Parental death and children's schooling in Burkina Faso

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 468-489

  Kobiané, Jean François ^a,b   Calvès, Anne Emmanuèle ^a   Marcoux, Richard ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE OUAGADOUGOU   (Burkina Faso)

^c UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27744604588     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/491592     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. In these countries, nearly 15 percent of children under the age of 15 are orphans.
2. See George Bicego, Shea Rutstein, and Kiersten Johnson, "Dimensions of the Emerging Orphan Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa," Social Science and Medicine 56 (2003): 1235-47;
3. Anne Case, Christina Paxson, and Joseph Ableidinger, "Orphans in Africa: Parental Death, Poverty, and School Enrollment," Demography 41, no. 3 (2004): 483-508.
4. The Sahelian countries include Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal.
5. York W. Bradshaw, Rita Noonan, Laura Gash, and Claudia Buchmann, "Borrowing against the Future: Children and Third World Indebtedness," Social Forces 71, no. 3 (1993): 651.
6. Burkina Faso is ranked among the five last, according to the United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index.
7. About 80 percent of the inhabitants of Burkina Faso live in rural areas.
8. Case, Paxson, and Ableidinger, "Orphans in Africa," 483.
9. See, e.g., Claudia Buchmann, "Family Structure, Parental Perceptions, and Child Labor," Social Forces 78, no. 4 (2000): 1349-78;
10. Claudia Buchmann and Emily Hannum, "Education and Stratification in Developing Countries: A Review of Theories and Research," Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 77-102;
11. Dov Chernichovsky, "Socioeconomic and Demographic Aspects of School Enrollment and Attendance in Rural Botswana," Economic Development and Cultural Change 33, no. 2 (1985): 319-32;
12. Melba Gomes, "Family Size and Educational Attainment in Kenya," Population and Development Review 10, no. 4 (1984): 647-60;
13. Cynthia B. Lloyd and Ann K. Blanc, "Children's Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Fathers, Mothers and Others," Population and Development Review 22, no. 2 (1996): 265-98;
14. Cynthia B. Lloyd and Anastasia Gage-Brandon, "High Fertility and Children's Schooling in Ghana: Sex Differences in Parental Contributions and Educational Outcomes," Population Studies 48 (1994): 293-306.
15. Martha Ainsworth and Deon Filmer, "Poverty, Aids, and Children's Schooling: A Targeting Dilemma," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 2885 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2002), 27.
16. Jean Wakam, "La situation des enfants orphelins en matière de scolarisation en Afrique: Le cas du Cameroun," in Jeunesses, vieillesses, démographies et sociétés, Chaire Quetelet 2001/reseau démographie de l'AUF, ed. Francis Gendreau, Dominique Tabutin, and Maud Poupard (Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant/L'Harmattan, 2002), 177-95.
17. Richard Marcoux, Amadou Noumbissi, and Tukufu Zuberi, "Living Arrangements of Orphans in Sahelian Countries" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, May 1-3, Minneapolis, 2003).
18. Ainsworth and Filmer, "Poverty, Aids, and Children's Schooling."
19. Florence Nyangara, "Sub-national Distribution and Situation of Orphans: An Analysis of the President's Emergency Plan for Aids Relief Focus Countries" (USAID, Bureau of Africa, Washington, DC, 2004).
20. Case, Paxson, and Ableidinger, "Orphans in Africa."
21. Lloyd and Blanc, "Children's Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa."
22. Ainsworth and Filmer, "Poverty, Aids, and Children's Schooling," 20.
23. Takashi Yamano and T. S. Jayne, "Working-Age Adult Mortality and Primary School Attendance in Rural Kenya," Discussion Paper Series on International Development Strategies no. 2003-006 (Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development, Tokyo, 2003), 20.
24. David Evans and Edward Miguel, "Orphans and Schooling in Africa: A Longitudinal Analysis," Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development Working Paper no. 056 (Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development, Cambridge, MA, 2004), 2.
25. Case, Paxson, and Ableidinger, "Orphans in Africa," 484.
26. Marc Pilon, "Les déterminants de la scolarisation des enfants de 6 à 14 ans au Togo en 1981: Apports et limites des données censitaires," Cahiers des sciences humaines 31, no. 3 (1995): 697-718;
27. Jean-François Kobiané, "Pauvreté, structures familiales et stratégies éducatives à Ouagadougou," in Éducation, famille et dynamiques démographiques, ed. Maria Cosio, Richard Marcoux, Marc Pilon, and André Quesnel (Paris: CICRED, 2003), 153-82.
28. Case, Paxson, and Ableidinger, "Orphans in Africa," 485.
29. Yamano and Jayne, "Working-Age Adult Mortality and Primary School Attendance in Rural Kenya."
30. Malcolm Steinberg, Saul Johnson, Gill Schierhout, David Ndegwa, Katharine Hall, Bev Russell, and Jonathan Morgan, "Hitting Home: How Households Cope with the Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: A Survey of Households Affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa" (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, CA, 2002), 21.
31. Lloyd and Blanc, "Children's Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa," 268.
32. See Martha Ainsworth, "Economic Aspects of Child Fostering in Côte D'Ivoire," Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper no. 92 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992);
33. Richard Akresh, "Risk, Network Quality, and Family Structure: Child Fostering Decisions in Burkina Faso," IZA Discussion Paper Series no. 1471 (IZA, Bonn, 2005);
34. Philippe Antoine and Agnès Guillaume, "Une expression de la solidarité familiale à Abidjan: Enfants du couple et enfants confiés," in Les familles d'aujourd'hui: Démographie et évolution récente des comportements familiaux; Colloque de Genève (17-20 Septembre 1984), ed. Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue Française (AIDELF) (Paris: AIDELF, 1986), 289-97;
35. Caroline Bledsoe, "No Success without Struggle: Social Mobility and Hardship for Foster Children in Sierra Leone," Man 25 (1990): 399-418;
36. Sonalde Desai, "Children at Risk: The Role of Family Structure in Latin America and West Africa," Population and Development Review 18, no. 4 (1992): 689-715;
37. Parfait M. Eloundou-Enyegue and David Shapiro, "Are African Families Becoming Overextended? A Historical Analysis of the Effects of Family Extension on Schooling Inequalities in Cameroon" (communication presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Boston, April 1-3, 2004);
38. Esther Goody, Contexts of Kinship: An Essay in the Family Sociology of the Gonja of Northern Ghana (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973);
39. Uche Isiugo-Abanihe, "Child Fosterage in West Africa," Population and Development Review 11, no. 1 (1985): 53-73;
40. Lloyd and Blanc, "Children's Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa";
41. Lloyd and Gage-Brandon, "High Fertility and Children's Schooling in Ghana";
42. Antonio McDaniel and Eliya Zulu, "Mothers, Fathers, and Children: Regional Patterns in Parent-Child Residence in Sub-Saharan Africa," African Population Studies 11 (1996): 1-28;
43. Céline Vandermeersch, "Child Fosterage under Six in Senegal in 1992-1993," Population English 57, nos. 4-5 (2002): 659-86.
44. Isiugo-Abanihe, "Child Fosterage in West Africa," 56-57.
45. Nyangara, "Sub-national Distribution and Situation of Orphans," 33.
46. G. Foster, R. Shakespeare, F. Chinemana, H. Jackson, S. Gregson, C. Marange, and S. Mashumba, "Orphan Prevalence and Extended Family Care in a Peri-Urban Community in Zimbabwe," Aids Care 7, no. 1 (1995): 3.
47. Mark Urassa, J. Ties Boerma, Japheth Z. L. Ng'wshemi, Raphael Isingo, Dick Schapink, and Yusufu Kumogola, "Orphanhood, Child Fostering and the Aids Epidemic in Rural Tanzania," Health Transition Review 7, suppl. 2 (1997): 141.
48. Martha Ainsworth, Kathleen Beegle, and Dodlike Koda, "The Impact of Adult Mortality on Primary School Enrollment in Northwestern Tanzania," Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series no. 3 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2002), 22.
49. Albert Antonioli, Le droit d'apprendre: Une école pour tous en Afrique (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993), 82.
50. Burkina/Ministère de l'Economie et du Développement/ Secrétariat Général/Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (INSD), "Burkina Faso: La pauvreté en 2003" (INSD, Ouagadougou, 2003).
51. The acronym CERPOD refers to the Centre d'Études et de Recherche sur la Population et le Développement, and UERD refers to the Unité d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Démographie. The survey drew a stratified and two-stage cluster sample that was representative of households and individuals. Sampling was independent in each of eight strata. In the first stage, 157 enumeration districts were randomly selected. At the second stage, a fixed number of households were selected in each district (25 in rural areas and 20 in urban areas). In the sampled households, all the members ages 25-64 years old and half of members ages 15-24 were interviewed. The survey included 3,517 households from which 8,644 life history questionnaires were completed. Since urban areas were oversampled and households had different probabilities of being selected, we use weights in all analyses reported in this article.
52. For survey details, see Jean Poirier, Victor Piché, Gaël Le Jeune, Bonayi Dabiré, and Hamdou Rabby Wane, ́Projet d'étude des stratégies de reproduction des populations sahéliennes à partir de l'enquête 'Dynamique migratoire, insertion urbaine et environnement au Burkina Faso,'" Cahiers québécois de démographie 30, no. 2 (2001): 289-310.
53. Exceptions include Ainsworth, Beegle, and Koda, "The Impact of Adult Mortality on Primary School Enrollment in Northwestern Tanzania";
54. Yamano and Jayne, "Working-Age Adult Mortality and Primary School Attendance in Rural Kenya";
55. and Evans and Miguel, "Orphans and Schooling in Africa: A Longitudinal Analysis."
56. (jk) is an associated vector of coefficients assumed not to vary across time periods. For details see Blossfeld and Rohwer, Techniques of Event History Modeling: New Approach to Causal Modeling, 2nd ed. (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002), 120-21.
57. Gomes, "Family Size and Educational Attainment in Kenya," 656-57.
58. We first ordered the items for all the variables from 1 for the worst to k for the best, k being the total number of items (categories) for each variable. Then we applied a principal components analysis (PCA) in each place of residence to summarize the information in a few components or factors. Since the first component in a PCA generally accounts for the most important variance of the data, this is generally considered as the wealth proxy. For details on this method, see Deon Filmer and Lance H. Pritchett, "Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data or Tears: An Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India," Demography 38, no. 1 (2001): 115-32.
59. Also see Mark R. Montgomery, M. Gragnolati, K. Burke, and E. Paredes, "Measuring Living Standards with Proxy Variables," Demography 37 (2000): 155-74.
60. We used the STATA program COLLIN, which has been written by Philip Ender at the University of California, Los Angeles.
61. Jean-François Kobiané, Ménages et scolarisation des enfants au Burkina Faso: À la recherche des déterminants de la demande scolaire (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Academie-Bruylant/L'Harmattan, 2005).
62. Ibid.;
63. Mark R. Montgomery and Paul C. Hewett, "Poverty and Children's Schooling in Urban and Rural Senegal," Population Council Policy Research Division Working Paper no. 196 (Population Council, New York, 2005).