC, Ottawa. Website: www.ccac.ca/english/gui_pol/gdlines/ transgen/TRANSGE1.HTM (accessed on 11 January 2005).
12. Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) (1998). - CCAC guidelines on: choosing an appropriate endpoint in experiments using animals for research, teaching and testing. CCAC, Ottawa. Website: www.ccac.ca/english/gui_pol/ gdlines/endpts/appopen.htm (accessed on 11 January 2005).
13. Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) (1998). - Normas sobre: la selección del punto final apropiado en experimentos en que se utilizan animales para investigación científica, enseñanza y pruebas de laboratorio. Animales de Experimentación, Mexico City.
14. Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) (1999). - CCAC guidelines on: institutional animal user training program. CCAC, Ottawa. Website: www.ccac.ca/english/gui_pol/gdlines/niaut/NIAUTCOV.HTM (accessed on 11 January 2005).
15. Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) (2001). - Animal-to-human transplantation: should Canada proceed? A public consultation on xenotransplantation. CPHA, Ottawa.
16. Chandroo K.P., Yue S. & Moccia R.D. (2004). - An evaluation of current perspectives on consciousness and pain in fishes. Fish and Fisheries, 5, 281-295.
17. Combes R.D., Gaunt I. & Balls M. (2004). - A scientific and animal welfare assessment of the OECD health effects test guidelines for the safety testing of chemicals under the European Union REACH system. ATLA, 32 (3), 163-208.
18. Curren R.D. & Harbell J.W. (2002). - Ocular safety: a silent (in vitro) success story. ATLA, 30 (Suppl. 2), 69-74.
19. Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) (2004). - Report on the welfare implications of animal breeding and breeding technologies in commercial agriculture. FAWC, London.
20. Festing M.F.W., Baumans V., Combes R.D., Halder M., Hendriksen C.F.M., Howard B.R., Lovell D.P., Moore G.J., Overend P. & Wilson M.S. (1998). - Reducing the use of laboratory animals in biomedical research: problems and possible solutions: the report and recommendations of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) Workshop 29. ATLA, 26, 283-301.
21. Festing M.F.W., Overend P., Das R.G., Borja M.C. & Berdoy M. (2002). - The design of laboratory animal experiments: reducing the use of animals in research through better experimental design. Laboratory Animal Handbooks No. 14. Royal Society of Medicine Press, London.
22. Flecknell P. (1999). - Pain - assessment, alleviation and avoidance in laboratory animals. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care and Use of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART) facts sheet, 1-10. ANZCCART News, 12 (4), (insert). Website: www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/ (accessed on 8 August 2005).
23. Fleming J.S. (2004). - Ethical, cultural and spiritual objections to genetically modified organisms: a review of the New Zealand process and perspective. ATLA, 32 (Suppl. 1A), 21-27.
24. Gauthier C. (2002). - Principles and guidelines for the development of a science-based decision making process facilitating the implementation of the 3Rs by governmental regulators. ILAR J., 43 (Suppl.), S99-S104.
25. Gauthier C. (2004). - Overview and analysis of animal use in North America. ATLA, 32 (Suppl. 1A), 275-285.
26. Gauthier C. & Griffin G. (2005). - Guidelines on endpoints as refinement measure: a successful case of harmonization. Lab. Anim., Suppl. (in press).
27. Gott M. & Monamy V. (2004). - Ethics and transgenesis: toward a policy framework incorporating intrinsic objections and societal perceptions. ATLA, 32 (Suppl. 1A), 391-396.
28. Hendriksen C.F.M. & Morton D.B. (eds) (1998). - Humane endpoints in animal experiments for biomedical research. Proc. international conference, 22-25 November, Zeist, the Netherlands. RSM Press Ltd, London.
29. Jegstrup I., Thon R., Hansen A.K. & Hoitinga M.R. (2003). - Characterization of transgenic mice - a comparison of protocols for welfare evaluation and phenotype characterization of mice with a suggestion on a future certificate of instruction. Lab. Anim., 37 (1), 1-9.
30. McCarthy C. (2001). - International conference on harmonization - keeping international drug development in harmony? Drug Info. J., 35, 369-376.
31. Matfield M. (2002). - Talk to the people. Trends Neurosci., 25 (3), 166-167.
32. Monamy V. (2000). - Animal experimentation: a guide to the issues. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
33. Morton D.B. & Griffiths P.H.M. (1985). - Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessment. Vet. Rec., 116 (16), 431-436.
34. National Research Council (2004). - The development of science-based guidelines for laboratory animal care. Proc. international workshop, 17-19 November 2003, Washington, DC. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
35. National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (2002). - Regulatory testing and animal welfare. Proc. international symposium organized by the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science and the Canadian Council on Animal Care (G. Griffin & W.S. Stokes, eds), 21-23 June 2001, Québec City. ILAR J., 43 (Suppl), 1-140.
36. Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2003). - The ethics of research involving animals: a consultation paper. Website: www.nuffieldbioethics.org/animalresearch (accessed on 11 January 2005).
37. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2000). - Guidance document on the recognition, assessment and use of clinical signs as humane endpoints for experimental animals used in safety evaluation. OECD, Paris. Website : www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2000doc.nsf/LinkTo/env-jm-mono(2000)7 (accessed on 11 January 2005).
38. Orlans F.B. (1989). - Public accountability: the goal of national policies on animal experimentation. In Bio-Ethics 89: a report of the proceedings of an international symposium on the control of the use of animals in scientific research. Animal Welfare Foundation of Canada, Ottawa, 91-99.
39. Orlans F.B. (2000). - Research on animals, law, legislative, and welfare issues in the use of animals for genetic engineering and xenotransplantation. In Encyclopedia of ethical, legal, and policy issues in biotechnology (T.H. Murray & M.J. Mehlman, eds). Wiley & Sons, Washington, DC, 1020-1030.
40. Regan T. (1983). - The case for animal rights. University of California Press, Berkeley.
41. Reinhardt V. (2003). - Compassion for animals in the laboratory: impairment or refinement of research methodology? J. appl. anim. Welf. Sci., 6 (2), 123-130.
42. Richmond J.D. (2004). - Animal use in the United Kingdom in 2001. ATLA, 32 (Suppl. 1A), 293-297.
43. Richmond J., Fletch A. & Van Tongerloo R. (2002). - The international symposium on regulatory testing and animal welfare: recommendations on best scientific practices for animal care committees and animal use oversight. ILAR J., 43 (Suppl.), S129-S132.
44. Rollin B.E. (1998). - On telos and genetic engineering. In Animal biotechnology and ethics (A. Holland & A. Johnson, eds). Chapman & Hall, New York, 156-171.
45. Rowan A.N., Loew F.M. & Weer J.C. (1995). - The animal research controversy: protest, process and public policy - an analysis of strategic issues. Tufts Center for Animals and Public Policy, North Grafton, Massachusetts.
46. Russell W.M.S. & Burch R.L. (1959). - The principles of humane experimental technique. Methuen & Co. Ltd, London. Reissued: 1992, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire. Website: altweb.jhsph.edu/publications/humane_exp/het-toc.htm (accessed on 11 January 2005).
47. Ryder R. (1975). - Victims of science: the use of animals in research. Davis-Poynter, London.
48. Ryder R.D. (1989). - Animal revolution: changing attitudes towards speciesism. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
49. Singer P. (1975). - Animal liberation. Avon Books, New York.
50. Smith J. & Boyd K. (1991). - Lives in the balance: the ethics of using animals in biomedical research. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
51. Smyth D. (1978). - Alternatives to animal experiments. Scolar Press, London.
52. Spielmann H. (2002). - Animal use in the safety evaluation of chemicals: harmonization and emerging needs. ILAR J., 43 (Suppl.), S11-S17.
53. Stitzel K.A. (2002). - Tiered testing strategies - acute local toxicity. ILAR J., 43 (Suppl.), S21-S26.
54. Stokes W.S. (2004). - Introduction: selecting appropriate animal models and experimental designs for endocrine disruptor research and testing studies. ILAR J., 45 (4), 387-393.
55. Vergara P. & Demers G. (2003). - Laboratory animal science and service organizations. In Handbook of laboratory animal science, 2nd Ed., Vol. 1 (J. Hau & G. van Hoosier, eds). CRC Press, London, 77-105.
56. Verhoog H. (1992). - The concept of intrinsic value and transgenic animals. J. agric. environ. Ethics, 5 (2), 147-160.
57. Wolfer D.P., Litvin O., Morf S., Nitsch R.M., Lipp H.-P. & Wûrbel H. (2004). - Laboratory animal welfare: cage enrichment and mouse behaviour. Nature, 432 (7019), 821-822.