Spanish merino wools and the nouvelles draperies: An industrial transformation in the late medieval Low Countries

Economic History Review

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 431-484

  Munro, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC HISTORY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; MEDIEVAL;

EURASIA; EUROPE;

EID: 27844464900     PISSN: 00130117     EISSN: 14680289     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2005.00310.x     Document Type: Review

References (232)

1. Abraham-Thisse, S., 'Le commerce des draps de Flandre en Europe du Nord: Faut-il encore parler du déclin de la draperie flamande au bas moyen-ǎge?' in M. Boone and W. Prevenier, eds., La draperie ancienne des Pays Bas; débouchés et stratégies de survie (14e-16e siècles)! Drapery production in the late medieval Low Countries: Markets and strategies for survival (14th-16th Centuries), Studies in urban social, economic and political history of the medieval and modern low Countries (Leuven, 1993), pp. 167-206.
2. Amman, H., 'Deutschland und die Tuchindustrie Nordwesteuropas im Mittelater', Hansisches Geschichtsblätter, 72 (1954), pp. 1-63.
3. Anes, G., Cultivos, cosechas y pastoreo en la Espana moderna, Clave Historial no. 6 (Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 1999).
4. Barnes, F. R., 'The taxation of wool, 1327-48', in G. Unwin, ed., Finance and trade under Edward III (1918), pp. 137-77.
5. Boone, M., ed., 'Nieuwe teksten over de Gentse draperie: wolaanvoer, productiewijze en controlepraktijken (ca. 1456-1468)', Bulletin de la commission royale d'histoire, 154 (1988), pp. 1-61.
6. Bowden, P., 'The wool supply and the woollen industry', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 9 (1956-57), pp. 44-58.
7. Bowden, P., The wool trade in Tudor and Stuart England (1962).
8. Brand, H., 'Crisis, beleid en differentiatie in de laat-middeleeuwse Leidse lakennijverheid', in J. K. S. Moes and B. M. A. De Vries, eds., Stof uit het Leidse verleden: zeven eeuwen textielnijverheid (Leiden, 1991), pp. 53-5, 201-5 (notes).
9. Brand, H., 'Urban policy or personal government: the involvement of the urban elite in the economy of Leiden at the end of the middle ages', in H. Diederiks, P. Hohenberg, and M. Wagenaar, eds., Economic policy in Europe since the late middle ages: the visible hand and the fortune of cities (Leicester, 1992), pp. 17-34.
10. Brand, H., 'A medieval industry in decline: the Leiden drapery in the first half of the sixteenth century', in M. Boone and W. Prevenier, eds., La draperie ancienne des Pays Bas: débouchés et stratégies de survie (14e-16e siècles)/Drapery production in the late medieval low countries: markets and strategies for survival (14th-16th centuries), Studies in urban social, economic and political history of the medieval and modern Low Countries (Leuven, 1993), pp. 121-49.
11. Brand, H., Over macht en overwicht: Stekelijke elites in Leiden (1420-1510), Studies in urban social, economic and political history of the medieval and modern Low Countries no. 6 (Leuven, 1996), pp. 169-80.
12. nd rev. edn, trans Siân Reynolds, 2 vols. (NewYork, 1973).
13. Brulez, W., 'Le commerce international des Pays-Bas au XVI siècle: essai d'appréciation quantitative', Belgische tijdschrift voor filologie en gescheidenis/Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 46 (1968), pp. 1205-21;
14. reissued in English translation as: 'The balance of trade in The Netherlands in the middle of the sixteenth century', Acta Historiae Neerlandica, 4 (1970), pp. 20-48.
15. e eeuw', Handelingen van het genootschap 'Société d'Emulation'te Brugge, 108 (1971), pp. 10-20.
16. Cabo Alonso, Á., 'Medio natural y trashumancia en la Espaǹa peninsular', in F. R. Martin and Á. García Sanz, eds., Mesta, transhumancia y lana en la Espana moderna (Barcelona, 1998), pp. 11-41.
17. Campbell, B., ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in the 'crisis'of the early fourteenth century (Manchester, 1991).
18. Carrère, C., 'Aspects de la production et du commerce de la laine en Aragon au milieu du XVe siècle', in M. Spallanzani, ed., La lana come materia prima: I fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII-XVII, Instituto internazionale di storia economica, Prato, Serie II (Florence, 1974), pp. 205-19.
19. Carter, H. B., His Majesty's Spanish flock: Sir Joseph Banks and the merinos of George III of England (1964).
20. Cams-Wilson, E., 'An industrial revolution of the thirteenth century', Economic History Review 1st series 11 (1941),
21. reprinted in her Medieval merchant venturers: Collected studies (1954), pp. 183-211.
22. Carus-Wilson, E., and Coleman, O. England's export trade, 1275-1547 (Oxford, 1963).
23. Childs, W., Anglo-Castilian trade in the later middle ages (Manchester, 1978).
24. Childs, W., 'The English export trade in cloth in the fourteenth century', in R. Britnell and J. Hatcher, eds., Progress and problems in medieval England: essays in honour of Edward Miller (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 121-47.
25. Chorley, P., 'The cloth exports of Flanders and northern France during the thirteenth century: a luxury trade?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 40 (1987), pp. 349-79.
26. Chorley, P., 'English cloth exports during the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries: the continental evidence', Historical Research: The Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 61(144) (February 1988), pp. 1-10.
27. Chorley, P., 'The "Draperies Légères" of Lille, Arras, Tournai, Valenciennes: New materials for new markets?', in M. Boone and W. Prevenier, eds., La draperie ancienne des Pays Bas: débouchés et stratégies de survie (14e- 16e siècles)/Drapery production in the late medieval Low Countries: markets and strategies for survival (14th-16th centuries), Studies in urban social, economic and political history of the medieval and modern Low Countries (Leuven, 1993), pp. 151-66.
28. Chorley, P., 'The evolution of the woollen, 1300-1700', in N. B. Harte, ed., The new draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300-1800, Pasold Studies in Textile History no. 10 (Oxford, 1997), pp. 7-34.
29. Coleman, D., 'An innovation and its diffusion: the "New Draperies'", Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 12 (1969), pp. 417-29.
30. Coornaert, E., La draperie-sayetterie d'Hondschoote, XIVe-XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1930).
31. Coornaert, E., Une industrie urbaine du XIVe au XVIIe siècle: l'industrie de la laine à Bergues-Saint-Winoc (Paris, 1930).
32. Coornaert, E., 'Draperies rurales, draperies urbaines: l'evolution de l'industrie flamande au moyen âge et au XVI siècle', Belgische tijdschrift voor filologie en gescheidenis/Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 28 (1950), pp. 60-96.
33. Daenell, E. R., Die Blütezeit der deutschen Hanse, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1905).
34. Delepierre, O. and Willems, M. F., eds., Collection des keuren ou statuts de tous les métiers de Bruges (Ghent, 1842).
35. De Roover, R., Money, banking, and credit in mediaeval Bruges: Italian merchant-bankers, lombards, and money changers (Cambridge, Mass., 1948).
36. De Pauw, N., ed., Ypre jeghen Poperinghe angaende den verbanden: gedingstukken der XIVde eeuw nopens het laken (Ghent, 1899).
37. De Poerck, G., La draperie médievale en Flandre et en Artois: technique et terminologie, 3 vols. (Bruges, 1951):
38. vol. II: Glossaire français;
39. vol. III: Glossaire flamand.
40. De Potter, F. and Broeckhart, J., Geschiedenis der stad Aalst, 2 vols. (Aaslt, 1873-1876).
41. De Sagher, H., et al., eds., Recueil de documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie drapière en Flandre, IIe partie: le sud-ouest de la Flandre depuis l'époque bourguignonne, 3 vols. (Brussels, 1951-66).
42. Diegerick, I. L. A., ed., Inventaire analytique et chronologique des chartes and documents appartenants de la ville d'Ypres, 6 vols. (Bruges, 1853-60).
43. Dollinger, P., The German Hansa, trans. and ed. D. S. Ault and S. H. Steinberg (1970).
44. Dubois, M., ed., 'Textes et fragments relatifs à la draperie de Tournai au moyen âge', Revue du Nord, 32 (1950), pp. 145-65 (part 1), pp. 219-35 (part 2).
45. Duplessis, R., 'One theory, two draperies, three provinces, and a multitude of fabrics: The New Drapery of French Flanders, Hainaut, and the Tournaisis, c.l500-c.l800', in N. Harte, ed., The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300-1800, Pasold Studies in Textile History no. 10 (Oxford, 1997), pp. 129-72.
46. Endrei, W., and Egan, G., 'The sealing of cloth in Europe, with special reference to the English evidence', Textile History, 13 (Spring 1982), pp. 47-76.
47. Epstein, S., Freedom and Growth: the Rise of States and Markets in Europe, 1300-1750 (2000).
48. Espinas, G., La vie urbaine de Douai au moyen âge, 3 vols. (Paris, 1913).
49. Espinas, G., 'Une draperie rurale dans la Flandre française au XVe siècle: la draperie rurale d'Estaires (Nord): 1428-1434', Revue d'histoire des doctrines ééconomiques et socials, 11 (1923), pp. 1-44.
50. Espinas, G., La draperie dans la Flandre française au moyen âge, 2 vols. (Paris, 1923).
51. Espinas, G. and Pirenne, H., eds., Recueil de documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie drapière en Flandre: Ire partie: des origines à l'époque bourguignonne, 4 vols., Commission Royale d'Histoire (Brussels, 1906-1924).
52. Favresse, F., ed., 'Actes inédits du magistrat et de la Gilde de Bruxelles relatifs à la draperie urbaine, depuis 1343 environ jusqu' à l'apparition de la "nouvelle draperie", vers 1440', Bulletin de la Commission Royale d'Histoire, 112 (1947), pp. 1-100.
53. Favresse, F., ed., 'Note et documents sur l'apparition de la "nouvelle draperie" Bruxelles, 1441-1443', Bulletin de la Commission Royale d'Histoire, 112 (1947), pp. 143-67.
54. Fear, A. T., 'The golden sheep of Roman Andalusia', Agricultural History Review, 40:ii (1992), pp. 151-5.
55. Finot, J., Étude historique sur les relations commerciales entre la Flandre et l'Espagne au moyen âge (Paris, 1899).
56. Fryde, N. von Stromer, 'Stamford cloth and its imitations in the Low Countries and northern France during the thirteenth century', in E. Aerts and J. Munro, eds., Textiles of the Low Countries in European Economic History, Proceedings of the Tenth International Economic History Congress, Studies in Social and Economic History vol. 19 (Leuven, 1990), pp. 8-13.
57. Gerbet, M-C., L'élevage dans la royaume de Castille sous les rois Catholiques (1454-1516), Publications de la Casa deValázques: Série études et documents no. 6 (Madrid, 1991).
58. Gerbet, M-C., Un élevage original au Moyen Âge: la péninsule Ibérique (Biarritz, 2000).
59. Gilliodts-Van Severen, L., ed., Inventaire des Archives de la ville de Bruges, 6 vols. (Bruges, 1871-78).
60. th series, 7 (1879-80).
61. Gilliodts-Van Severen, L., ed., Cartulaire de l'ancien consulat d'Espagne à Bruges, 2 vols. (Bruges, 1901).
62. Gilliodts-Van Severen, L., ed., Cartulaire de l'ancienne estaple de Bruges, 2 vols. (Bruges, 1904-8).
63. Gilliodts-Van Severen, L., ed., Cartulaire de l'ancien grand tonlieu de Bruges, 2 vols. (Bruges, 1906-8).
64. Gómez-Pantoja, J., ed., Los rebaños de Geríon: Pastores y trashumancia en Iberia antigua y medieval, Collection de la Casa de Valázques: Série études et documents no. 73 (Madrid, 2001).
65. Gras, N. S. B., The early English customs system: a documentary study of the institutional and economic history of the customs from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century (Cambridge, Mass., 1918).
66. Gross, C., The gild merchant: a contribution to British municipal history, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1890).
67. Hanham, A., 'Foreign exchange and the English wool merchant in the late fifteenth century', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research: University of London, 46 (1973), pp. 160-75.
68. Hanham, A., The Celys and their world: an English merchant family of the fifteenth century (Cambridge, 1985).
69. Hartwell, R. M., 'A revolution in the character and destiny of British wool', in N. B. Harte and K. G. Ponting (eds), Textile history and economic history: essays in honour of Miss Julia de Lacy Mann (Manchester, 1973), pp. 320-38.
70. Hatcher, J., 'The great slump of the mid-fifteenth century', in R. Britnell and J. Hatcher, eds., Progress and problems in medieval England (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 237-72.
71. Heers, J., 'Il commercio nel Mediteraneo alla fine del XIV secolo e nei primi anni del secolo XV', Archivo storico italiano, 113 (1955), pp. 192-95.
72. Herlihy, D., Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia: the social history of an Italian town, 1200-1430 (New Haven, 1966).
73. Höhlbaum, K., ed., Hansische Urkundenbuch, 11 vols. (Halle-Leipzig, 1876-1939).
74. Holderness, B. A., 'The reception and distribution of the New Draperies in England', in N. Harte, ed., The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England (Oxford, 1997), pp. 217-44.
75. Iradiel Murugarren, P., Evolución de la industria textil castellana en las siglos XIII-XVII: factores de desarollo, organización, y costas de la producción manufactura en Cuenca (Salamanca, 1974).
76. Jansma, T. S., 'Philippe le Bon et la guerre hollando-wende', Revue du Nord, 42 (1960), pp. 5-18.
77. Ketner, F., Handel en scheepvaart van Amsterdam in de vijftiende eeuw (Leiden, 1946).
78. Klein, J., The Mesta: a study in Spanish economic history, 1273-1836 (Cambridge, Mass., 1920).
79. nd ser.: 1506-1700, Commission Royale d'Histoire, Vol. V (Brussels, 1910).
80. Lipson, E., A short history of wool and its manufacture (1921).
81. Lloyd, T. H., The movement of wool prices in medieval England, Economic History Review supplement no. 6 (1973).
82. Lloyd, T. H., The english wool trade in the middle ages (Cambridge, 1977).
83. Lloyd, T. H., England and the German Hanse, 1157-1611: a study of their trade and commercial diplomacy (Cambridge, 1991).
84. Lopez, R., 'The origin of the merino sheep', The Joshua Starr memorial volume: studies in history and philology, Jewish Social Studies no. 5 (NewYork, 1953).
85. Malanima, P., 'The first European textile machine', Textile History, 17 (1986), pp. 115-28.
86. Malowist, M., 'L'expansion économique des Hollandais dans le bassin de la Baltique aux XlVe et XVe siècles', from his Studia z dziejow rzemiosla w okresie kryzysu feudalizmu w Europie Zachodniej w XIV i XV wieku (Warsaw, 1954);
87. republished in his Croissance et regression en Europe, XIVe-XVIIe siècles, in the series Cahiers des Annales, No. 34 (Paris, 1972), pp. 91-138.
88. Mann, J. de Lacy, The cloth industry in the west of England from 1640 to 1880 (Oxford, 1971).
89. Maréchal, J., 'La colonie espagnole de Bruges du XIVe au XVIe siècle', Revue du Nord, 35 (1953), p. 5.
90. Martin, L., 'The rise of the New Draperies in Norwich, 1550-1622', in N. Harte, ed., The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300-1800, Pasold studies in textile history no. 10 (Oxford, 1997), pp. 245-74.
91. Maugis, E., 'La saietterie à Amiens, 1480-1587', Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 5 (1907), pp. 1-115.
92. Melis, F., 'Mercanti-imprenditori italiani in Fiandra alla fine de Trecenti', Economia e storia, 5 (1958), pp. 144-61.
93. Malis, F., 'La diffusione nel Mediterranea occidentale dei panni di Wervicq e delle altre citta della Lys attorna al 1400', in Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani, 3 vols.,
94. Vol III: Medioevo (Milan, 1962), pp. 233-4.
95. Melis, F., Aspetti della vita economica medievale: studi nell'archivo Datini di Prato, Vol. I (Florence, 1962).
96. Melis, F., 'La lana della Spagna mediterranea e della Barberia occidentale', in Marco Spallanzan, ed., La lana come materia prima: I fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII-XVII, Instituto internazionale di storia economica, Prato, Serie II (Florence, 1974), pp. 241-51.
97. Mertens, W., 'Changes in the production and export of Mechelen cloth, 1330-1530', in E. Aerts and J. Munro, eds., Textiles of the Low Countries in European economic history, Studies in social and economic history, Vol. 19 (Leuven, 1990), pp. 114-23.
98. Mertens, W., 'Toenemende economische welvaart', in R. Van Uytven, ed., De geschiedenis van Mechelen: van heerlijkheid tot stadsgewest (Lannoo, 1991), pp. 83-93.
99. Mills, F. C., Introduction to statistics (NewYork, 1956).
100. Morand, F., ed., Chronique de Jean le Fèvre de St. Remy, 2 vols. (Paris, 1876).
101. Munro, J., 'Bruges and the abortive Staple in English Cloth', Belgische tijdschrift voor filologie en gescheidenis/Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 44 (1966), pp. 1138-59.
102. Munro, J., 'An economic aspect of the collapse of the Anglo-Burgundian alliance, 1428-1442', English Historical Review, 85 (1970), pp. 225-44.
103. Munro, J., Wool, cloth and gold: the struggle for bullion in Anglo-Burgundian trade, ca. 1340-1478 (Brussels, 1973).
104. Munro, J., 'Industrial protectionism in medieval Flanders: urban or national?', in D. Herlihy, H. A. Miskimin and A. Udovitch, eds., The medieval city (London and New Haven, 1977), pp. 229-67:
105. reprinted in J. Munro, Textiles, towns, and trade: essays in the economic history of late-medieval England and the Low Countries, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 442 (1994).
106. Munro, J., 'Wool price schedules and the qualities of English wools in the later middle ages', Textile History, 9 (1978), pp. 118-69.
107. Munro, J., 'The 1357 wool price schedule and the decline of Yorkshire wool values', Textile History, 10 (1979), pp. 211-19.
108. Munro, J., 'Bullionism and the Bill of Exchange in England, 1272-1663: A study in monetary management and popular prejudice', in The Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies of the University of California, ed., The dawn of modern banking (New Haven, 1979), pp. 169-239.
109. Munro, J., 'Monetary contraction and industrial change in the late-medieval Low Countries, 1335-1500', in N. Mayhew, ed., Coinage in the Low Countries (880-1500): Third Oxford Symposium an Coinage and Monetary History, British Archeological Reports, International Series no. 54 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 95-161.
110. Munro, J., 'Economic depression and the arts in the fifteenth-century Low Countries', Renaissance and Reformation, 19 (1983), pp. 235-50.
111. Munro, J., 'Bullion flows and monetary contraction in late-medieval England and the Low Countries', in J. F. Richards, ed., Precious metals in the later medieval and early modern worlds (Durham, 1983), pp. 112-26.
112. Munro, J., 'The medieval scarlet and the economics of sartorial splendour', in N. B. Harte and K. G. Ponting, eds., Cloth and clothing in medieval Europe: Essays in Memory of Professor E. M. Carus-Wilsan, Pasold studies in textile history no. 2 (1983), pp. 13-70.
113. Munro, J., 'Textile technology', and 'Textile workers', in J. R. Strayer, ed., The dictionary of the middle ages, Vol. XI (New York, 1988), pp. 693-715.
114. Munro, J., 'Deflation and the petty coinage problem in the late-medieval economy: the case of Flanders, 1334-1484', Explorations in Economic History, 25 (October 1988), pp. 387-423.
115. Munro, J., 'Urban regulation and monopolistic competition in the textile industries of the late-medieval Low Countries', in E. Aerts and J. Munro, eds., Textiles of the Low Countries in European economic history, Studies in Social and Economic History, Vol. 19 (Leuven, 1990), pp. 41-52.
116. Munro, J., 'Industrial transformations in the north-west European textile trades, c.1290-c.1340: Economic progress or economic crisis?', in B. M. S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: studies in the 'crisis' of the early fourteenth century (Manchester, 1991), pp. 110-48.
117. Munro, J., 'The central European mining boom, mint outputs, and prices in the Low Countries and England, 1450-1550', in E. H. G. Van Cauwenberghe, ed., Money, coins, and commerce: essays in the monetary history of Asia and Europe (From antiquity to modern times), Studies in social and economic history, Vol. 2 (Leuven, 1991), pp. 119-83.
118. Munro, J., 'Industrial entrepreneurship in the late-medieval Low Countries: Urban draperies, fullers, and the art of survival', in P. Klep and E. Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the transfer matian of the economy (10th-20th Centuries): essays in honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1994), pp. 377-88.
119. Munro, J., 'Anglo-Flemish competition in the international cloth trade, 1340-1520', Publication du centre européen d'études bourguigonnes, 35 (1995), pp. 37-60
120. [Rencontres d'Oxford (septembre 1994): L'Angleterre et les pays bas bourguignonnes: relations et comparaisons, Xve-XVIe siècle, ed. J-M. Gauchies].
121. Munro, J., 'The origins of the English "New Draperies": the resurrection of an old Flemish industry, 1270-1570', in N. Harte, ed., The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300-1800, Pasold studies in textile history, no. 10 (Oxford, 1997), pp. 35-127.
122. Munro, J., 'Cloth manufacture and trade', in J. Rosenthal, ed., Medieval England: an encyclopedia (New York, 1997), pp. 194-7.
123. Munro, J., 'Textiles as articles of consumption in Flemish towns, 1330-1575', Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis, 81, 1-3 (1998), pp. 275-88.
124. Munro, J., 'The symbiosis of towns and textiles: urban institutions and the changing fortunes of cloth manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1270-1570', The Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 3, 1, (Feb. 1999), pp. 1-74.
125. Munro, J., 'The "industrial crisis" of the English textile towns, 1290-1330', in M. Prestwich, R. Britnell, and R. Frame, eds., Thirteenth-century England, VII (Woodbridge, 1999), pp. 103-41.
126. Munro, J., 'The Low Countries' export trade in textiles with the Mediterranean basin, 1200-1600: a cost-benefit analysis of comparative advantages in overland and maritime trade routes', The International Journal of Maritime History, 11, 2, (Dec. 1999), pp. 1-30.
127. th Centuries): merchants, organisation, infrastructure, Studies in urban, social, economic, and political history of the medieval and early modern Low Countries (M. Boone, general editor), no. 10 (Leuven, 2000).
128. Munro, J., 'The "new institutional economics" and the changing fortunes of fairs in medieval and early modern Europe: the textile trades, warfare, and transaction costs', Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 88, 1, (2001), pp. 1-47.
129. Munro, J., 'Wage stickiness, monetary changes, and real incomes in late-medieval England and the Low Countries, 1300-1500: did money matter?', Research in Economic History, 21 (2003), pp. 185-297.
130. Munro, J., 'Medieval woollens: textiles, textile technology, and industrial organization, c.1000-1500', in D. Jenkins, ed., The Cambridge history of western textiles (Cambridge, 2003), vol. I, pp. 181-227.
131. Munro, J., 'Medieval woollens: the west European woollen industries and their struggles for international markets, c.1000-1500', in D. Jenkins, ed., The Cambridge history of western textiles (Cambridge, 2003), vol. I, pp. 228-324.
132. Munro, J., 'Manufacturing and industry', in W. Jordan, ed., Dictionary of the middle ages: supplement 1 (New Yorks, 2004), pp. 345-55.
133. Munro, J., 'Builders' wages in southern England and the southern Low Countries, 1346-1500: a comparative study of trends in and levels of real incomes', in S. Caviococchi, ed., L'Edilizia prima della rivoluzione industriale, secc. XIII-XVIII, Atti delle 'Settimana di Studi' e altri convegni, no. 36, Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica 'Francesco Datini' (Florence, 2005), pp. 1013-76.
134. Murray, J., 'Cloth, banking, and finance in medieval Bruges', in E. Aerts and J. Munro, eds., Textiles of the Low Countries in European economic history, Studies in social and economic history, vol. 19 (Leuven, 1990), pp. 24-31.
135. Nahlik, A., 'The wool of the middle ages: some results of the searching of textiles excavated in central and east Europe', in M. Spallanzani, ed., La lana come materia prima: I fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII-XVII, Istituto internazionale di storia economica "F. Datini", serie II, no. 1 (Florence, 1974), pp. 369-77.
136. Nahlik, A., 'The interpretation of textile remains as a source for the history of the textile industry of the 10th-15th centuries', in M. Spallanzani, ed., Produzione, commercio, e consumo dei panni di lana, nei secoli XII-XVIII, Istituto internazionale di storia economica "F. Datini", serie II, no. 2 (Florence, 1976), pp. 603-12.
137. Nicholas, D., Town and countryside: social, economic, and political tensions in fourteenth-century Flanders (Bruges, 1971).
138. Nightingale, P., 'England and the European depression of the mid-fifteenth century', Journal of European Economic History, 26(3) (1997), pp. 631-56.
139. Noordegraaf, L., 'The New Draperies in the northern Netherlands, 1500-1800'; in N. Harte, ed., The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England (Oxford, 1997), pp. 173-96.
140. North, D. and Thomas, R., The rise of the western world: a new economic history (Cambridge, 1973).
141. Origo, I., The Merchant of Prato: Francesco di Marco Datini (1957), pp. 69-70, 74-6.
142. Ormrod, W. M., 'The Crown and the English economy, 1290-1348'., in B. M. S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: studies in the 'crisis' of the early fourteenth century (Manchester, 1991), pp. 149-83.
143. Pastor de Togneri, R., 'La lana en Castilla y Léon antes de la organizacion de la Mesta', Moneda y crédito, no. 112 (March 1970), pp. 47-70,
144. reprinted in M. Spallanzani, ed., La lana come materia prima: I fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII-XVII, Instituto internazionale di storia economica, Prato, Serie II, no. 1 (Florence, 1974), pp. 253-67.
145. Phillips, C. Rahn and Phillips, W., Spain's golden fleece: wool production and the wool trade from the middle ages to the nineteenth century (Baltimore, 1997).
146. th Centuries): merchants, organisation, infrastructure, Studies in urban, social, economic, and political history of the medieval and early modern Low Countries no. 10 (Leuven, 2000), pp. 75-86.
147. Pilgrim, J. E., 'The rise of the "New Draperies" in Essex', University of Birmingham Historical Journal, 7 (1959-60), pp. 36-59.
148. Phelps Brown, H. and Hopkins, S., 'Seven centuries of building wages', Economica, 22, 87, (1955), pp. 195-206;
149. reprinted in H. Phelps Brown and S. Hopkins, A perspective of wages and prices (1981), pp. 1-12.
150. Piot, C., ed., Inventaire des chartes de la ville de Léau (Brussels, 1879).
151. Pirenne, H., Histoire de Belgique, 6 vols. (Brussels, 1900-22).
152. Pirenne, H., 'Les dénombrements de la population d'Ypres au XVe siècle (1412-1506)', Vierteljahrschrift far Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1 (1903),
153. reprinted in Histoire économique de l'occident médiéval, ed. E. Coornaert (Bruges, 1951), pp. 458-88.
154. Pirenne, H., 'Une crise industrielle au XVIe siècle: la draperie urbaine et la nouvelle draperie en Flandre', Bulletin de l'Academie royale de Belgique: Classe des Belles Lettres (Brussels, 1905),
155. both reprinted in Histoire économique de l'occident médiéval, ed. E. Coornaert (Bruges, 1951), pp. 621-43.
156. Ponting, K., The woollen industry of south-west England: an industrial, economic, and technical survey (Bath, 1971).
157. Postan, M., 'Credit in medieval trade', Economic History Review, 1st ser. 1 (1928);
158. reprinted in M. Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 1-27.
159. Postan, M., 'Economic and political relations of England and the Hanse, 1400-1475', in M. Postan and E. Power, eds., Studies in English trade in the fifteenth century (1933), pp. 39-90, 91-154.
160. Posthumus, N., Geschiedenis van de Leidsche lakenindustrie, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1908-1939),
161. Vol. I: De Middeleeuwen, veertiende tot zestiende eeuw (1908).
162. Posthumus, N., ed., Bronnen tot de geschiedenes van de leidsche textielnijverheid, 1333-1795, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1910-22).
163. Postles, D., 'Fleece weights and the wool supply, c.1250-c.1350', Textile History, 12 (1981), pp. 96-103.
164. Power, E., 'The wool trade in the fifteenth century', in E. Power and M. M. Postan, eds., Studies in English trade in the fifteenth century (1933).
165. nd ser., 3 (1928), pp. 147-8.
166. Rich, E. E., ed., The ordinance book of the merchants of the Staple, Cambridge studies in economic history (Cambridge, 1937).
167. Riley, H. T., ed., Munimenta Gildhallae Londoniensis: liber albus, liber custumarum et liber horn, 2 vols. (1859-62).
168. Riu, M., 'The woollen industry in Catalonia in the later Middle Ages', in N. B. Harte and K. G. Ponting, eds., Cloth and clothing in medieval Europe (1983), pp. 205-29.
169. Rogers, J. E.T., A history of agriculture and prices in England, 7 Vols. (Oxford, 1866-1902), vols. I and II: 1259-1400 (1866).
170. Ropp, G. von der, ed., Hanserecesse, 1431-1476, Verein für Hansische Geschichte, second series, 7 vols. (Leipzig, 1876-92).
171. Rossini, E. and Mazzaoui, M., 'Società e tecnica nel medioevo: La produzione dei panni di lana a Verona nei secoli XIII-XIV-XV', Atti e memorie della Accademia di Agricoltura, Scienze e Lettere di Verona, 6th ser. 21 (1969-70).
172. Ruiz Martin, F., 'Pastos y granaderos en Castilla: la Mesta (1450-1600)', in M. Spallanzani, ed., La lana come materia prima: I fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII-XVII, Instituto internazionale di storia economica, Prato, Serie II, no. 1 (Florence, 1974), pp. 271-85;
173. reissued in F. Ruiz Martin and Á. García Sanz, eds., Mesta, transhumancia y lana en la España moderna (Barcelona, 1998), pp. 42-64.
174. Ruiz Martin, F. and García Sanz, Á., eds., Mesta, transhumancia y lana en la España moderna (Barcelona, 1998).
175. Ryder, M., 'The history of sheep breeds in Britain', Agricultural History Review, 12 (1964), pp. 1-12, 65-82.
176. Ryder, M., 'The wools of Britain', in J. Geraint Jenkins, ed., The wool textile industry in Great Britain (1972), pp. 51-64.
177. Ryder, M., 'Wools from antiquity', Textile History, 5 (1974), pp. 100-10.
178. Ryder, M., 'British medieval sheep and their wool types', in D. W. Crossley, ed., Medieval industry (1981), pp. 16-28.
179. Ryder, M., Sheep & Man (1983).
180. Ryder, M., 'Medieval sheep and wool types', Agricultural History Review, 32 (1984), pp. 14-28.
181. Rymer, T., ed., Foedera, conventiones, literae, et acta publica, 12 vols. (1709-12).
182. Schäfer, D., ed., Hanserecesse, 1477-1530, 3rd ser., 9 vols. (Leipzig, 1881-1913).
183. Schanz, G., ed., Englische Handelspolitik gegen Ende des Mittelalters, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1881),
184. vol. II: Zoll- und Handelsstatistik, Urkunden, und Beilagen.
185. Smit, H. J., ed., Bronnen tot de geschiedenis van de handel met Engeland, Schotland, en Ierland, 1150-1485, 2 vols., Rijks Geschiedenkundige Publicatiën nos. 5-6 (The Hague, 1928).
186. Smith, A., An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations [1776], ed. with introduction by E. Cannan and M. Lerner, Modern Library Edition (New York, 1937).
187. Smith, J., Chronicon rusticum-commerciale: or memoirs of wool, 2 vols. (1747; reprinted, New York, 1972).
188. Soil, E., 'Les tapisseries de Tournai', Mémoire de la Société et littéraire de Tournai, 22 (1891), p. 369.
189. Soly, H. and Thijs, A., 'Nijverheid in de zuidelijke Nederlanden', in J. A. Van Houtte, ed., Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 12 vols. (Haarlem, 1977-1979), Vol. 6, pp. 27-57.
190. Spufford, P., Monetary problems and policies in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1433-1496 (Leiden, 1970).
191. Stabel, P., 'Décadence ou survie? Économies urbaines et industries textiles dans les petite villes drapières de la Flandre orientale (14e-16e s.)', in M. Boone and W. Prevenier, eds., Drapery production in the late medieval Low Countries: markets and strategies for survival, 14th-16th centuries (Leuven, 1993), pp. 63-84.
192. Stabel, P., De kleine stad in Vlaanderen, 14de-16de eeuwn, Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België, Klassse der Letteren Jaargang 57 (Brussels, 1995).
193. Stabel, P., Dwarfs among giants: the Flemish urban network in the late middle ages, Studies in urban social, economic and political history of the medieval and modern Low Countries no. 8 (Leuven, 1997).
194. Stabel, P., ' "Dmeeste, Oirboirlixste ende proffitelixste let ende neringhe": Een kwantitatieve benadering van de lakenproductcie in het Laatmiddeleeuwse en Vroegmoderne Viaanderen', Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent, new series, 51 (1997), pp. 113-53.
195. Stein, W., ed., 'Handelsbriefe aus Riga und Königsberg von 1458 und 1461', Hansisches Geschichtsblätter, 26 (1898) pp. 59-125.
196. Tawney, R. and Power, E., eds., Tudor economic documents, 3 vols. (1924).
197. Thielemans, M-R., Bourgogne et Angleterre: relations politiques et économiques entre les Pays-Bas bourguignons et l'Angleteree, 1435-1467 (Brussels, 1966).
198. Thijs, A., 'Les textiles au marché anversois au XVIe
199. Trow-Smith, R., A history of British livestock husbandry to 1700 (1957).
200. Unwin, G., 'The estate of merchants, 1336-1365', in G. Unwin, ed., Finance and Trade under Edward III (1918), pp. 179-204.
201. Usher, A. P., The industrial history of England (Boston, 1920).
202. Van der Wee, H., Growth of the Antwerp Market and the european economy, 14th to 16th Centuries, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1963).
203. Van der Wee, H., 'Die Wirtschaft der Stadt Lier zu Beginn des 15. Jahrhundert', in H. Aubin, ed., Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Stadtgeschichte: Festschrift für Hektor Ammann (Wiesbaden, 1965), pp. 148-49.
204. Van der Wee, H., 'Structural changes and specialization in the industry of the southern Netherlands, 1100-1600', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 28 (1975), pp. 203-21.
205. Van der Wee, H., 'Structural changes in European long-distance trade, and particularly in the re-export trade from south to north, 1350-1750', in J. Tracy, ed., The rise of merchant empires: long-distance trade in the early modern world, 1350-1750 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 14-33.
206. nd edn. (Antwerp, 2000), pp. 71-265.
207. Van der Wee, H., 'The western European woollen industries, 1500-1750', in D. Jenkins, ed., The Cambridge history of western textiles (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 395-472.
208. Vangassen, H., Geschiedenis van Ninove, 2 vols. (Ninove, n.d).
209. Van Haeck, M., Histoire de la sayetterie à Lille, 2 vols. (Lille, 1910).
210. Van Houtte, J., An economic history of the Low Countries, 800-1800 (1967).
211. Van Houtte, J., Bruges: essai d'histoire urbaine (Brussels, 1967).
212. Van Houtte, J., 'De draperie van Leidse lakens in Brugge, 1503-1516: Een vroege poging tot inplanting van nieuwe nijverheden', in Album Antoon Viaene (Bruges, 1970), pp. 331-39;
213. reprinted in J. A. Van Houtte, Essays on medieval and early modern economy and society, Symbolae facultatis litterarum et philosophiae lovaniensis series A: vol. 5 (Leuven, 1977), pp. 291-302.
214. Van Uytven, R., Stadsfinanciën en stadseconomie te Leuven van de XIIe tot he einde der XVIe eeuw, Verhandelingen van de koninklijkeVlaamse academie voor wetenschappen, letteren en schone kunsten van België, klasse der letteren, vol. XXIII (Brussels, 1961).
215. Van Uytven, R., ' "Hierlandsche" wol en lakens in Brabantse documenten (XIIIde-XVIde eeuw)', Bijdragen tot de geschiedenes inzonderheid van het oud hertogdom Brabant, 53 (1970), pp. 5-16.
216. Van Uytven, R., 'Cloth in medieval literature of western Europe', in N. B. Harte and K. G. Ponting, eds., Cloth and clothing in medieval Europe: essays in memory of Professor E. M. Carus-Wilson, Pasold studies in textile history no. 2 (1983).
217. Van Werveke, H., De koopman-ondernemer en de ondernemer in de Vlaamsche lakennijverheid van de middeleeuwen, Medelingen van de koninklijke Vlaamse academie voor wetenschappen, letteren, en schone kunsten van Belgie, Klasse der letteren, no. VIII (Antwerp, 1946).
218. Verhulst, A., 'De inlandse wol in de textielnijverheid van de Nederlanden van de 12de tot de 17de eeuw: produktie, handel, en verwerking', Bijdragen en mededelingen betreffende de geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 85 (1970), pp. 6-18.
219. Verhulst, A., 'La laine indigène dans les anciens Pays-Bas entre le XIIe et le XVIIe siècle: mise en oeuvre industrielle, production et commerce', Revue historique, 247 (1972), pp. 281-327;
220. republished in M. Spallanzani, ed., La lana come materia prima: I fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII-XVII, Instituto internazionale di storia economica, Prato, Serie II, no. 1 (Florence, 1974).
221. st ser., 10 (1940), pp. 54-6.
222. Verlinden, C., 'A propos de la politique économique des ducs de Bourgogne à l'égard de l'Espagne', Hispania: Revista espanõla de historia, 10 (1950), p. 700.
223. Vermaut, J., 'Structural transformation in a textile centre: Bruges from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century', in H. Van der Wee, ed., The rise and decline of urban industries in Italy and in the Low Countries: late middle ages - early modern times (Leuven, 1988), pp. 189-200.
224. Verroken, E., 'Een Oudenaards tolregister (1412-1416): een uniek document voor de economische geschiedenis en voor de draperie in het bizonder Gentse schippers vervoerden in 1415 Spaanse wol', Handelingen van de Geschied- en Oudheidkundige Kring van Oudenaarde, 42 (2005), pp. 73-170.
225. rd edn. (Princeton, 1969).
226. Warner, G., ed., The libelle of Englyshe polycye (Oxford, 1926).
227. Willemsen, M. G., ed., 'Le règlement géńral de la draperie malinoise de 1544', Bulletin du cercle archéologique de Malines, 20 (1910), pp. 156-90.
228. Willemsen, M. G., ed., 'Le règlement sur la draperie brugeoise du 20 septembre 1544', Annales de l'Académie Royale d'Archéologie de Belgique, 69 (1921), pp. 5-74.
229. nd ser., 12:2 (1960)
230. republished in C. Wilson, Economic history and the historian: collected essays (1969), pp. 94-113.
231. Woodger, A., 'The eclipse of the Burel weaver: some technological developments in the thirteenth century', Textile History, 12 (1981), pp. 59-76.
232. Youatt, W., Sheep: their breeds, management, and diseases (1837).