The force of ideas

History of Education

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 277-293

  Ascher, Carol ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27944436657     PISSN: 0046760X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00467600500065209     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. DR. Ascher is the daughter of Paul Bergmann, a psychoanalytic pedagogue who left Vienna after the Anschluss in late 1938. The submitted manuscript was written based on research conducted on her father and the psychoanalytic movement in the interwar years.
2. The administrative committee comprised five M. D. s: Helene Deutsch (1884-82), Paul Federn (1871-1950), Eduard Hitchmann (1871-1957), Hermann Nunberg (1883-1970), and Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957), as well as two lay analysts: Anna Freud (1895-1982), Freud's youngest daughter, and Theodore Reik (1888-1969).
3. Cited in T. Aichhorn. 'Bericht ueber die psychoanalytisch-paedagogische Ausbildung in Rahmen der Wiener Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung bis 1983. Mit Dokumenten', Luzifer-Amor, 34 (2004), 7-34, my translation.
4. P. Bergman, 'The Role of Faith in Psychotherapy', Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 22 (1958), 98.
5. J. Martin, 'Reflections on writing a biographical account of a woman educator activist', History of Education, 30/3 (2001), 163-76.
6. L. Stanley, The Auto/Biographical I: the Theory and Practice of Feminist Auto/biography (Manchester: Manchester University, 1992).
7. M. Erben 'Biography and research method', in M. Erben (ed.), Biography and Education: A Reader (London: Falmer, 1998), 5.
8. A. Rabinbach, The Crisis of Austrian Socialism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
9. J. Mende, Alternativschulen in Wien (Wien: Verlag fuer Gesellschaftskritik, 1983), 103.
10. P. L. Utley, 'Siegfried Bernfeld's Jewish Order of Youth, 1914-1922', in LBI Yearbook 10 (New York: Leo Baeck Institute, 1965);
11. W. Hoffer, 'Siegfried Bernfeld and "Jerubbaal"', in LBI Yearbook 10 (New York: Leo Baeck Institute, 1965);
12. K. Fallend and J. Reichmayr, Siegfried Bernfeld oder die Grenzen der Psychoanalyse (Frankfurt: Stroemfeld/Nexus, 1992).
13. E. Adam, 'Siegfried Bernfeld und die Reformpaedagogik', in K. Fallend and J. Reichmayr (eds), Siegfried Bernfeld oder die Grenzen der Psychoanalyse (Frankfurt: Stroemfeld/Nexus, 1992).
14. S. Bernfeld, Kinderheim Baumgarten: Bericht ueber einen ernsthaften Versuch mit neuer Erziehung (Berlin: Juedischer Verlag, 1921).
15. S. Bernfeld. Sisyphus, oder Die Grenzen der Erziehung (Leipzig: International Psychoanalytische Verlag, 1928);
16. translated as Sisyphus, or the Limits of Education (Berkeley: University of California, 1973).
17. The Vienna Psychological Institute consisted of three units: general psychology, social psychology (in which Paul Lazersfeld, who would become an important sociologist in the US, took part), and developmental psychology. Charlotte, who had already co-authored with Karl Die Entwicklung des Kindes (1918)
18. [translated as The Mental Development of the Child (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1930)] was the main force behind the developmental psychology unit.
19. See: J.F.T. Bugental (ed.), 'Symposium on Karl Buehler's contribution to psychology', Journal of General Psychology (1966), 181-219.
20. Also, Marie Jahoda, 'The migration of psychoanalysis: its impact on American psychology', in D. Fleming and B. Bailyn (eds), The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America: 1930-1960 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969), 420-45;
21. and E. Kurz and B. Velichkovsky, Karl and Charlotte Buehler in Dresden: A Chapter in the History of German and International Psychology (available at: http://reswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/-cog.sci/velich/buehler.html, accessed 19 September 2004).
22. Good English-language summaries of the movements created by the Buehlers and Schlick are available in: D. Fleming and B. Bailyn (eds), Karl and Charlotte Buehler in Dresden: A Chapter in the History of German and International Psychology, ibid.;
23. J.F.T. Bugental (ed.), Karl and Charlotte Buehler in Dresden: A Chapter in the History of German and International Psychology, ibid.
24. Corroboration for Rudi's memories can be found in P. Bergman, 'The role of faith in psychotherapy', and
25. R. Ekstein, 'Faith and reason in psychotherapy', Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 22 (1958), 92-103, 104-8.
26. Freud's Civilization and its Discontents (1930) was a response to Reich's notion that the Oedipus complex is a bourgeois phenomenon. By 1934, both Reich's view of the libido as explicitly sexual, and his belief that the dissolution of the middle-class family under Communism would lead to the disappearance of the Oedipus complex, had resulted in his being expelled from the Psychoanalytic Society.
27. The Society for Individual Psychology worked with the Social Democratic Party to establish a school for low-income students in the 20th District. Against the exclusion of problem children, the school attempted what is currently called 'mainstreaming', combining disabled, delinquent and 'normal' students in a single classroom. To prepare students for their role in a social-democratic society, there was a good deal of group work and time for students to present their views.
28. See J. Mende, Alternativeschulen in Wien (Wien: Verlag fuer Gesellschaftskritik, 1983).
29. E. Muehlleitner, Biographisches Lexikon der Psychoanalysis (Tuebigen: Edition Diskord, 1992).
30. G. J. Mohr, 'August Aichhorn: Friend of wayward youth', in R Alexander, S. Eisenstein and M. Grotjan (eds), Psychoanalytic Pioneers (New York: Transaction, 1996);
31. T. Aichhorn, Wer War August Aichhorn: Briefe, Documente, Unveroffentlichte Arbeiten (Wien: Verlag Loecker and Woegenstein, 1976).
32. A. Aichhorn. Verwahrloster Jugend (Wien: International Psychoanalytische Verlag, 1925),
33. translated as Wayward Youth (London: Imago, 1951).
34. L. H. Schwartz, From Vienna to Seattle: Dr. Edith Buxbaum Remembers: An Interview (Seattle, WA: Seattle Institute for Psychoanalysis, 1990), 16.
35. L. H. Schwartz,From Vienna to Seattle: Dr. Edith Buxbaum Remembers: An Interview ibid.
36. R. Kaufhold, 'Spurensuche zur Geschichte der in die USA emigrierten Wiener Psychoanalytischen Paedagogen', Lucifer Amor: Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse, 31 (2003), 37-69.
37. E. Plank, unpublished interview, Archives of the Austrian Resistance Movement, Vienna.
38. P. Gay, Freud: A Life for our Time (New York: W.W. Norton, 1988), 463.
39. A. Rabinbach, The Crisis of Austrian Socialism (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1983), 33.
40. E. Muehlleitner, Biographisches Lexikon der Psychoanalyse (Tuebigen: Edition Diskord, 1992).
41. Reference to this analysis is in a letter by Anna Freud in the Anna Freud Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Information on Isakower is in: E. Muehlleitner, Biographisches Lexikon der Psychoanalyse (Tuebingen: Edition Diskord, 1992).
42. See A. Rabinbach, Crisis of Austrian Socialism (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1983), 33.
43. E. Buxbaum, 'Three great psychoanalytic educators', in R. Ekstein and R.L. Motto (eds), From Learning for Love to Love of Learning: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Education (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1969), 30.
44. E. Buxbaum, From Learning for Love to Love of Learning: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Education ibid., 31.
45. A. Freud, 'Analysis of children and their upbringing', in The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children; Technical Lectures and Essays (New York: International Universities, 1968).
46. A. Freud, The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children; Technical Lectures and Essays Ibid., 34.
47. A. Freud, The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children; Technical Lectures and Essays Ibid., 44.
48. A. Freud, The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children; Technical Lectures and Essays Ibid., 45.
49. A. Freud, The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children; Technical Lectures and Essays Ibid., 49.
50. Willi Hoffer served as editor between 1934 and 1938, when the Zeitschrift was terminated by the Nazis. The journal recommenced in the United States after the War as the Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, its connection to teaching erased from the title, if not the contents.
51. A. Freud, Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers 1922-1935, The Writings of Anna Freud, Vol. 1 (London: International Universities Press, 1974), 128.
52. J. Mende, Alternativschulen in Wien (Wien: Verlag fuer Gesellschaftskritik, 1983).
53. R. Kramer, Maria Montessori: A Biography (Chicago: Addison Wesley, 1976).
54. J. A. Smith, 'The Schwarzwald School', in Schoenberg and his Circle: A Viennese Portrait, (New York: Olympic Marketing, 1986), 159-69.
55. Cited in J.A. Smith, Schoenberg and his Circle: A Viennese Portrait, ibid., 162.
56. M. J. Burlingham, The Last Tiffany (New York: Atheneum, 1989).
57. P. Blos, 'An Intimate History of "The School in the Wattmangasse", Vienna, 1927-1932', manuscript in the Peter Blos Archive, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1975.
58. Ibid.
59. E and J. Erikson, 'Dorothy Burlingham's school in Vienna', Bulletin of the Hampstead Clinic, (1980) 3, 91.
60. E. Erikson and J. Erikson. 'Dorothy Burlingham's School in Vienna', in S. Schlein (ed.), A Way of Looking at Things: Selected Papers from 1930-1980 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987).
61. P. Heller, 'Ueber die Burlingham Rosenfeld-Schule in Wien der spaeten zwanziger und fruehen dreissiger Jahre', in C. Zwiauer and H. Eichelberger (eds), Das Kind ist Entdekt: Erziehungsexperimente im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit (Wien: Picus Verlag, 2001).
62. P. Heller, A Child Analysis with Anna Freud (Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1990), xxxi-xxxii.
63. M. J. Burlingham, The Last Tiffany (New York: Atheneum, 1989), 230.
64. M. Jahoda, 'The migration of psychoanalysis: its impact on American psychology', in D. Fleming and B. Bailyn (eds), The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969).
65. M. Jahoda, 1969.
66. R. Kramer, Maria Montessori: A Biography (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976).
67. See also E. Young-Bruhl, Anna Freud: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1988).
68. P. Bergman and S. Escalona, 'Unusual sensitivities in very young children', The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, (1949) 3-4, 333-52.
69. T. Aichhorn, Vienna, 1995, personal communication.
70. H. P. Freidenreich, Jewish Politics in Vienna, 1918-1938 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University, 1991).
71. Oesterreichischen Wiederstandes, 'Diskriminierung und Verfolgung nach dem 'Anschluss, Erzaehlte Geschichte: Berichten von Wiederstands-Kampfen und Verfolgten. Band 3: Judische Schicksaal (Wien: Oesterreichischen Wiederstandes, 1992).
72. W. Datler, 'Psychoanalytische Paedagogik in Ursprungsland Oesterreich: Einige Problemsgeschichte Anmerkungen', Zeitschrift fiter Paedagogik, (1993) 32, 446-9.
73. T. Aichhorn, Vortrag in der Wiener Psyhchoanalytischen Vereinigung, unpublished lecture, Vienna, 23 September, 1997.
74. T. Aichhorn, Vienna, 1996, personal communication.
75. J. Martin and J. Goodman, Women and Education, 1800-1980 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 8.