A snapshot of terror: Acute posttraumatic responses to the September 11 attack

Journal of Trauma and Dissociation

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 69-84

  Cardeña, Etzel ^a   Dennis, J Michael ^b   Winkel, Mark ^c   Skitka, Linda J ^d  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b Knowledge Networks   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PAN AMERICAN   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute reactions; Media; September 11

Indexed keywords

ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEMOGRAPHY; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; IMMIGRATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RELIGION; TELEVISION; TERRORISM; UNITED STATES;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NEW YORK CITY; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STRESS DISORDERS, TRAUMATIC, ACUTE; TELEVISION; TERRORISM; UNITED STATES;

EID: 27944438503     PISSN: 15299732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J229v06n02_07     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Blanchard-Fields, F., & Irion, J.C. (1988). Coping strategies from the perspective of two developmental markers: Age and social reasoning. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 149, 141-151.
2. Brewin, C., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J.D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.
3. Caballo, V.E., & Cardeña, E. (1997). Sex differences in the perception of stressful life events: Some implications for the Axis IV of DSM-IV. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 353-359.
4. Cardeña, E., Butler, L.D., & Spiegel, D. (2003). Disorders of extreme stress. In T.A. Widiger (Ed.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology (pp. 229-249). New York, NY: John Wiley.
5. Cardeña, E., Koopman, C., Classen, C., Waelde, L. & Spiegel, D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): A valid and reliable measure of acute stress reactions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 719-734.
6. Cardeña, E., Lewis-Fernández, R., Beahr, D., Pakianathan, I., & Spiegel, D. (1996). Dissociative disorders. In T.A. Widiger, A.J. Frances, H.J. Pincus, R. Ross, M.B. First, & W.W. Davis (Eds.), Sourcebook for the DSM-IV. Vol. II. (pp. 973-1005). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
7. Cardeña, E., Maldonado, J., Van der Hart, O., & Spiegel, D. (2000). Hypnosis. In E. Foa, T. Keane, & M. Friedman (Eds.), Effective treatments for PTSD (pp. 407-440). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
8. Carver, C.S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92-100.
9. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M.F., & Weintraub, J.K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
10. Dixon, P., Rehling, G., & Shiwach, R. (1993). Peripheral victims of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 66, 193-202.
11. Fullerton, C.S., Ursano, R.J., Epstein, R.S., Crowley, B., Vance, K., Kao, T.C., Dougall, A, & Baum, A. (2001). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1486-1491.
12. Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 982-987.
13. Galea, S., Resnick, H., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Psychological sequelae of September 11. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 444-445.
14. Gibbs, M.S. (1989). Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 489-514.
15. Harvey, A.G., & Bryant, R.A. (1998). Relationship of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 66, 507-512.
16. Hoge, C.W., & Pavlin, J.A. (2002). Psychological sequelae of September 11. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 443.
17. Keppel, G., & Zedeck, S. (1989). Data analysis for research designs. New York, NY: Freeman.
18. Koopman, C., Classen, C., & Spiegel, D. (1994). Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 888-894.
19. Koopman, C., Gore-Felton, C., Azimi, N., O'Shea, K., Ashton, E., Power, R., De Maria, S., Israelski, D., & Spiegel, D. (2002). Acute stress reactions to life events among women and men living with HIV/AIDS. International Journal of Psychiatry and Medicine, 32, 361-378.
20. Knowledge Networks. (2003, May). Validity of the survey of health and Internet and Knowledge Network's panel and sampling. Retrieved December 9, 2003, from http://www.herc.research.med.va.gov/SHI%20appendix.pdf
21. Marmar, C.R., Weiss, D.S., Metzler, T.J., & Delucchi, K. (1996). Characteristics of emergency services personnel related to peritraumatic dissociation during critical incident exposure. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 94-102.
22. McNaughton-Cassill, M.E., & Smith, T. My world is OK, but yours is not: Television news, the optimism gap, and stress. Stress and Health, 18, 27-33.
23. Mellman, T.A., David, D., Bustamante, V., Fins, A.I., & Esposito, K. (2001). Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder following severe injury. Depression & Anxiety, 14, 226-231.
24. North, C., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2002). Research on the mental health effects of terrorism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 633-636.
25. Ozer, E., Best, S., & Lipsey, T. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder-symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73.
26. Pennebaker, J. (1997). Opening up. New York, NY: Guilford.
27. Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S.J., Tivis, R.D., Doughty, D.E., Pynoos, R.S., Gurwitch, R.H., & Foy, D.W. (2001). Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident. Psychiatry, 64, 202-211.
28. Schlenger, W.E., Caddell, J.M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B.K., Rourke, K.M., Wilson, D., Thalji, L., Dennis, J.M., Fairbank, J.A., & Kulka, R.A. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks. Findings from the national study of Americans' reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581-588.
29. Schuster, M.A., Stein, B.D., Jaycox, L.H., Collins, R.L., Marshall, G.N., Elliot, M.N., Zhou, A. J., Kanouse, D.E., Morrison. J.L., & Berry, S.H. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507-1512.
30. Silver, R.C., Holman, A., McIntosh, D.N., Pouli, M., Gil-Rivas, V. (2002). Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. Journal of American Medical Association, 228, 1235-1244.
31. Spiegel, D. (2002). Acute stress symptoms and coping after the terrorist attacks: Internet survey results. Paper presented at the American Psychological Annual Convention, Chicago, IL.
32. Vanderlinden, J, Van der Hart, O., & Varga, K. (1996). European studies of Dissociation. In L. Michelson & W.J. Ray (Eds.), Handbook of dissociation: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives (pp. 25-49). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
33. Zatzick, D.F., Marmar, C.R., Weiss, D.S., & Metzler, T. (1994). Does trauma-linked dissociation vary across ethnic groups? Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 182, 576-582.