Truth, fear, and lies: Exile politics and arrested histories of the Tibetan resistance

Cultural Anthropology

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 570-600

  McGranahan, Carole ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

History; Memory; National politics; Tibet; War

Indexed keywords

EID: 27844513911     PISSN: 08867356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/can.2005.20.4.570     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Anderson, Benedict 1983 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
2. Andrugtsang, Gompo Tashi 1973 Four Rivers, Six Ranges: A True Account of Khampa Resistance to Chinese in Tibet. Dharamsala: Information and Publicity Office.
3. Aris, Michael 1988 Hidden Treasures and Secret Lives: A Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706). Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
4. 1997 Foreword. In Tibetan Histories: A Bibliography of Tibetan-Language Historical Works. Dan Martin in collaboration with Yael Bentor. Pp. 9-12. London: Serindia.
5. Avedon, John 1979 In Exile from the Land of Snows. New York: Vintage.
6. Axel, Brian Keith 2001 The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora." Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
7. Ballinger, Pamela 2002 History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
8. Bambi, R. P. N.d. The Crusaders of Tibet. Dalhausie: Khampa Pocket Books.
9. Beek, Martijn van 2001 Beyond Identity Fetishism: "Communal" Conflict in Ladakh and the Limits of Autonomy. Cultural Anthropology 15(4):525-569.
10. Benjamin, Walter 1968[1955] Theses on the Philosophy of History. In Illuminations: Essays and Reflections. Hannah Arendt, ed. Pp. 253-264. New York: Schocken.
11. Bhabha, Homi K. 1990 Nation and Narration. London: Routledge.
12. 1994 The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
13. Calkowski, Marcia 1991 A Day at the Tibetan Opera: Actualized Performance and Spectacular Discourse. American Ethnologist 18(4):643-657.
14. Chakrabarty, Dipesh 2000 Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
15. Chatterjee, Partha 1993 The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
16. Cohen, David William 1994 The Combing of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1992 Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
18. Conboy, Kenneth, and James Morrison 2002 The CIA's Secret War in Tibet. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
19. Connerton, Paul 1989 How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Cowell, Adrian 1967 I Saw the Secret Shooting War with China. Argosy 364(5):29-33, 96-97.
21. Daniel, E. Valentine 1996 Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropography of Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
22. Dewatshang, Kunga Samten 1997 Flight at the Cuckoo's Behest: The Life and Times of a Tibetan Freedom Fighter (as told to his son Dorjee Wangdi Dewatshang). New Delhi: Paljor Publications.
23. Diehl, Keila 2002 Echoes from Dharamsala: Music in the Life of a Tibetan Refugee Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
24. Dirks, Nicholas B. 1990 History as a Sign of the Modern. Public Culture 2(2):25-32.
25. 1996 Is Vice Versa?: Historical Anthropologies and Anthropological Histories. In The Historic Turn in the Human Sciences. Terrence J. McDonald, ed. Pp. 17-51. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
26. Dreyfus, Georges 1994 Proto-Nationalism in Tibet. In Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Per Kvaerne, ed. Pp. 205-218. Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture.
27. 2002 Tibetan Religious Nationalism: Western Fantasy or Empowering Vision? In Tibet, Self, and the Tibetan Diaspora: Voices of Difference. P. Christiaan Klieger, ed. Pp. 37-56. Leiden: Brill.
28. Duara, Prasenjit 1995 Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29. Dunham, Mikel 2004 Buddha's Warriors: The Story of the CIA-Backed Tibetan Freedom Fighters, the Chinese Communist Invasion, and the Ultimate Fall of Tibet. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher.
30. Feldman, Allen 1991 Formations of Violence : The Narrative of the B ody and Political Terror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. Foucault, Michel 1972 The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books.
32. 1977[1971] Nietzsche, Genealogy, History. In Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews. Donald Boucher, ed. Pp. 139-164. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
33. 1980 Two Lectures. In Power/Knowledge. Colin Gordon, ed. Pp. 78-108. New York: Pantheon.
34. Germano, David 1998 Re-Membering the Dismembered Body of Tibet: Contemporary Tibetan Visionary Movements in the People's Republic of China. In Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural Identity. Melvyn C. Goldstein and Matthew T. Kapstein, eds. Pp. 53-94. Berkeley: University of California Press.
35. Goldstein, Melvyn C. 1989 A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36. Gramsci, Antonio 1971 Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, eds. New York: International Publishers.
37. Grunfeld, A. Tom 1996 The Making of Modern Tibet. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
38. Guha, Ranajit 1982 On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India. In Subaltern Studies I: Writings on South Asian History and Society. Pp. 1-8. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
39. Guha, Ranajit, and Gayatri Spivak, eds. 1988 Selected Subaltern Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Gupta, Akhil 1994 The Reincarnation of Souls and the Rebirth of Commodities: Representations of Time in "East" and "West." In Remapping Memory. Jonathan Boyarin, ed. Pp. 161-183. Berkeley: University of California Press.
41. Gyatso, Janet 1986 Signs, Memory, and History: A Tantric Buddhist Theory of Scriptural Transmission. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 9(2):7-35.
42. 1996 Drawn from the Tibetan Treasury: The gTer ma Literature. In Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre. Jose Cabezon and Roger Jackson, eds. Pp. 147-169. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Press.
43. 1998 Apparitions of the Self: The Secret Autobiographies of a Tibetan Visionary. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
44. Gyatso, Tenzin, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet 1962 My Land and My People: Memoirs of the Dalai Lama of Tibet. New York: McGraw-Hill.
45. 1990 Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. New York: HarperCollins.
46. Halbwachs, Maurice 1992 On Collective Memory. Lewis A. Coser, ed. and trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
47. Hanna, Span 1994 Vast as the Sky: The Terma Tradition in Modern Tibet. In Tantra and Popular Religion in Tibet. Geoffrey Samuel, Hamish Gregor, and Elisabeth Stuchbury, eds. Pp. 1-13. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
48. Harris, Clare 1999 In the Image of Tibet: Tibetan Painting after 1959. London: Reaktion Books.
49. Hughes, Diane, and Thomas R. Trautmann, eds. 1995 Time: Histories and Ethnologies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
50. Kaplan, Caren 1996 Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourses of Displacement. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
51. Kapstein, Matthew T. 1998 Concluding Reflections. In Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural Identity. Melvyn C. Goldstein and Matthew T. Kapstein, eds. Pp. 139-149. Berkeley: University of California Press.
52. Khentsun, Thubten (Thub bstan mkhas bstun) 1998 dKa'a sdug 'og gi byung pa brjod pa (Story of suffering). Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
53. Klieger, P. Christiaan 1989 Ideology and the Framing of Tibetan History. Tibet Journal 14(4):3-16.
54. Koselleck, Reinhart 1985[1979] Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
55. Knaus, John Kenneth 1999 Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival. New York: Public Affairs.
56. Lane, Fred 1994 The Warrior Tribes of Kham. Asiaweek, March 2: 30-38.
57. Leary, William M. 1997-98 Secret Mission to Tibet. Air and Space (December-January): 62-71.
58. Liu, Melinda 1999 When Heaven Shed Blood. Newsweek, April 19 (reprinted on World Tibet Network News, April 21, 1999).
59. Malkki, Liisa 1995a Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. 1995b Refugees and Exile: From "Refugee Studies" to the National Order of Things. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:495-523.
61. Marchetti, Victor, and John Marks 1974 The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
62. McCarthy, Roger E. 1997 Tears of the Lotus: Accounts of Tibetan Resistance to the Chinese Invasion, 1950-1962. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
63. McGranahan, Carole In press Tibet's Cold War: The CIA and the Chushi Gangdrug Resistance, 1956-1974. Journal of Cold War Studies.
64. McLagan, Margaret 1996 Mobilizing for Tibet: Transnational Politics and Diaspora Culture in the Post Cold War Era. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, New York University.
65. 2002 Spectacles of Difference: Cultural Activism and the Mass Mediation of Tibet. In Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain. Faye Ginsburg, Lila Abu-Lughod, and Brian Larkin, eds. Pp. 90-111. Berkeley: University of California Press.
66. Mullin, Chris 1975 Tibetan Conspiracy. Far Eastern Economic Review, September 5:30-34.
67. Namling Paljor Jigme (rNam gling dpal 'byor 'jig med) 1988 Mi tshe'i lo rgyus dang 'bril yod sna tshogs (Autobiography and other related stories). Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
68. Norbu, Dawa 1979 The 1959 Tibetan Rebellion: An Interpretation. China Quarterly 77:74-93.
69. Norbu, Jamyang 1979 Horseman in the Snow: The Story of Aten, an Old Khampa Warrior. Dharamsala: Information Office, Central Tibetan Secretariat.
70. 1994 The Tibetan Resistance Movement and the Role of the C.I.A. In Resistance and Reform in Tibet. Robert Barnett and Shirin Akiner, eds. Pp. 186-196. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
71. Ortner, Sherry B. 1989 High Religion: A Cultural and Political History of Sherpa Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
72. Pandey, Gyanendra 1990 The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
73. 1992 In Defense of the Fragment: Writing About Hindu-Muslim Riots in India Today. Representations 37:27-55.
74. Patterson, George 1968 Ambush on the Roof of the World. Reader's Digest, March: 59-64.
75. 1970 A Fool at Forty. Waco, TX: Word Books.
76. Peissel, Michel 1968 Mustang: A Lost Tibetan Kingdom. London: Futura Publications.
77. 1972 The Secret War in Tibet. Boston: Little, Brown.
78. Phala, Dronyer Chenmo Thubten Ongden (mGron gnyer ehe mo pha llha thub bstan od ldan)
79. 1996 sKu che'i lo rgyus lhrag bsdus (Selected life story). Oral History Series 2. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
80. Ricoeur, Paul 1984 Time and Narrative, Volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
81. Robbins, Christopher 1979 Air America: The True Story of the CIA's Mercenary Fliers in Covert Operations From Pre-War China to Present Day Nicaragua. London: Corgi Books.
82. Roberts, John B. III 1997a The Dalai Lama's Great Escape. George, October: 130-133.
83. 1997b The Secret War Over Tibet. American Spectator, December: 31-35, 85.
84. Rosen, Steven 2001 Unmade Movie Had CIA, Colorado Ties. Denver Post, May 30: 1F, 6F.
85. Sahlins, Marshall 1981 Historical Metaphors and Mythical Realities: Structure in the Early History of the Sandwich Islands Kingdom. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
86. 1991 The Return of the Event, Again: With Reflections on the Beginnings of the Great Fijian War of 1843 to 1855 between the Kingdoms of Bau and Rewa. In Clio in Oceania: Toward a Historical Anthropology. Aletta Biersack, ed. Pp. 37-99. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
87. Said, Edward 1984 Reflections on Exile. Granta 13:159-72.
88. Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. 1967 Tibet: A Political History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
89. 1976 Bod kyi srid don rgyal rabs (A political history of Tibet). 2 vols. Kalimpong: Shakabpa House.
90. Shakya, Tsering 1999 The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947. London: Pimlico.
91. Sider, Gerald, and Gavin Smith, eds. 1997 Between History and Histories: The Making of Silences and Commemorations. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
92. Simmel, Georg 1950 The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press.
93. Smith, Warren S. 1996 Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
94. Sonam, Tenzing, and Ritu Sarin, dirs. 1998 The Shadow Circus. 50 min. White Crane Films. New Delhi.
95. Spiegel, Gabrielle 2002 Memory and History: Liturgical Time and Historical Time. History and Theory 41:149-162.
96. Stoddard, Heather 1985 Le Mendiant d'Amdo. Paris: Societe d'Ethnographie.
97. Stoler, Ann Laura. 1992 "In Cold Blood": Hierarchies of Credibility and the Politics of Colonial Narratives. Representations 37:151-189.
98. Taklha Phuntsok Tashi (Stag llha phun tshogs bkra shis) 1995 Mi tshe'i byung ba brjod pa (Life story). 3 vols. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
99. Tashi, Sonam (bSod nams bKra shis) 1997 Bod dmag gcig gi mi tshe (The life of a Tibetan soldier) Dharamsala: Sherig Pharkhang.
100. Taussig, Michael 1984 Culture of Terror-Space of Death: Roger Casement's Putumayo Report and the Explanation of Torture. Comparative Studies in Society and History 26:467-497.
101. 1991 The Nervous System. New York: Routledge.
102. 1999 Defacements: Public Secrets and the Labor of the Historical Negative. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
103. Terrone, Antonio 2002 Visions, Arcane Claims, and Hidden Treasures: Charisma and Authority in a Present-Day Gter Ston. In Tibet, Self, and the Tibetan Diaspora: Voices of Difference. P. Christiaan Klieger, ed. Pp. 213-228. Leiden: Brill.
104. Thondup, Tulku Rinpoche 1986 Hidden Teachings of Tibet: An Explanation of the Terma Tradition of the Nyingma School of Buddhism. Harold Talbott, ed. London: Wisdom Publications.
105. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph 1995 Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press.
106. Tsering, Tsongkha Lhamo (Tsong kha llha mo tshe ring) 1992 bTsan rgol rgyal skyob, Deb tang po, Sku'i gcen po llha sras rgya lo don grub mchog gi thog ma'i mdsad phyogs dang gus gnyis dbar chab srid 'brel ba byung stang skor (Resistance, volume 1: The early political activities of Gyalo Thondup, older brother of H. H. the Dalai Lama, and the beginnings of my political involvement [1945-1959]). Tashi Tsering, ed. Dharamsala: Amnye Machen Institute.
107. 1998 bTsan rgol rgyal skyob, Deb gnyis pa, Bod nang du drag po'i 'thab rstod byas skor, 1957 nas 1962 bar (Resistance, volume 2: The secret operations into Tibet [1957-1962]). Tashi Tsering, ed. Dharamsala: Amnye Machen Institute.
108. 2002 bTsan rgol rgyal skyob, Deb gsum pa, Glo smon thang du bstan srung dang blangs dmag sgar chags tshul dang Bod nang rgya dmar la phar rgol 'thab 'dzings ji byas dngos rjen lo rgyus deb phreng dang po bzhugs (Resistance, volume 3: An account of the establishment of the Tibetan National Volunteer Defense Force in Mustang and operations against the Communist Chinese inside Tibet: Part 1). Tashi Tsering, ed. Dharamsala: Amnye Machen Institute.
109. 2003 bTsan rgol rgyal skyob, Deb bzhi pa, Glo smon thang du bstan srung dang blangs dmag sgar chags tshul dang Bod nang rgya dmar la phar rgol 'thab 'dzings ji byas dngos rjen lo rgyus deb phreng gnyis pa bzhugs (Resistance, volume 4: An account of the establishment of the Tibetan National Volunteer Defense Force in Mustang and operations against the Communist Chinese inside Tibet: Part 3). Tashi Tsering, ed. Dharamsala: Amnye Machen Institute.
110. Eric Valli, dir. 1999 Himalaya. 104 min. Kino International. New York.
111. Watson, Rubie, ed. 1994 Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
112. White, Hayden 1987 The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
113. Williams, Raymond 1977 Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
114. Wise, David 1973 The Politics of Lying: Government Deception, Secrecy, and Power. New York: Random House.
115. Young, James E. 1993 The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.