The Turkish military tribunal's prosecution of the authors of the Armenian genocide: Four major court-martial series

Holocaust and Genocide Studies

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 28-59

  Dadrian, Vahakn N ^a  

^a Genocide Study Project

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EID: 27844485009     PISSN: 87566583     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hgs/11.1.28     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Vahakn N. Dadrian, "Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law: The World War I Armenian Case and its Contemporary Legal Ramifications," Yale Journal of International Law 14:2 (Summer 1989), pp. 221-334
2. "The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal," International Journal of Middle East Studies 23:4 (November 1991), pp. 549-76
3. and, "A Textual Analysis of the Key Indictment of the Turkish Military Tribunal Investigating the Armenian Genocide," Armenian Review 44:1/173 (Spring 1991), pp. 1-36
4. See Vahakn N. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus, 3rd edition (Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1997), pp. 284-86
5. Vahakn N. Dadrian, German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide: A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity (Cambridge: Blue Crane Books, 1995), pp. 232-33
6. Dadrian, "Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law," p. 324, n. 393
7. Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Annenian Genocide in Official Turkish Records (Collected Essays of the author), special edition of Journal of Political and Military Sociology 22:1 (Summer 1994), p. 151
8. Vahakn N. Dadrian, "The Naim-Andonian Documents on the World War I Destruction of Ottoman Armenians: The Anatomy of a Genocide," International Journal of Middle East Studies 18:3 (August 1986), pp. 325-27
9. idem., "A Textual Analysis," pp. 32-34
10. Dadrian, The Armenian Genocide in Official Turkish Records, p. 95. That inaugural speech was delivered by then Senate President Ahmet Riza
11. For details of these escapes see Hüsameddin Ertük, Iki Devrin Perde Arkasi, S. Tansu, ed. (Istanbul: Hilmi, 1957), pp. 213, 326-27
12. Halil Paşa, Ittihad ve Terakki'den Cumhuriyete: Bitmeyen Savaş (Istanbul: Yaylacik, 1972), pp. 280-83; F.O. (British Foreign Office) 406/41/ 132278, Rear Admiral and British Deputy High Commissioner at Istanbul Richard Webb's September 7, 1919 report to British Foreign Secretary Lord G. N. Curzon
13. See also German Foreign Ministry Archives. A. A. Botschaft Konstantinopel, vol. 171, no. 60. German Vice-Consul in Musul Holsteins November 4, 1915 report: "A colonel in the staff of Halil [probably his chief of staff Basri. V.N.D.] told me just now that the Armenians in Musul too must be slaughtered . . . Haiti's troops have already perpetrated massacres in the North."
14. Vahakn N. Dadrian, "The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians" Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1:2 (1986), p. 175
15. Dr. Reşit was arrested on January 18, 1919 but escaped on January 25; unlike the other two escapees, he was tracked down by the police, but before he could be taken he killed himself. Zeki Sanhan, Kurtuluş Savaşi Günlüǧü (Ankara: Öǧretmen Dünyasi, 1982), pp. 108, 121
16. Ali Çankaya, Yeni Mülkiye Tarihi ve Mülkiyeliler vol. 3 (Ankara: Mars, 1969), p. 1158
17. For an in-depth analysis see Dadrian, Gennany's Responsibility, pp. 8-13, 49-54, 109-13, 137-41, 171-72, 182-86
18. The other two Armenian lawyers were Avedis Sourenian and Hagop Bahri. See Turkish daily press: Ikdam, Yenigüm, Hadisat, and French language newspaper, Renaissance, February 9, 1919
19. Jean Nalbandian, Physionomie tragique d'une vielle nation, vol. 2 (Bruxelles, 1959), p. 17
20. Dadrian, German Responsibility, pp. 29-34
21. Krikoris Balakian (Reverend), Hai Koghkotan. Trvakner Hai Mardirosakroutianen: Ber-linen Tebi Zor, 1914-1920 (Vienna: Mechitarist Publishers, 1922), pp. 213, 215-17. Sargeant Şükrü is cited as a supervisor of the area massacres in the written testimony of Major Mehmet Salim, the Military Commandant of Yozgat cited above, n. 24. He is also cited at the 5th sitting (February 12) and at the 16th sitting (March 29, 1919) by witnesses reciting their experiences
22. Çankaya, Yeni Mülkiye, p. 1156. The school in question was the Rodosto Junior College (Idadi), and the time February 9-October 14, 1910
23. This practice of empowering subordinates to engage in killing was scorned by Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson, Chief Counsel for the United States at Nuremberg. Referring to the Nazi leaders at the dock, he declared: "These defendants were men of a station and rank which does not soil its own hands with blood. They were men who knew how to use lesser folks as tools." The Nürnberg Case (New York: Cooper Square, 1971), p. 37
24. Takvimi Vekâyi, no. 3617, p. 2
25. Vakit, Ikdam, Renaissance, March 6, 1919
26. Takvimi Vekâyi, no. 3616, p. 3
27. For details of atrocities at Deir Zor see Vahakn N. Dadrian, "The Comparative Aspects of the Armenian and Jewish Cases of Genocide: A Socio-Historical Perspective" in Is the Holocaust Unique?, ed. A. Rosenberg (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), pp. 106, 131 n. 9
28. Takvimi Vekâyi, no. 3540, p. 6
29. Takvimi Vekâyi, no. 3604, pp. 128-32
30. Harb Kabinelerinin Isticvabi, Vakit Publication Series, no. 2 (Istanbul, 1933), p. 537
31. Takvimi Vekâyi, no. 3549, p. 59
32. Ali Ihsan Sabis, Harp Hatiralarim, vol. 2 (Ankara, 1951), p. 192
33. A. Mil, "Umumi Harpte Teşkilâti Mahsusa," Vakit, installment no. 96, February 8, 1934
34. Those sentenced to death were Talât, Enver, Cemal, Drs. Behaeddin Şakir and Nazim, Trabzon province's vali (Governor-General) Azmi, Trabzon's Responsible Secretary Nail, Erzincan district's deputy Saǧirzade Halet, Bolu's Responsible Secretary Dr. Ahmet Midhat, Bayburt district's Special Organization gendarmery contingent's commander Mehmet Necati, and Erzincan district's Special Organization operatives Kirmo Yusuf and Çavuş Asian. The three lesser convicts hanged were Mehmed Kemal, Abdullah Avni (Hayran Baba), and Bayburt's county executive (kaymakam) Behramzade Nusret. See Dadrian, "Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law," n. 1, p. 309 n. 355
35. British Foreign Office Archives (FO) 371/4174/118392, folio 267, July 7, 1919 communication
36. Zeki Sarihan, Kurtuluş Savaşi Günlüǧü (The Chronology of the Fight for Independence) vol. 3 (Ankara: Ögretmen, 1986), p. 167
37. Dadrian, History of the Annenian Genocide, n. 2, pp. 357-59
38. On several occasions after the war Mustafa Kemal denounced the Ittihadist leaders for the massacres, in one interview calling them "scoundrels" who deserved to be "hanged." But all of these interviews were with foreign journalists, and his comments were made accordingly. See Dadrian, "The Documentation," p. 575 n. 64
39. Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk, 7th ed., vol. 3 (Istanbul: Milli Eǧitim, 1963), doc. no. 220, p. 1183
40. Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk, n. 90, doc. no. 142, p. 1080
41. T.B.M.M. Gizli Celse Zabitlari, vol. 1 (Ankara: Türkiye Iş Banka Publications, 1985), p. 177, right hand column
42. Dadrian, "Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law," p. 309 n. 355
43. Dadrian, History of the Armenian Genocide, pp. 394-416