Anterior cervical approach for stellate ganglion and T2 to T3 sympathetic blocks: A novel technique

Pain Practice

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 244-248

  Vallejo, Ricardo ^a,b   Plancarte, Ricardo ^d   Benyamin, Ramsin M ^a,c   Santiago Palma, Juan ^e  

^a MILLENNIUM PAIN CENTER   (United States)

^b ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^d Pain Department   (Mexico)

^e OAK Spine and Pain Center   (United States)

Author keywords

CRPS; Kuntz's fibers; Stellate ganglion block; Sympathetically maintained pain syndromes

Indexed keywords

ARM; ARTICLE; CATHETERIZATION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; FLUOROSCOPY; HUMAN; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; PAIN; PNEUMOTHORAX; RISK REDUCTION; STELLATE GANGLION; SUPINE POSITION; SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING; SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION;

EID: 27944437879     PISSN: 15307085     EISSN: 15332500     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2005.05309.x     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Raj PP, Anderson SR. Stellate ganglion block. In: Waldman SD, ed. Interventional Pain Management. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001:363-372.
2. Rauck R. Sympathetic nerve blocks: head, neck, and trunk. In: Raj PP, ed. Practical Management of Pain. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby Co.; 2000:651-682.
3. Abdi S, Zhou Y, Saini B, Patel N, Nelson J. A new and easy technique to block the stellate ganglion. Pain Physician 2004;7:327-333.
4. Erickson SJ, Hogan QH. CT-guided injection of the stellate ganglion: description of technique and efficacy of sympathetic blockade. Radiology. 1993;188:707-709.
5. Czop CL, Rauck RL, Koman LA, et al. Sympathetic denervation to the upper extremity in CRPS: stellate ganglion block vs. interpleural block [Abstract]. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:A734.
6. Lindberg L, Wallin BG. Sympathetic skin nerve discharges in relation to amplitude of skin resistance responses. Psychophysiology. 1981;18:268-270.
7. Bengtsson M, Lofstrom JB, Malmqvist LA. Skin conduction changes during spinal analgesia. Acta Anaesth Scand. 1985;29:67-71.
8. Bengtsson M, Nilsson GE, Lofstrom JB. The effect of spinal analgesia on skin blood flow, evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry. Acta Anaesth Scand. 1983;17:206-210.
9. Benzon H, Cheng S, Avram M, Molloy R. Sign of complete sympathetic blockade: sweat test or sympathogalvanic response. Anesth Analg. 1985;64:415-419.
10. Carron H, Litwiller R. Stellate ganglion block. Anesth Analg. 1975;54:567-570.
11. Hogan Q, Taylor ML, Goldstein M, Stevens R, Kettler R. Success rates in producing sympathetic blockade by paratracheal injection. Clin J Pain. 1994;10:139-145.
12. Hogan QH, Abram SE. Neural blockade for diagnosis and prognosis: a review. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:216-241.
13. Hogan Q, Erickson S, Haddox JD, Abram S. The spread of solutions during "stellate ganglion" blockade. Reg Anesth. 1992;17:78-83.
14. Malmqvist El, Bengtsson M, Sorensen J. Efficacy of stellate ganglion block: a clinical study with bupivacaine. Reg Anesth. 1992;17:340-347.
15. Matsumoto S. Thermographic assessments of the sympathetic blockade by stellate ganglion block-comparison between C7-SGB and C6-SGB in 40 patients. Masui-Jap J Anesth. 1991;40:562-569.
16. Kirgis H, Kuntz A. Inconstant sympathetic neural pathways. Arch Surg. 1942;44:95-102.
17. Groen GJ, Baljet B, Boekelaar AB, Drukker J. Branches of the thoracic sympathetic trunk in the human fetus. Anat Embryo (Berl). 1987;176:412-424.
18. Sheehan D. On the innervation of the blood vessels of the upper extremity: some anatomical considerations. Br J Surg. 1932;20:412-20.
19. Hoffman H. An analysis of the sympathetic trunk and rami in the cervical and upper thoracic regions in man. Ann Surg. 1957;145:95-103.
20. Kuntz A. Distribution of the sympathetic nerve to the brachial plexus. Arch Surg. 1927;15:871-877.
21. Alexander W, Kuntz A, Henderson E, Ehrlich E. Sympathetic ganglion cells in the ventral nerve roots: their relation to sympathectomy. Science. 1949;109:484.
22. van Buskirk C. Nerves in the ventral canal: their relation to the sympathetic innervation of the upper extremities. Arch Surg. 1941;43:427-432.
23. Woolf CJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Systemic administration of local anesthetics produces a selective depression of C-fibre evoked activity in the spinal cord. Pain. 1985;23: 361-374.
24. Devor M, Wall PD, Catalan N. Systemic lidocaine silences neuroma and DRG discharge without blocking nerve conduction. Pain. 1992;48:261-268.
25. Chabal C, Russell LC, Burchiel KJ. The effect of intravenous lidocaine, tocainide, and mexilitine on spontaneously active fibers originating in rat sciatic neuromas. Pain. 1989;38:333-338.
26. Anderson SR. T2 and T3 sympathetic block and neurolysis. In: Raj PP, Lou L, Erdine S, Staats PS, Waldman SD, eds. Radiographic Imaging for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:132-137.
27. Linn CC, Wu HH. Kuntz's fiber: the scapegoat of surgical failure in sympathetic surgery. Ann Chir Gynael. 2001;90:170-171.