The inevitability of integration? Neoliberal discourse and the proposals for a New North American economic space after September 11

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 202-222

  Gilbert, Emily ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Canada; Economic Integration; Neoliberalism; September 11; United States

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; NEOLIBERALISM; TERRORISM; TRADE RELATIONS;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 27844544326     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00456.x     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Alexandroff, A. S., and D. Guy. 2004. What Canadians have to say about relations with the United States. C. D. Howe Institute Backgrounder 73, Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute. http://www.cdhowe.org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
2. Amin, A., and N. Thrift. 2000. What kind of economic theory for what kind of economic geography? Antipode 32 (1) : 4-9.
3. Andreas, R. 2003. A tale of two borders: The US-Canada and the US-Mexico lines after 9-11. In The rebordering of North America, ed. P. Andreas and T. J. Biersteker, 1-23. New York: Routledge.
4. Barlow, M. 2004. The Canada we want: A citizens' alternative to deeper integration. Ottawa: Council of Canadians, http:// www.canadians.org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
5. Barnes, T. 1996. Logics of dislocation: Models, metaphors, and meanings of economic space. New York: Guilford.
6. _. 2003. Introduction: Never mind the economy, here's culture. In Handbook of cultural geography, ed. K. Anderson, M. Domosh, S. Pile, and N. J. Thrift, 89-97. London: Routledge.
7. Barry, A., T. Osborne, and N. Rose, eds. 1996. Foucault and political reason: Liberalism, neo-liberalism and rationalities of government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Baxter, J. 2001. Borders won't ever be the same: Board; Status quo not an option, think-tank says. The Windsor Star, 24 October, A1.
9. _. 2003. Integration with US inevitable, Beatty says: 'It is like a marriage.' National Post, 7 March, A3.
10. Beatty, P. 2002. North American partnership inevitable. National Post, 12 September, FP15.
11. Beauchesne, E. 2003. Closer US ties inevitable, Manley says. Victoria Times-Colonist, 26 June, B2.
12. Beck, U. 2000. What is globalizatian? Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.
13. Bliss, M. 2001a. Is Canada a country in decline? There was a time when the future of this blessed land looked hopeful. But when we write the history of the past 30 years, it will be a sad story of squandered opportunity. National Post, 30 November, A18.
14. _. 2001b. Sept. 11: The end of Canadian nationalism: Aftermath pushes North America to inevitable union. National Post, 29 September, Al.
15. _. 2003. The multicultural North American hotel. National Post, 15 January, A14.
16. Bourdieu, P., and L. Wacquant. 2001. NewLiberal Speak: Notes on the new planetary vulgate. Radical Philosophy 105: 2-5.
17. Bratich, J. Z., J. Packer, and C. McCarthy, eds. 2003. Foucault, cultural studies and govemmentality. Albany: State University of New York Press.
18. Buiter, W. H. 1999. The EMU and the NAMU: What is the case for North American monetary union? Canadian Public Policy-Analyse de Politiques 25 (3): 285-305.
19. Cameron, J., and J. K. Gibson-Graham. 2003. Feminising the economy: Metaphors, strategies, politics. Gender, Place and Culture 10 (2): 145-57.
20. Campbell, B. 2003. From deep integration to reclaiming sovereignty: Managing Canada-US economic relations under NAFTA. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, http:// www.policyalternatives.ca/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
21. Carmichael, E. 2002. Canada's dollarization debate. Report on economic and policy research, JPMorgan Chase Bank, New York, 24 May, 1-8.
22. - Canadian Chamber of Commerce. 2003a. Action plan for government and business on Canada-US economic relations under NAFTA, March, http://www.chamber.ca/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
23. _. 2003b. The Canada-US economic relationship: Directions for the future. Report submitted to the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, February. http://www. chamber.ca/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
24. CCCE - Canadian Council of Chief Executives. 2004. New Frontiers: Building a 21st Century Canada-United States Partnership in North America. March, http://www.ceocouncil.ca/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
25. Chase, S., and P. Kennedy. 2003. Business groups warn of big Canada-US rift. The Globe and Mail, 26 March, B1.
26. Cienski, J. 2002. US sticking to tough border security stance. National Post, 7 December, A4.
27. Clarkson, S. 2001. After the catastrophe: Canada's position in North America. Behind the Headlines 58 (3): 1-10.
28. _. 2002a. Uncle Sam and us one year later: The geopolitical consequences for Canada of September 11th. Canadian Issues/Thèmes canadiens: Canada and the World: One Year after 9/11, September: 15-18.
29. _ 2002b. What Uncle Sam wants... is good for corporate America, but not necessarily his neighbours. The Globe and Mail, 2 December, A17.
30. _. 2003. The view from the attic: Toward a gated continental community. In The rebordering of North America, ed. P. Andreas and T. J. Biersteker, 68-89. New York: Routledge.
31. Cooper, S. 2002. Inevitable integration: New census data suggest Canada isn't keeping up with youth demographics in the United States, and we will pay the price in economic growth. National Post, 15 March, FP15.
32. Courchene, T. J. 2001. Is it time for Canada to embrace monetary union? Paper presented at The Art of the State Conference, Friday, 12 October 2001, Montebello: Quebec. http://www. irpp.org/newsroom/archive/2001/1116debate.pdf (last accessed 13 August 2002).
33. Courchene, T. J., and R. G. Harris. 1999. From fixing to monetary union: Options for North American currency integration. C. D. Howe Commentary 127. Toronto: C. D. Ho we Institute. http://www.cdhowe.org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
34. d'Aquino, T. 2003a. A bold strategy for North America. The Globe and Mail, 30 June, E2.
35. _. 2003b. Security and prosperity: The dynamics of a new Canada-United States partnership in North America. Presentation to the annual general meeting of the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, 14 January 2003, Toronto. http://www.bcni.com/English/publications/reports/jan14-03.pdf (last accessed 13 May 2003).
36. Daniels, R. J., P. Macklem, and K. Roach, eds. 2001. The security of freedom: Essays on Canada's anti-terrorism bill. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
37. Dobbin, M. 2003. Zip-locking North America: Can Canada survive continental integration? Ottawa: The Council of Canadians, http://www.canadians. org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
38. Dobson, W. 2002. Shaping the future of the North American economic space. C. D. Howe Institute Commentary 162. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute, http://www.cdhowe.org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
39. _. 2003. Trade can brush in a new border. The Globe and Mail, 21 January, A15.
40. Dodge, D. 2002. Dollarization and North American integration. Remarks to the Chambre de commerce du Quebec, 5 October, Sherbrooke, Quebec, http://www.bis.org/review/ r021009b.pdf (last accessed 8 September 2004).
41. Doern, G. B., and M. Gattinger. 2002. Another "NEP": the Bush energy plan and Canada's political and policy responses. In Canada among nations 2002: A fading power, ed. N. Hillmer and M. A. Molot, 76-96. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
42. Dymond, B., and M. Hart. 2003. Canada and the global challenge: Finding a place to stand. C. D. Howe Institute Commentary 180. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute. http://www.cdhowe. org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
43. EKOS. 2001. Security, sovereignty and continentalism: Canadian perspectives on September 11. 27 September. http://www. ekos.com/ %5Cadmin%5Carticles%5C27-sept-2001E.pdf (last accessed 8 September 2004).
44. Fagan, D. 2003. Beyond NAFTA: Toward deeper economic integration. In Canada among nations 2003: Coping with the American colossus, ed. D. Carment, F. O. Hampson, and N. Hillmer, 32-53. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
45. Foucault, M. 1973. The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. New York: Random House.
46. _. 1980. The history of sexuality: An introduction. New York: Vintage.
47. _. 1991. Governmentality. In The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality, ed. G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, 87-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. _. 1994. Truth and power. In Power: Essential works of Foucault (Vol. 3). ed. J. D. Faubion, 111-33. New York: The New Press.
49. Fraser, G. 2002. Soldiering forward: The role of the Canadian military changed dramatically last September. Will it make our troops more effective, or just more American. Toronto Star, 26 January, H01.
50. Galloway, G. 2003. New Canadians alienated by US travel indignities. The Globe and Mail, 2 January, A1.
51. Gibson-Graham, J. K. 1996. The end of capitalism (as we knew it): A feminist critique of political economy. Oxford, U.K.: Black-well.
52. Gilbert, E. 1998. "Ornamenting the façade of hell": Iconographies of 19th century Canadian paper money. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16 (1): 57-80.
53. _. 1999. Forging a national currency: Money, state-building and nation-making in Canada. In Nation-states and money: The past, present and future of national currencies, ed. E. Gilbert and E. Helleiner, 25-45. London: Routledge.
54. _. 2004. North American monetary union: Money, citizens, and states. Unpublished paper available from the author.
55. Golden, A. 2001a. Canada must chart its own course: Continental integration is not inevitable, says Conference Board of Canada CEO Anne Golden. The Globe and Mail, 5 October, A17.
56. _. 2001b. In loonies, we should trust. The Globe and Mail, 29 November, A19.
57. _. 2003. Building a new partnership. The Globe and Mail, 5 March, A15.
58. Goldfarb, D. 2003. The road to a Canada-US customs union. C. D. Howe Institute Commentary 184. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute, http://www.cdhowe.org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
59. Gotlieb, A. 2003. Foremost partner - The conduct of Canada-US relations. In Canada among nations 2003: Coping with the American colossus, ed. D. Carment, F. O. Hampson, and N. Hillmer, 19-31. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
60. Graham, B. 2003. Notes for an address by the Honourable Bill Graham, Minister of Foreign Affairs, at the 72nd Annual Summer Conference of the Couchiching Institute on Public Affairs, "Sovereignty, Interdependence and Integration." August. http://webapps.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/minpub/Publication. asp?publication_id=380274&Language=E (last accessed 8 September 2004).
61. Greenaway, N. 2002. Most Canadians think US acts like a "bully to world." National Post, 28 December, A6.
62. Grubel, H. G. 1999. The case for the Amero: The economics and politics of a North American monetary union. Vancouver: The Fraser Institute. http://www/fraserinstitute.ca/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
63. Gwyn, R. 2001. We must accept the inevitable. The Toronto Star, 30 September, A13.
64. Hart, M., and B. Dymond. 2001. Common borders, shared destinies: Canada, the United States and deepening integration. Ottawa: Centre for Trade Policy and Law Policy Debates. http://www.carleton.ca/ctpl/borders/hartdymondweb.htm (last accessed 8 September 2004).
65. Held, D. 2000. Regulating globalization? The reinvention of politics. International Sociology 15 (2): 394-408.
66. Helleiner, E. 2003a. The strange politics of Canada's NAMU debate. Studies in Political Economy 71/72:67-89.
67. _. 2003b. Towards a North American monetary union? In Changing Canada: Political economy as transformation, ed. W. Clement and L. F. Vosko, 265-86. Montreal and Kingston, ONT: McGill-Queens University Press.
68. Hufbauer, G. C., and J. Schott. 2004. The prospects for deeper North American economic integration: A US perspective. C. D. Howe Institute Border Papers 195. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute, http://www.cdhowe.org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
69. Jackson, A. 2003. Why the "big idea" is a bad idea: A critical perspective on deeper economic integration with the United States. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, http:// www.policyalternatives.ca/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
70. Janigan, M. 2003. Trouble at the border. Maclean's, 31 March, 35.
71. Kelly, P. 2001. Metaphors of meltdown: Political representations of economic space in the Asian financial crisis. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19:719-42.
72. Krauss, C. 2002. Canada alters security policies to ease concerns of US. New York Times, 18 February, A8.
73. Landry, B. 2000. The inevitable debate on North American monetary union. World Economic Affairs 3 (2): 24-25.
74. Lee, R., and J. Wills, eds. 1997. Geographies of economies. London: Arnold.
75. MacDonald, L. I. 2002. The loonies, greenbacks and NAMU square off. The Gazette, 2 November, A21.
76. May, K. 2002, Canadian nationalism growing: study: Despite growing economic integration, Canadians don't want to be Americans. The Ottawa Citizen, 5 June, A8.
77. McCallum, J. 2000. Engaging the debate: Costs and benefits of a North American common currency. Royal Bank of Canada Current Analysis. Toronto: Royal Bank of Canada. http://216.239.41.104/search?q=cache:CbQ71QKS6pkJ:www.econ.ubc. ca/helliwell/econ_456/mccallum.pdf+Engaging+the+debate: +Costs+and+benefits+of+a+North+American +common+currency&hl=en (last accessed 8 September 2004).
78. McIver, D. 2001. Can you spare a buck? The case for and against a single North American currency. Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada, http://www.conferenceboard.ca/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
79. McLean, I. 2001. Rational choice and British politics: An analysis of rhetoric and manipulation from Peel to Blair. Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press.
80. McQuaig, L. 2002. Dollarization? Not here please. National Post, 21 January, FP14.
81. Merszei, G. 2002. Alcan calls for common currency with US: Volatility distorts profits. National Post, 25 September, FP1.
82. Molot, M. A., and N. Hillmer. 2002. The diplomacy of decline. In Canada among nations 2002: A fading power, ed. N. Hillmer and M. A. Molot, 1-33. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
83. Newman, P. C. 2002. Beware of freer trade. Maclean's, 2 December, 46.
84. NFO. 2002. Currency options for Canada: What Canadians and Americans think. NFO Cfgroup. http://www.nfogroup.com/ news/02.06.03-currency-charts.pdf (last accessed 8 September 2004).
85. Patrick, K. 2003. US border plan faces "challenges." The Globe and Mail, 13 March, A12.
86. Peck, J., and A. Tickell. 2002. Neoliberalizing space. Antipode 34 (3): 380-404.
87. Rekai, P. 2002. US and Canadian immigration policies: Marching together to different tunes, C. D. Howe Institute Commentary 171. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute. http://www.cdhowe. org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
88. Roach, K. 2003. September 11: Consequences for Canada. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.
89. Robson, W. B. P., and D. Laidler. 2002. No small change: The awkward economics and politics of North American monetary integration. C. D. Howe Institute Commentary 167. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute, http://www.cdhowe.org/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
90. Rose, N. 2002. Powers of freedom: Reframing political thought. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
91. Sallot, J. 2003. Canadians oppose US stand, poll says. The Globe and Mail, 8 February, A15.
92. Sands, C. 2002. Fading power or rising power: 11 September and lessons from the section 110 experience. In Canada among nations 2002; A fading power, ed. N. Hillmer and M. A. Molot, 49-73. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
93. Segal, H. 2003. The high-flying loonie. Maclean's, 26 May, 64.
94. Scotton, G. 2002. Pace of globalization slowing, says economist. The Calgary Herald, 28 September, D4.
95. SCFAIT - Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade. 2001a. Canada and the North American challenge: Managing relations in light of the new security environment. Ottawa: December. http://www.parl.gc.ca/ InfoComDoc/ 37/1/FAIT/Studies/Reports/faitrp03-e.htm (last accessed 8 September 2004).
96. _. 2001b. Towards a secure and trade-efficient border. Ottawa: November. http://www.parl.gc.ca/InfoComDoc/37/1/ FAIT/Studies/Reports/sintrp05-e.htm (last accessed 8 September 2004).
97. _. 2002 a. Canada and the future of the North American relationship: Shaping a long-term Canadian agenda. Ottawa, February. http://www.parl,gc.ca/ InfocomDoc/37/1/FAIT/ Studies/References/KeylssuesNA-E.htm (last accessed 8 September 2004).
98. _. 2002b. Partners in North America: Advancing Canada's relations with the United States and Mexico. Ottawa: December. http://www.parl.gc.ca/ InfoComDoc/37/2/FAIT/Studies/ Reports/faitrp03-e.htm (last accessed 8 September 2004).
99. Smith, N. 2001. Scales of terror and the resort to geography: September 11, October 7. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19:631-37.
100. SSCFA - Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs. 2003. Uncertain access: The consequences of US security and trade actions on Canadian trade policy. Ottawa: June, http:// www.parl.gc.ca/37/2/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-e/ fore-e/ rep-e/rep04jun03-e.htm (last accessed 8 September 2004).
101. Tellier, P. M. 2001. It's time for a national debate on the tough questions facing Canada. Notes for remarks made to the Canadian Railway Club, Montreal, Quebec, 14 December 2001. http://www.cn.ca/news/speeches/ en_Speeches12142001.shtml (last accessed 8 September 2004).
102. Thompson, J. H., and S. J. Randall. 2002. Canada and the United States: Ambivalent allies, 3rd ed. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
103. Thrift, N. J. 1998. Virtual capitalism: The globalization of reflexive business knowledge. In Virtualism: A new political economy, ed. J. G. Carrier and D. Miller, 161-86. New York: Routledge.
104. _. 2000. Performing cultures in the new economy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (4): 674-92.
105. _. 2001. Forum: Perspectives on a new political economy. New Political Economy 6 (3): 375-80.
106. Travers, J. 2001. Integration's relentless march. Toronto Star, 3 November, K02.
107. United States Department of State. 2003. Patterns of global terrorism. Washington, DC. http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/ pgtrpt/ (last accessed 8 September 2004).
108. Vardy, J., and J. Thorpe. 2001, Calls raised for common buck as loonie falls: Heated debate: Timing is poor says economist MP John McCallum. Financial Post, 1 November, FP2.
109. Williams, H. 2001. Can you spare a buck? The case for and against a single North American currency. Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada, http://www.conferenceboard.ca/ (last accessed 3 September 2004).
110. Winham, G. R., and S. Ostry. 2003. The second trade crisis. The Globe and Mail, 17 June, A15.