Engineering social peace: Networks, ideas, and the founding of the international labour organization

International Review of Social History

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 435-466

  Van Daele, Jasmien ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 27844593742     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020859005002178     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. T. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (Princeton, NJ, 1995).
2. V.-Y. Ghcbali, The International Labour Organisation: A Case Study of UN Specialised Agencies (Dordrecht [etc.], 1988);
3. A, Alcock, History of the International Labour Organisation (London, 1971);
4. G.A. Johnston, The International Labour Organisation: Its Work for Social and Economic Progress (London, 1970).
5. P. Haas, "Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination", International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 2-3.
6. P. Haas, International Organization, Ibid., pp. 10, 12.
7. P. Burstein, "Policy Domains: Organization, Culture, and Policy Outcomes", Annual Review of Sociology, 17 (1992), pp. 332-334.
8. A. Endres and G. Fleming, International Organizations and the Analysis of Economic Policy, 1919-1950 (Cambridge, 2002);
9. T. Weiss and T. Carayannis, "Whither United Nations Economic and Social Ideas? A Research Agenda", Global Social Policy, 1 (2001), pp. 25-47;
10. D. Stone, "Think Tanks, Global Lesson-Drawing and Networking Social Policy Ideas", Global Sodal Policy, 1 (2001), pp. 338-360;
11. J.L. Campbell, "Institutional Analysis and the Role of Ideas in Political Economy", Theory and Society, 27 (1998), pp. 377-409;
12. M.M. Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy", Comparative Politics, 29 (1997), pp. 229-250;
13. A.S. Yee, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies", International Organization, 50 (1996), pp, 69-108;
14. J.K. Jacobsen, "Much Ado About Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy", World Politics, 47 (1995), pp. 283-310;
15. J. Goldstein and R.O. Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca, NY, 1993).
16. J.L. Campbell, "Ideas, Politics, and Public Policy", Annual Review of Sociology, 28 (2002), pp. 21-22.
17. M. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY, 1998), pp. 1-8;
18. D. Rueschemeyer and T. Skocpol (eds), States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies (Princeton, NJ, 1996), pp. 3-13;
19. J.C. Mitchell, "Networks, Norms, and Institutions", in J. Boissevain and J.C. Mitchell (eds), Network Analysis (The Hague, 1973), p. 23.
20. Harold Butler (Director of the International Labour Office 1932-1938) to his wife, 21 February 1919 (Paris), ILO Archives, D 600/0/01.
21. See e.g. M. Ruotsila, ""The Great Charter for the Liberty of the Workingman': Labour, Liberals and the Creation of the ILO", Labour History Review, 67 (2002), pp. 29-47.
22. T.L. Haskell, "Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility", American Historical Review, 90 (1985), pp. 339-361, 547-566.
23. E. Hobsbawm, "Working-Class Internationalism", in F. Van Holthoon and M. van der Linden, Internationalism in the Labour Movement 1830-1940 (Leiden [etc.], 1988), pp. 7-11;
24. M. van der Linden, "The Rise and Fall of the First International: An Interpretation", Internationalism in the Labour Movement 1830-1940, in ibid., pp. 323-335;
25. J. Braunthal, Geschichte der Internationale, 1 vols (Berlin [etc.], 1978), vol. 1, pp. 101-200;
26. J. Freymond and M. Molnár, "The Rise and Fall of the First International", in M. Drachkovitch, The Revolutionary Internationals 1864-1943 (Stanford, CA [etc.], 1966), pp. 3-35
27. W.Z. Foster, History of the Three Internationals: The World Socialist and Communist Movements from 1848 to the Present (New York, 1968), pp. 140-147, 235-239;
28. G. Niemeyer, "The Second International: 1889-1914", in Drachkovitch, The Revolutionary Internationals, pp. 95-127;
29. F.S.L. Lyons, Internationalism in Europe 1815-1914 (Leiden, 1963), p. 184;
30. G.D.H. Cole, The Second International 1889-1914 (London, 1960), pp, 90-103;
31. P. Van der Esch, La Deuxième Internationale 1889-1923 (Paris, 1957), pp. 19-34.
32. J. Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde: Between Reform and Revolution (Oxford [etc.], 1995);
33. J. Polasky, idem, "Emile Vandervelde", Nouvelle Biographie Nationale de Belgique, 1 (1988), pp. 344-354;
34. M. Liebman, Les socialistes belges 1885-1914 (Brussels, 1979). pp. 257-260.
35. Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde, pp. 87-91.
36. C. Riegelman, "War-Time Trade-Union and Socialist Proposals", in J.T. Shotwell (ed.), The Origins of the International Labor Organization (New York, 1934), pp. 55-56.
37. G. Van Goethem, De Internationale van Amsterdam, De wereld van bet Internationaal Vakverbond 1913-194; (Antwerp [etc.], 2003), pp. 28-29;
38. G. Van Goethem, idem, "Conflicting Interests: The International Federation of Trade Unions (1919-1945)", in M. van der Linden (ed.), The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (Berne [etc.], 2000), pp. 78-83.
39. Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde, pp. 192-193.
40. M. Dreyfus, "The Emergence of an International Trade Union Organization (1902-1919)", in Carew, The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, pp. 64-67;
41. A. Berenstein, Les organisations ouvrières. Leurs compétences et leur rôle dans la. Société des Nations (Brussels, 1936), pp. 13-14;
42. E. Mahaim, "The Historical and Social Importance of International Labor Legislation", in Shotwell, The Origins of the International Labor Organization, p. 18;
43. Riegelman, "War-Time Trade-Union and Socialist Proposals", pp. 59-65.
44. S. Dudink, Deugdzaam liberalisme. Sociaal-liberalisme in Nederland 1870-1901 (Amsterdam, 1997), pp. 221-276;
45. R. Bellamy, Liberalism and Modern Society: An Historical Argument (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 58-104;
46. A. Dawley, Struggles for Justice: Social Responsibility and the Liberal State (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 128-138;
47. J.G. Merquior, Liberalism, Old and New (Boston, MA, 1991), pp. 99-109;
48. A. Arblastcr, The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism (Oxford, 1985), pp. 284-295;
49. W. Logue, From Philosophy to Sociology: The Evolution of French Liberalism 1870-1914 (Dekalb, IL, 1983), pp. 95-128;
50. M. Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford, 1978), pp. 66-75.
51. J. Rey, "Ernest Mahaim à travers quelques écrits", in P. Van der Vorst (ed.), Cent ans de droit social belge (Brussels, 1988), pp. 149-158,
52. and, "Ernest Mahaim", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, 43 (1983), cols 501-509;
53. F. Dehousse, "Le centenaire de la naissance du professeur Ernest Mahaim", Bulletin de l'Association des Amis de l'Université de Liège, 3 (1965), pp. 16-22;
54. M. Gottschalk (ed.), Mélanges offerts à Ernest Mahaim par ses collègues, ses amis, ses élèves, 2 vols (Paris, 1935), vol. 1, pp. xv-xxxv.
55. On Brentano, Schmoller, and Wagner, see H. Saint-Marc, "Etude sur l'enseignement de l'économie politique dans les universités d'Allemagne et d'Autriche", Revue d'économie politique, 6 (1892), pp. 423-470.
56. For further commentaries on the congress, see E. Mahaim, Le Droit International Ouvrier (Paris, 1913), pp. 211-213.
57. The IALL was established in the Musée Social in Paris, and its official name was "Association Internationale pour la Protection Légale des Travailleurs". On the role of the Musée Social in French social politics, see J. Horne, A Social Laboratory for Modern France: The Musée Social and the Rise of the Welfare State (Durham, NC [etc,], 2002).
58. M. Delevingne, "The Pre-War History of International Labor Legislation", in Shotwell, Origins of the International Lahor Organization, p. 29.
59. Mahaim, "The Historical and Social Importance", pp. 8, 17. There was, however, the conference on international labour protection in 1897 in Zurich, only a few years before the foundation of the IALL, which was mainly attended by socialists and social catholics. The creation of an international labour office was one of the most important demands in Zurich. This proves that both organized labour and the radical thinkers of the intellectual bourgeoisie (e.g. united in the IALL) simultaneously but independently campaigned for similar ends. At the turn of the century the rift between the diverse social classes still seemed too large.
60. J.W. Follows, Antecedents of the International Labour Organisation (Oxford, 1951), pp. 156-176;
61. Delevingne, "The Pre-War History of International Labor Legislation", pp. 29-52;
62. E. Mahaim, "La fondation de l'Association internationale pour la protection légale des travailleurs", L'Avenir du travail, 3 (1925), pp. 28-31;
63. idem, "L'Association internationale pour la protection légale des travailleurs, son histoire, son but, son oeuvre", Revue Economique Internationale, (October 1904), pp. 6-17.
64. Keck and Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, p. 45.
65. For the history of the Belgian organization, see G. Vanthemsche, "Laboratoires d'idées et progrès social, Le cas de l'Association belge pour le progrès social et ses prédé cesseurs (1890-1960)", in G. Kurgan-van Hentenryk (ed.), Laboratoires et réseaux de diffusion des idées en Belgique (XIXe-XXe siècles) (Brussels, 1994), pp. 55-76.
66. For the German section, sec U. Ratz, Zwischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft und Koalition: bürgerliche Sozialreformer und Gewerkschaften im Ersten Weltkrieg (Munich, 1994),
67. and, Sozialreform und Arbeiterschaft: die "Gesellschaft für Soziale Reform" und die sozialdemokratische Arbeiterbewegung von der Jahrhundertwende bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges (Berlin, 1980).
68. For the Swiss section, see E. Gruner, Arbeiterschaft und Wirtschaft in der Schweiz 1880-1914 (Zurich, 1988).
69. For the British section, see A. Allen, Sophy Sanger: A Pioneer in Internationalism (Glasgow, 1958).
70. For the French section, see R. Gregarek, "Une législation protectrice: les Congrès des assurances sociales, l'Association pour la protection légale des travailleurs et l'Association pour la lutte contre le chômage, 1889-1914", in C. Topalov (ed.), Laboratoires du nouveau siècle, la nébuleuse réformatrice et ses réseaux en France, 1880-1914 (Paris, 1999), pp. 317-333.
71. M. Herren, Internationale Sozialpolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Die Anfänge europäischer Kooperation aus der Sicht Frankreichs (Berlin, 1993), pp. 109-131,
72. and, "La Formation d'une Politique du Travail Internationale avant la Première Guerre Mondiale", in J. Luciani (ed.), Histoire de l'Office du travail. 1890-1914 (Paris, 1992), pp. 409-426.
73. The most famous example was the International Association on Unemployment (1910). Together with the International Association for Social Insurances (1889), and the International Association for Labour Legislation, they merged in 1925 to become the International Association for Social Progress.
74. C. Topalov, "Entrepreneurs en réforme", in idem, Laboratoires du nouveau siècle, pp. 397-406;
75. J.W. Duyvendak and I. de Haan, "De liberale herkomst van de maakbare samenleving", in idem, Maakbaarheid, Liberale wortels en hedendaagse kritiek van de maakbare samenleving (Amsterdam, 1997), pp. 11-26;
76. Y. Cohen, "Gouverner le social, 1890-1945", in Y. Cohen and R. Baudouï (eds), les chantiers de la paix sociale (1500-1940) (Fontcnay [etc.], 1995), pp. 7-14,
77. and, "Le travail social: quand les techniciens sociaux parlent de leurs techniques", in Cohen and Baudouï, Les chantiers, pp. 106-114;
78. B. Wittrock, P. Wagner, and H. Wollmann, "Social Science and the Modern State: Policy Knowledge and Political Institutions in Western Europe and the United States", in P. Wagner et.al. (eds), Social Sciences and Modern States: National Experiences and Theoretical Crossroads (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 32-38;
79. A. Savoye, "Une réponse originale aux problèmes sociaux: l'ingénierie sociale (1885-1914)", Vie sociale, 8-9 (1987), pp. 485-505;
80. G. Alchon, The Invisible Hand of Planning: Capitalism, Social Science, and the State in the 19205 (Princeton, NJ, 1985), pp. 8-20.
81. L.-E. Troclet, Législation sociale internationale (Brussels, 1952), pp. 55-61.
82. Troclet, Belgian Minister of Labour (1945-1949), followed in the footsteps of Ernest Mahaim as representative of the Belgian government in the ILO Governing Body after World War II;
83. E. Vogel-Polsky, "Biographic L.-E. Troclet", in Mélanges offerts à Léon-Eli Troclet (Brussels, 1967), pp. 21-42.
84. E. Mahaim, Droit international ouvrier (Paris, 1913), pp. 3-6.
85. E. Mahaim, Droit international ouvrier. Ibid., pp. 1-2.
86. B. Raynaud, Droit international ouvrier (Paris, 1906).
87. E. Mahaim, "International Labour Law", International Labour Review, 135 (1996), pp. 287-290;
88. N. Valticos, Droit international du travail (Paris, 1983), pp. 100-107;
89. E. Mahaim, "Les principes de la législation internationale du travail", Bulletins de la Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, (1927), pp. 2-9.
90. T. Benton and T. Craib, Philosophy of Social Science: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Thought (Basingstoke, 2001), pp. 22-27, 53 - 55
91. A. Savoye, Les débuts de la sociologie empirique. Etudes socio-historiques. 1830-1930 (Paris, 1994), pp. 203-227;
92. J.-F. Crombois, L'Univers de la sociologie en Belgique de 1900 à 1940 (Brussels, 1994), pp. 95-122;
93. P. de Bie, Naissance et premiers développements de la sociologie en Belgique (Gembloux, 1989), pp. 42, 53-61;
94. R. Holton, "The Social Organisation of Knowledge and Social Policy: A Review Article", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 30 (1988), pp. 580-587;
95. S. Elwitt and L. Goldman, "Debate: Social Science, Social Reform and Sociology", Past & Present, 121 (1988), pp. 209-219;
96. H.W. Paul, From Knowledge to Power: The Rise of Science Empire in France, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 15-34.
97. J. Heilbron, The Rise of Social Theory (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 195-228.
98. For a detailed history of the Versailles Conference, see S. Marks, The Illusion of Peace; International Relations in Europe, 1918-1933 (Palgrave, 2003);
99. M. MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World (New York, 2002);
100. M. Boemeke, G. Feldman, and E. Glaser, The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 years (Washington DC, 1998).
101. G. Scelle, L'Organisation Internationale du Travail (Paris, 1930), p. 28.
102. Troclet, Législation sociale internationale, p. 296. United States:, Samuel Gompers (President of the AFL), A.N. Hurley (President of the American Shipping Board), who was replaced after the first sitting by Henry Robinson (lawyer) and James Shotwell (professor at Columbia University). Great Britain: George Barnes (Labour Member War Cabinet), Sir Malcolm Delevingne (Assistant Under-Sccretary of State, Home Office). France: Pierre Colliard (Minister of Labour), Louis Loucheur (Minister of Industrial Reconstruction), substitutes: Arthur Fontaine (Director, Ministiy of Labour), Léon Jouhaux (Secretary-General CGT). Italy: Baron Mayor des Planches (Ambassador, Commissioner-General Emigration), Angiolo Cabrini (Vice-President, Supreme Labour Council). Japan: K. Otchiai (Minister-Plenipotentiary of the Japanese Emperor), Minoru Oka (former Director of Commercial and Industrial Affairs Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce). Belgium: Emile Vandervelde (Minister of Justice), Ernest Mahaim (professor at Liège University), substitute: Henri Lafontaine (Senator Labour Party). Cuba: Antonio de Bustamente (professor at Havana University). Poland: François Sokal (Director-General Ministry of Labour). Czechoslovak Republic. Eduard Benes (Minister of Foreign Affairs).
103. "Une belle manifestation de sympathie des petites nations pour la Belgique", La Nation belge, 29 January 1919.
104. E. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", in Shotwell, The Origins of the International Labor Organization, pp. 129-130.
105. L. Heerma van Voss, "The International Federation of Trade Unions and the Attempt to Maintain the Eight-Hour Working Day (1919-1929)", in Van Holthoon and Van der Linden, Internationalism in the Labour Movement, p. 520.
106. J.-J. Oechslin, L'Organisation Internationale des Employeurs. Trois quarts de siècle au service de l'entreprise (1920-1998) (Geneva, 2001), p. 20.
107. W.R. Simpson, "The ILO and Tripartism: Some Reflections", Monthly Labor Review, 117 (1994), pp. 40-43;
108. E. Vogel-Polsky, Du tripartisme à l'organisation internationale du travail (Brussels, 1966), p. 404;
109. B. Béguin, The ILO and the Tripartite System (New York, 1959), pp. 414-419.
110. Berenstein, Les organisations ouvrières, pp. 25-27.
111. E. Mahaim (Liège University), "Etudes sur l'association professionnelle";
112. E. Vandervelde (ULB), "Enquêtes sur les associations professionnelles d'artisans et d'ouvriers en Belgique".
113. E. Mahaim, Les abonnements d'ouvriers sur les lignes de chemins de fer belges et leurs effets sociaux (Brussels, 1910).
114. E. Vandervelde, Souvenirs d'un militant socialiste (Paris, 1939), pp. 284-288.
115. On Barnes, see A.J. Reid, "George Nicoll Barnes (1859-1940)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 3 (2004), pp. 989-990.
116. P. Buhle, Taking Care of Business: Samuel Gompers, George Meany, Lane Kirkland and the Tragedy of American Labor (New York, 1999).
117. G. Bernard and D. Tintant, Léon Jouhaux: cinquante ans de syndicalisme (Paris, 1962);
118. "Léon Jouhaux, 1879-1954", International Labour Review, 70 (1954), pp. 241-257.
119. Not only were they together on the International Labour Commission in 1919, but all three were also to fill top positions in the ILO: Fontaine was Chairman of the Governing Body (1919-1931). He was succeeded by Ernest Mahaim (1931-1932), who also represented the Belgian government in the Governing Body and the International Labour Conferences (1919-1938). Sir Malcolm Delevingne was the British government's representative at the International Labour Conferences of 1919, 1923, and 1928-1929.
120. I. Lespinet, "Arthur Fontaine, grand commis de la nation et ambassadeur du travail", Histoire et Sociétés, 6 (2003), pp. 111-120.
121. P.W.J. Bartrip, "Delevingne, Sir Malcolm (1868-1950)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 15 (2004), pp. 730-731.
122. J.T. Shotwell, "The Historical Significance of the International Labour Conference", in E.J. Solano, Labouras an International Problem (London, 1920), pp. 48-50.
123. Berenstein, Les organisations ouvrières, p. 29;
124. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 130.
125. Troclet, Législation sociale internationale, p. 295.
126. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 132.
127. Bulletin Officiel (Geneva, BIT, 1923), 1 (April 1919-August 1920) [hereafter BO], sitting no. 4, 6 February 1919, p. 22.
128. Heerma van Voss, "The International Federation of Trade Unions", p. 523.
129. Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde, pp. 162-163.
130. D. Luyten, Sociaal-economisch overleg in België sedert 1918 (Brussels, 1995), pp. 17-23.
131. E.C. Lorenz, Defining Global Justice; The History of US International Labor Standards Policy (Notre Dame, IN, 2001), pp. 25, 71.
132. S. McCunc Lindsay, "The Problem of American Cooperation", in Shotwell, The Origins of the International Labor Organization, pp. 331-341.
133. G.B. Ostrower, "The American Decision to Join the International Labor Organization", Labor History, 16 (1975), pp. 495-504;
134. D.P. Moynihan, The United States and the ILO (thesis presented to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1960).
135. BO, session no. 5, 7 February 1919, pp. 26-28;
136. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 136.
137. On Loucheur, see S.D. Carls, Louis Louchettr and the Shaping of Modern France, 1916-1931 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1993).
138. BO, session no. 6, 10 February 1919, p. 29.
139. BO, session no. 9, 17 February 1919, pp. 44-46;
140. For the role of Louis Variez, the Ghent jurist, progressive-liberal sociologist and Mahaim's intellectual associate at the Paris Peace negotiations, see J. Van Daele, Van Gent tot Genève. Louis Variez. Een biografie (Ghent, 2002).
141. E. Mahaim, "Rapport sur les travaux de la commission de législation internationale du travail de la conférence de la paix", 8 April 1919, Archives Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brussels) [hereafter AMFA], Délégation belge à Versailles (DB 26), p. 9;
142. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 139.
143. Troclet, Législation sociale internationale, pp. 301-304;
144. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 146.
145. Phelan, The Commission on International Labor Legislation. Ibid., pp. 146-148.
146. BO, session no. 10, 19 February 1919, p. 53.
147. Lorenz, Defining Global Justice, pp. 23-24.
148. There are no longer any papers on the deliberations of this subcommittee; Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 160.
149. Shotwell was not only an important adviser in the creation of the ILO in 1919, he was also extremely active in trying to convince the United States to become a member of this organization. That is why he published the standard historical work, The Origins of the International Labor Organization in a multiple-volume publication in 1934. This strategy was successful, as the United States became a member of the ILO that year. On Shotwell, see C. DeBenedetti, "Peace Was His Profession", in F.J. Merli (ed.), Makers of American Diplomacy: From Benjamin Franklin to Henry Kissinger (New York, 1974), pp. 385-406;
150. C. DeBenedetti, idem, "James T. Shotwell and the Science of International Politics", Political Science Quarterly, 89 (1974), pp. 379-395.
151. E. Vandervelde, "Ernest Mahaim et la Commission de la Législation Internationale du Travail de la Conférence de la Paix", in Gottschalk, Mélanges offerts à Ernest Mahaim, p. 590.
152. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", pp. 176-182.
153. M. Tortora, Institution spécialisée et organisation mondiale: étude de relations des l'OIT avec la SDN et l'ONU (Brussels, 1980), pp. 30-33.
154. BO, session no. 8, 13 February 1919, p. 39.
155. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 177.
156. BO, sitting no. 7, 12 February 1919, p. 34;
157. Mahaim, "Rapport sur les travaux de la Commission", p. 10;
158. Mahaim to Paul Hymans, 18 April 1919, AMFA, Délégation belge à Versailles (DB 26).
159. Mahaim, "Rapport sur les travaux de la commission", pp. 21-22.
160. The members were the Italian Cabrini, the Briton Delevingne, the Frenchman Jouhaux, the Belgian Mahaim, the Japanese Oka, and the American Shotwell;
161. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", pp. 185-188.
162. Notes Mahaim on the session of 15 March 1919, ILO Archives (Geneva), J.T. Shotwell Papers, no. 69, 3.10.Mo3.
163. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 179.
164. Mahaim, "Rapport sur les travaux de la commission", pp. 26-27;
165. BO, session no. 24, 15 March 1919, pp. 149-150.
166. Valticos, Droit international du travail, pp. 56-57.
167. Reduction of working hours in agriculture, freedom of migration, unemployment prevention by governments, abolition of forced labour, the possibility that seamen might leave their ship upon docking, prohibition to transport goods manufactured by prisoners or to bring them into commercial trade, prohibition on the sale or use of articles produced in home industry, organization of recognized free insurance organizations, and the introduction of a control system in emigration and immigration countries.
168. Mahaim, "Rapport sur les travaux de la commission", pp. 25-26.
169. "Proposition de la délégation belge: protocole additionnel du projet de convention créant un organisme permanent pour la réglementation internationale du travail", [March] 1919, AMFA, Délégation belge à Versailles (DB 26).
170. Mahaim, "Rapport sur les travaux de la commission", p. 26.
171. A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All (Report of the World Commission for the Social Dimension of Globalization) (Geneva, 2004), pp. 91-92.
172. Phelan, "The Commission on International Labor Legislation", p. 196.
173. E. Phelan, "The Labor Proposals before the Peace Conference", in Shotwell, The Origins of the International Labor Organization, pp. 204-207.
174. Vandervelde, Souvenirs d'un militant socialiste, pp. 290-291;
175. Phelan, "The Labor Proposals before the Peace Conference", p. 208.
176. Vandervelde, Souvenirs d'un militant socialiste, p. 290.
177. BO, sitting of the plenary Peace Conference, 11 April 1919, p. 302.
178. Phelan, "The Labor Proposals before the Peace Conference", pp. 212-213.
179. Mahaim to Vandervelde, [19]April 1919 (Paris), ILO Archives, Shotwcll Papers, no. 79, 3.19.Mo4.
180. Vandervelde to Barnes, 24 April 1919 (s.1.), ILO Archives, Shotwell Papers, no. 79, 3.19.B08.
181. Barnes to Malcolm Delevingne, 29 April 1919 (s.1.), ILO Archives, Shotwell Papers, no. 80, 3.20.606.
182. Phelan, "The Labor Proposals before the Peace Conference", pp. 216-217.
183. From a technical point of view, peace was made only with Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. Various parks and royal palaces in the surroundings of Paris gave their names to the other treaties, in which the same clause on a joint postwar labour programme was included: the Treaties of Saint-Germain with Austria, of Trianon with Hungary, of Sèvres with Turkey, and of Neuilly with Bulgaria; Troclet, Législation sociale internationale, p. 298.
184. The Organizing Committee of the Washington Conference consisted of seven members: Fontaine (France), Delevingne (Great Britain), Oka (Japan), Rappard (Switzerland), Mahaim (Belgium), Shotwell (US), and Palma di Castiglione (Italy); Delevingne, "The Organizing Committee", in Shotwell, The Origins of the International Labor Organization, pp. 285-304.
185. E. Mahaim, lecture at the University of Madrid, 12 April 1926, ILO Archives, CAT7-485.
186. Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas?", p. 229.
187. F. Blanchard, "La Belgique, les belges et l'OIT", in Van der Vorst, Cent ans de droit social belge,?. 858.
188. See also G. Van Goethem, "The Versailles Peace Treaty and the Origin of the International Labour Organization", unpublished paper for the IPSA Conference, Durban, July 2003, p. 3.