The distribution of environmental equity: Exploring spatial nonstationarity in multivariate models of air toxic releases

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 95, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 249-268

  Mennis, Jeremy L ^a   Jordan, Lisa ^b  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Environmental justice; Environmental racism; Geographically weighted regression; Spatial analysis; Spatial statistics

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; EQUITY; ETHNICITY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS;

EID: 27844474193     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00459.x     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Anderton, Douglas L., Andy B. Anderson, John M. Oakes, and Michael R. Fraser. 1994. Environmental equity: The demographics of dumping, Demography 31:229-48.
2. Atlas, Mark. 2002. Few and far between? An environmental equity analysis of the geographic distribution of hazardous waste generation. Social Science Quarterly 83:365-78.
3. Bailey, T. C., and A. Gatrell. 1995. Interactive spatial data analysis. Harlow, Essex, U.K.: Longman Scientific and Technical.
4. Been, Vicki. 1994. Locally undesirable land uses in minority neighborhoods: Disproportionate siting or market dynamics? Yale law Journal 103:1383-422.
5. Boer, J. Thomas, Manuel Pastor Jr., Jim L. Sadd, and Lori D. Snyder. 1997. Is there environmental racism? The demographics of hazardous waste in Los Angeles County. Social Science Quarterly 78:793-810.
6. Bolin, Bob, Amy Nelson, Edward J. Hackett, K. David Pijawka, C. Scott Smith, Diane Sicotte, Edward K. Sadalla, Eric Matranga, and Maureen O'Donnell. 2002. The ecology of technological risk in a sunbelt city. Environmental and Planning A 34:317-39.
7. Boone, Christopher G., and Ali Modarres. 1999. Creating a toxic neighborhood in Los Angeles County: A historical examination of environmental inequity. Urban Affairs Review 35:163-87.
8. Bowen, William M., Mark J. Sailing, Kingsley E. Haynes, and Ellen J. Cyran. 1995. Toward environmental justice: Spatial equity in Ohio and Cleveland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85:541-663.
9. Bowen, William M., and Michael V. Wells. 2002. The politics and reality of environmental justice: A history and considerations for public administrators and policy makers. Public Administration Review 62:687-98.
10. Brunsdon, Chris, Stewart A. Fotheringham, and Martin Charlton. 1996. Geographically weighted regression: A method for exploring spatial nonstationarity. Geographical Analysis 28:281-98.
11. Bullard, Robert D. 1983. Solid waste sites and the black Houston community. Sociological Inquiry 53:273-88.
12. _. 1996. Environmental justice: It's more than waste facility siting. Social Science Quarterly 77:493-99.
13. Burke, Lauretta M. 1993. Race and environmental equity: A geographic analysis in Los Angeles. GeoInfo Systems October: 44-50.
14. Casetti, E 1972. Generating models by the expansion method: Applications to geographic research. Geographical Analysis 4:81-91.
15. _. 1997. The expansion method, mathematical modeling, and spatial econometrics. International Regional Science Review 20:9-32.
16. Chakraborty, Jayajit, and Marc P. Armstrong. 1997. Exploring the use of buffer analysis for the identification of impacted areas in environmental equity assessment. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 24:145-57.
17. Charlton, Martin, Stewart Fotheringham, and Chris Brunsdon. n.d. Geographically weighted regression version 2.x, User's manual and installation guide.
18. Cliff, Andrew D., and J. Keith Ord. 1973. Spatial autocorrelation. London: Pion.
19. Cutter, Susan L., Michael E. Hodgson, and Kirstin Dow. 2001. Subsidized inequities: The spatial patterning of environmental risks and federally assisted housing. Urban Geography 22:29-53.
20. Cutter, Susan L., Danika Holm, and Lloyd Clark. 1996. The role of geographic scale in monitoring environmental justice. Risk Analysis 16:517-25.
21. Daniels, Glynis, and Samantha Friedman. 1999. Spatial inequality and the distribution of industrial toxic releases: Evidence from the 1990 TRI. Social Science Quarterly 80: 244-62.
22. Downey, Liam. 2003. Spatial measurement, geography, and urban racial inequality. Social Forces 81:937-52.
23. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2003. Environmental justice fact sheet: EPA's commitment to environmental justice. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA Office of Environmental Justice.
24. _. 2004. Toxic release inventory (TRI) program: persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals rules. http://www.epa.gov/tri/ lawsandregs/pbt/pbtrule.htm (last accessed January 28, 2004).
25. Fotheringham, Stewart A., and Chris Brunsdon, 1999. Local forms of spatial analysis. Geographical Analysis 31: 340-58.
26. Fotheringham, Stewart A., Chris Brunsdon, and Martin E. Charlton. 1998. Geographically weighted regression: A natural evolution of the expansion method for spatial data analysis. Environment and Planning A 30:1905-27.
27. _. 2000. Quantitative geography: Perspectives on spatial data analysis. London: Sage Publications.
28. _. 2002. Geographically weighted regression: The analysis of spatially varying relationships. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley.
29. Fotheringham, Stewart A., Martin E. Charlton, and Chris F. Brunsdon. 1996. The geography of parameter space: An investigation into spatial nonstationarity, International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 10:605-27.
30. Fotheringham, Stewart A., and David W. S. Wong. 1991. The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysis. Environment and Planning A 23:1025-44.
31. Gelobter, Michael 1994. The meaning of urban environmental justice. Fordham Urban Law Journal 21:841-56.
32. Greig, D. M. 1980. Optimisation. Harlow, U.K.: Longman.
33. GWR 2.2. Martin Charlton, Stewart Fotheringham, and Chris Brunsdon. University of Newcastle, Newcastle, U.K.
34. Helfand, Gloria E., and L. James Peyton. 1999. A conceptual model of environmental justice. Social Science Quarterly 80:68-83.
35. Hird, John A., and Michael Reese. 1998. The distribution of environmental quality: An empirical analysis. Social Science Quarterly 79:693-716.
36. Jerrett, Michael, Richard T. Burnett, Pavlos Kanaroglou, Paul Eyles, Norm Finkelstein, Chris Giovis, and Jeffrey Brook, 2001. A GIS-environmental justice analysis of particulate air pollution in Hamilton, Canada. Environment and Planning A 33:955-73.
37. Jones, Kelvyn. 1991. Specifying and estimating multilevel models for geographical research. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 16:148-59.
38. McMaster, Robert B., Helga Leitner, and Eric Sheppard. 1997. GIS-based environmental equity and risk assessment: Methodological problems and prospects. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 24:172-89.
39. Mennis, Jeremy. 2002a. Socioeconomic disadvantage and environmentally hazardous facility location in Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania Geographer XL (2): 113-24.
40. _. 2002b. Using geographic information systems to create and analyze statistical surfaces of population and risk for environmental justice analysis. Social Science Quarterly 83:281-97.
41. Mohai, Paul, and Bunyan Bryant. 1992. Environmental racism: Reviewing the evidence. Race and the incidence of environmental hazards, ed. Bunyan Bryant and Paul Mohai, 163-76. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
42. Perlin, Susan A., Woodrow R. Setzer, John Creason, and Ken Sexton. 1995. Distribution of industrial air emissions by income and race in the United States: An approach using the Toxic Release Inventory. Environmental Science and Technology 29:69-80.
43. Pulido, Laura. 2000. Rethinking environmental racism: White privilege and urban development in southern California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90:12-40.
44. Pulido, Laura, Steve Sidawi, and Robert O. Vos. 1996. An archaeology of environmental racism in Los Angeles. Urban Geography 17:419-39.
45. Ringquist, Evan J. 1997. Equity and the distribution of environmental risk: The case of TRI facilities. Social Science Quarterly 78:811-29.
46. Sadd, James L., Manuel Pastor Jr., J. Thomas Boer, and Lori D. Snyder. 1999a. "Every breath you take ...": The demographics of toxic air releases in southern California. Economic Development Quartery 13:107-23.
47. _. 1999b. Response to comments by William M. Bowen. Economic Development Quarterly 13:135-40.
48. Sui, Daniel. 1999. GIS, environmental equity analysis, and the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Geographic information research: Trans-Atlantic perspectives, ed. M. Craglia and H. Onsrud, 41-54. London: Taylor and Francis.
49. Szasz, Andrew, and Michael Meuser. 1997. Environmental inequalities: Literature review and proposals for new directions in research and theory. Current Sociology 45:99-120.
50. _. 2000. Unintended, inexorable: The production of environmental inequalities in Santa Clara County, California. The American Behavioral Scientist 43:602-32.
51. UCC (United Church of Christ's Commission for Racial Justice). 1987. Toxic wastes and race in the United States: A national report on the racial and socio-economic characteristics of communities with hazardous waste sites. New York: Public Data Access.
52. Williams, Robert W. 1999. The contested terrain of environmental justice research: Community as a unit of analysis. The Social Science Journal 36:313-28.
53. Zimmerman, Rae. 1994. Issues of classification in environmental equity: How we manage is how we measure. Fordham Urban Law Journal 21:633-70.