Too little, too late: The illusive goal of school desegregation in Kansas City, Missouri, and the role of the Federal Government

Teachers College Record

Volumn 107, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 1933-1955

  Moran, Peter William ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 27844481538     PISSN: 01614681     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00580.x     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. For example, see J. Harvie Wilkinson, From Brown to Bakke: The Supreme Court and School Integration, 1954-1978 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979);
2. Lino Graglia, Disaster by Decree: The Supreme Court on Race and the Schools (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976);
3. David J. Armor, Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995);
4. Gary Orfield and Susan Eaton, Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown v. Board of Education (New York: New Press, 1996);
5. Peter Irons, Jim Crow's Children: The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision (New York: Viking Penguin, 2002);
6. Charles J. Ogeltree, All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half-Century of Brown v. Board of Education (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004).
7. Wilkinson, From Brown to Bakke.
8. Kansas City, Missouri, School District (hereafter KCMSD), "Enrollment by School, 1954-55-1983-84," Integrated Pupils, Faculty and Schools File, KCMSD Archives.
9. Constitution of the State of Missouri, Article 9, Section 1;
10. Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1949, Section 163.130.
11. KCMSD, Board of Education (BOE) Meeting Minutes, May 20, 1954, Document No. 250319, KCMSD Archives.
12. KCMSD, "Policies for the Transition from a System of Separate Schools to a Desegregated School System," March 3, 1955, Desegregation File, KCMSD Archives.
13. "Report Card: Progress of the States Toward School Desegregation," Time, September 19, 1955, 25;
14. Albert P. Marshall, "Racial Integration in Missouri," Journal of Negro Education XXV, no. 3 (1956): 289-298;
15. Monroe Billington, "Public School Integration in Missouri, 1954-1964," Journal of Negro Education XXXIII, no. 3 (964): 252-262.
16. Office of the Superintendent, "Desegregation Report, 1955," Integrated Pupils, Faculty and Schools File, KCSMD Archives; KCMSD, BOE Meeting Minutes, September 15, 1955, Document No. 256973.
17. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
18. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School," Office of the Superintendent, "Desegregation Report, 1955."
19. KCMSD Research Department, "A Study of the Problems Involved in Desegregation," "Integration Data: Actual Occurrence Compared with Predicted Occurrence," "White and Black Memberships, September, 15, 1955," Integrated Pupils, Faculty and Schools File, KCMSD Archives.
20. KCMSD Research Department, "Integration Data: Actual Occurrence Compared with Predicted Occurrence," "White and Black Memberships, September, 15, 1955."
21. Robert Eastin, KCMSD Attorney, to Superintendent Mark Bills, February 23, 1955, Transition Policy File, KCMSD Archives.
22. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
23. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census, 1960, Census Tracts, Kansas City SMSA (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing, 1963): 17-24;
24. Census Tracts, Kansas City, 1970, 17-27, 145-52;
25. Census Tracts, Kansas City, 1980, Table P-7;
26. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
27. Bureau of the Census, Census Tracts, Kansas City SMSA, 1950, 7-13;
28. Census Tracts, Kansas City, 1960, 17-24;
29. Census Tracts, Kansas City, 1970, 17-27, 145-52;
30. Census Tracts, Kansas City, 1980, Table P-7.
31. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census, 1950, Census Tracts, Kansas City SMSA (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing, 1953): 7-12;
32. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
33. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
34. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
35. Robert J. Havighurst, "Problems of Integration in the Kansas City Public School: A Report to the Board of Education of Kansas City," November 1965, Havighurst Integration File, KCMSD Archives;
36. Superintendent James A. Hazlett, "Concepts for Changing Times: Proposals Offered for Public Examination, Dealing with Educational Equality in the Kansas City, Missouri, School District," March 1968, James A. Hazlett File, KCMSD Archives.
37. James Borthwick and Shirley Keeler, "Desegregation in the School District of Kansas City, Missouri, Chronology of Events, 1954-1981," Borthwick-Keeler History of KC Desegregation File, KCMSD Archives.
38. KCMSD, Operating Budgets for Fiscal Years 1963-64, 1964-65, 1965-66, 1966-67, 1967-68, 1968-69, 1969-70, Financial Records Files, KCMSD Archives.
39. Assurance of Compliance (HEW Form 441-B), signed by Superintendent James A. Hazlett and Board of Education President Homer Wadsworth, January 28, 1965, Civil Rights Act of 1964 File, KCMSD Archives.
40. Borthwick and Keeler, "Desegregation in the School District of Kansas City, Missouri, Chronology of Events, 1954-1981."
41. J. Glenn Travis, "Historic Report," 7-22, Travis History File, KCMSD Archives.
42. ESAA First Plan, ESAA 1973 File, KCMSD Archives;
43. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
44. Frank V. Smith and Daniel J. Flanigan, "Brief on Behalf of the General Counsel for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare," Administrative Proceeding in the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Proceedings Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 5, HEW Brief File, KCMSD Archives.
45. Adams v. Richardson, 356 F. Supp. 92 (1973).
46. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
47. David West, KCMSD Legal Counsel, to Dr. A. Odell Thurman, KCMSD Director of Federal and Foundation Programming, April 2, 1973, ESAA First Plan, ESAA 1973 File, KCMSD Archives;
48. Robert MacNeven to J. Glenn Travis, May 24, 1973, ESAA First Plan, ESAA 1973 File, KCMSD Archives.
49. Robert J. Ward, Director of Personnel, to Superintendent Robert J. Medcalf, August 6, 1973, Teacher Integration August 1973 File, KCMSD Archives;
50. William D. Conklin to Robert MacNeven, August 13, 1973, Teacher Integration August 1973 File, KCMSD Archives;
51. MacNeven to Conklin, August 14, 1973, Teacher Integration August 1973 File, KCMSD Archives;
52. J. Glenn Travis to Medcalf, August 14, 1973, Teacher Integration August 1973 File, KCMSD Archives.
53. Travis to Medcalf, August 14, 1973, Teacher Integration August 1973 File, KCMSD Archives.
54. Smith and Flanigan, "HEW Brief," 5-8.
55. Clyde A. Baer and KCMSD Department of Research and Development, "Pupil Reassignment Survey," July 1970, Transfers File, KCMSD Archives;
56. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
57. Taylor D. August to Robert Medcalf, March 22, 1974, HEW File, KCMSD Archives.
58. KCMSD, BOE Meeting Minutes, April 11, 1974, Document No. 320160;
59. "Enrollment by School."
60. August to Medcalf, March 22, 1974, ESAA Study 1974 File, KCMSD Archives;
61. Medcalf to August, March 26, 1974, ESAA Study 1974 File, KCMSD Archives.
62. Medcalf to August, March 26, 1974, ESAA Study 1974 File, KCMSD Archives.
63. Adams v. Weinberger, 391 F. Supp. 269 (1975);
64. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
65. Medcalf to Taylor, April 24, 1975, HEW Desegregation Order Book I, KCMSD Archives;
66. "Notes of Meeting with HEW," April 25, 1975, HEW Desegregation Order Book I, KCMSD Archives;
67. "Plan E," HEW Desegregation Order Book I, KCMSD Archives;
68. August to Medcalf, July 14, 1975, HEW Desegregation Order Book I, KCMSD Archives.
69. "Plan E," 14-18, 20-27, 36, HEW Order Book I, KCMSD Archives;
70. KCMSD "Enrollment by School."
71. August to Medcalf, July 14, 1975, HEW Book I, KCMSD Archives.
72. Borthwick and Keeler, "Desegregation Summary," 10;
73. Dr. Edward E. Fields, "Press Conference Statement," July 16, 1975, HEW Order Book I;
74. BOE Meeting Minutes, July 23, 1975, Document No. 321470, KCMSD Archives;
75. Herman Goldberg, Associate Commissioner for Equal Educational Opportunities, to Medcalf, July 30, 1975, HEW Order Book I, KCMSD.
76. Kansas City Times, December 10, 1975, December 12, 1975;
77. HEW Brief, 105-127.
78. Kansas City Times, December 10, 1975, December 12, 1975, December 13, 1975;
79. Kansas City Star, December 11, 1975;
80. HEW Brief, 105-27.
81. Kansas City Times, December 18, 1975;
82. HEW Brief, 105-27.
83. Borthwick and Keeler, "Desegregation Summary," 11-18.
84. KCMSD, "Plan 6-C: School Integration Program for the School District of Kansas City," Plan 6-C File, KCMSD Archives.
85. "Plan 6-C," 1-19, 26-27, 34-35, 39-40, 44-45.
86. "Plan 6-C";
87. "Enrollment by School."
88. "Administrative Proceedings in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Proceedings Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Kansas City, Missouri School District and Missouri State Department of Education, Respondents, Decision of Administrative Law Judge Rollie D. Thedford," 63, HEW Administrative Decision File, KCMSD.
89. "Decision of Administrative Law Judge Rollie D. Thedford," 29-32, 38, 63, 67-75, HEW Administrative Decision File, KCMSD Archives.
90. Gil Nichols to Dr. Edward Fields, Acting Superintendent, "Potential Loss of Funds from Federal Sources," February, 3, 1977, HEW Desegregation Order Book II, KCMSD Archives.
91. KCMSD, BOE Meeting Minutes, March 20, 1977, Document No. 323180.
92. Public Affairs and Information, Press Release, January 26, 1978, HEW Desegregation Book IV, KCMSD Archives;
93. David Tatel, OCR Director in Washington, D.C., to Samuel Carpenter, KCMSD BOE President, February 22, 1978, HEW Desegregation Order Book IV, KCMSD Archives;
94. Joseph Califano, Secretary of United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, to Superintendent Robert Wheeler, March 24, 1978, HEW Desegregation Order Book IV, KCMSD Archives;
95. Keeler to Borthwick to Paul P. Cacioppo, Regional Attorney HEW Region VII, Stipulation to Dismiss Proceedings under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Docket No. S-92, HEW Desegregation Order Book IV, KCMSD Archives.
96. KCMSD, "Plan to Reach the 15% Non-Minority Enrollment as Specified in the Agreement Received February 22, 1978 from the Office for Civil Rights," 2-7, Appendix A, HEW Desegregation Order Book IV, KCMSD Archives;
97. Eugene Wolkey, Administrative Assistant to the Superintendent, to Wheeler, "Weekly Reporting of Enrollment in the Magnet School Programs," February 8, 1979, HEW Desegregation Book IV, KCMSD Archives;
98. Wheeler to Taylor August, Enrollment Printouts for Lincoln Academy, February 8, 1979, HEW Desegregation Order Book IV, KCMSD Archives;
99. Kansas City Star, February 7, 1979;
100. Kansas City Times, February 8, 1979.
101. KCMSD, Operating Budget for Fiscal Year 1979-1980, Financial Records Files, KCMSD Archives.
102. Kansas City Star, July 17, 1967.
103. KCMSD, "Enrollment by School."
104. th Cir. 1979).
105. Jenkins v. Missouri, 593 F. Supp. 1485 (W.D. Mo. 1984).
106. Jenkins v. Missouri unreported slip opinion, November 12, 1986; Jenkins v. Missouri, 672 F. Supp. 400 (W.D. Mo. 1987).
107. Wheeler to Dr. John Ellis, HEW Executive Deputy Commissioner for Educational Programs, November 22, 1978, HEW Desegregation Order Book V, KCMSD Archives.
108. Orfield and Eaton, Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown v. Board of Education (New York: New Press, 1996): 259.
109. Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70 (1995).