Imaging of the patient with non-small cell lung cancer

Radiology

Volumn 237, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 803-818

  Munden, Reginald F ^a   Swisher, Stephen S ^a   Stevens, Craig W ^a   Stewart, David J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; NEEDLE BIOPSY; PATIENT CARE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL RATE;

CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PHYSICIAN'S ROLE;

EID: 27744599114     PISSN: 00338419     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2373040966     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51:15-36.
2. Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 2004;54:8-29.
3. Mountain CF. Revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer. Chest 1997;111:1710-1717.
4. Lardinois D, Weder W, Hany TF, et al. Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2500-2507.
5. Silvestri GA, Tanoue LT, Margolis ML, Barker J, Detterbeck F. The noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: the guidelines. Chest 2003;123(suppl 1): 147S-156S.
6. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2996-3018.
7. American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society. Pretreatment evaluation of non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:320-332.
8. Vansteenkiste J, Fischer BM, Dooms C, Mortensen J. Positron-emission tomography in prognostic and therapeutic assessment of lung cancer: systematic review. Lancet Oncol 2004;5:531-540.
9. Heyneman LE, Patz EF. PET imaging in patients with bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2002;38:261-266.
10. Chunwei F, Weiji W, Xinguan Z, Qingzen N, Xiangmin J, Qingzhen Z. Evaluations of bronchoplasty and pulmonary artery reconstruction for bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003;23: 209-213.
11. Deslauriers J, Gregoire J, Jacques LF, Piraux M, Guojin L, Lacasse Y. Sleeve lobectomy versus pneumonectomy for lung cancer: a comparative analysis of survival and sites of recurrences. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:1152-1156.
12. Mitchell JD, Mathisen DJ, Wright CD, et al. Resection for bronchogenic carcinoma involving the carina: long-term results and effect of nodal status on outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:465-471.
13. Ratto GB, Piacenza G, Frola C, et al. Chest wall involvement by lung cancer: computed tomographic detection and results of operation. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51: 182-188.
14. Yokoi K, Mori K, Miyazawa N, Saito Y, Okuyama A, Sasagawa M. Tumor invasion of the chest wall and mediastinum in lung cancer: evaluation with pneumothorax. Radiology 1991;181:147-152.
15. Quint LE, Francis IR. Radiologic staging of lung cancer. J Thorac Imaging 1999;14: 235-246.
16. Glazer HS, Duncan-Meyer J, Aronberg DJ, Moran JF, Levitt RG, Sagel SS. Pleural and chest wall invasion in bronchogenic carcinoma: CT evaluation. Radiology 1985; 157:191-194.
17. Padovani B, Mouroux J, Seksik L, et al. Chest wall invasion by bronchogenic carcinoma: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1993;187:33-38.
18. Webb WR, Gatsonis C, Zerhouni EA, et al. CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 1991;178:705-713.
19. Martini N, Heelan R, Westcott J, et al. Comparative merits of conventional, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging in assessing mediastinal involvement in surgically confirmed lung carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985;90:639-648.
20. McLoud TC. CT of bronchogenic carcinoma: indeterminate mediastinal invasion [editorial]. Radiology 1989;173:15-16.
21. Muller NL, Miller RR. Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung. Semin Roentgenol 1990;25:96-104.
22. Ohno Y, Sugimura K, Hatabu H. MR imaging of lung cancer. Eur J Radiol 2002; 44:172-181.
23. Glazer HS, Kaiser LR, Anderson DJ, et al. Indeterminate mediastinal invasion in bronchogenic carcinoma: CT evaluation. Radiology 1989;173:37-42.
24. Herman SJ, Winton TL, Weisbrod GL, Towers MJ, Mentzer SJ. Mediastinal invasion by bronchogenic carcinoma: CT signs. Radiology 1994;190:841-846.
25. Antoch G, Stattaus J, Nemat AT, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: dual-modality PET/CT in preoperative staging. Radiology 2003;229:526-533.
26. Jett JR, Scott WJ, Rivera MP, Sause WT. Guidelines on treatment of stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2003; 123(suppl 1):221S-225S.
27. Grunenwald DH. Surgery for advanced stage lung cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 2000;18:137-142.
28. Pitz CC, Brutel de la Riviere A, van Swieten HA, Westermann CJ, Lammers JW, van den Bosch JM. Results of surgical treatment of T4 non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003;24:1013-1018.
29. Tsuchiya R, Asamura H, Kondo H, Goya T, Naruke T. Extended resection of the left atrium, great vessels, or both for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:960-965.
30. Spaggiari L, Magdeleinat P, Kondo H, et al. Results of superior vena cava resection for lung cancer: analysis of prognostic factors. Lung Cancer 2004;44:339-346.
31. Gandhi S, Walsh GL, Komaki R, et al. A multidisciplinary surgical approach to superior sulcus tumors with vertebral invasion. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:1778-1784.
32. Grunenwald DH, Mazel C, Girard P, et al. Radical en bloc resection for lung cancer invading the spine. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:271-279.
33. Burnett RJ, Wood DE. The new lung cancer staging system: what does it mean? Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1999;8:231-244.
34. Leong SS, Lima CM, Sherman CA, Green MR. The 1997 international staging system for non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 1999;115:242-248.
35. Battafarano RJ, Force SD, Meyers BF, et al. Benefits of resection for metachronous lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:836-842.
36. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 1997: racial and ethnic patterns. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 1997.
37. Mountain CF. Prognostic implications of the International staging system for lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1988;15:236-245.
38. Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Rossi SE, Goodman PC, Coleman RE, Patz EF. FDG PET of pleural effusions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;175:245-249.
39. Bury T, Paulus P, Dowlati A, Corhay JL, Rigo P, Radermecker MF. Evaluation of pleural diseases with FDG-PET imaging: preliminary report. Thorax 1997;52:187-189.
40. Carretta A, Landoni C, Melloni G, et al. 18-FDG positron emission tomography in the evaluation of malignant pleural diseases: a pilot study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000;17:377-383.
41. Schaffler GJ, Wolf G, Schoellnast H, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: evaluation of pleural abnormalities on CT scans with 18F FDG PET. Radiology 2004;231:858-865.
42. Komaki R, Putnam JB Jr, Walsh G, Lee JS, Cox JD. The management of superior sulcus tumors. Semin Surg Oncol 2000;18: 152-164.
43. York JE, Walsh GL, Lang FF, et al. Combined chest wall resection with vertebrectomy and spinal reconstruction for the treatment of Pancoast tumors. J Neurosurg 1999;91(suppl 1):74-80.
44. DeMeester TR, Albertucci M, Dawson PJ, Montner SM. Management of tumor adherent to the vertebral column. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;97:373-378.
45. Shahian DM. Contemporary management of superior pulmonary sulcus (Pancoast) lung tumors. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2003;9:327-331.
46. Fadel E, Missenard G, Chapelier A, et al. En bloc resection of non-small cell lung cancer invading the thoracic inlet and intervertebral foramina. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:676-685.
47. Webb WR, Sostman HD. MR imaging of thoracic disease: clinical uses. Radiology 1992;182:621-630.
48. Mountain CF, Dresler CM. Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging. Chest 1997;111:1718-1723.
49. Naruke T, Suemasu K, Ishikawa S. Lymph node mapping and curability at various levels of metastasis in resected lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;76: 832-839.
50. Dales RE, Stark RM, Raman S. Computed tomography to stage lung cancer: approaching a controversy using meta-analysis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:1096-1101.
51. Dwamena BA, Sonnad SS, Angobaldo JO, Wahl RL. Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: mediastinal staging in the 1990s-meta-analytic comparison of PET and CT. Radiology 1999;213:530-536.
52. Glazer GM, Gross BH, Quint LE, Francis IR, Bookstein FL, Orringer MB. Normal mediastinal lymph nodes: number and size according to American Thoracic Society mapping. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985;144:261-265.
53. Glazer GM, Orringer MB, Chenevert TL, et al. Mediastinal lymph nodes: relaxation time/pathologic correlation and implications in staging of lung cancer with MR imaging. Radiology 1988;168: 429-431.
54. Ikezoe J, Kadowaki K, Morimoto S, et al. Mediastinal lymph node metastases from nonsmall cell bronchogenic carcinoma: reevaluation with CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14:340-344.
55. Buy JN, Ghossain MA, Poirson F, et al. Computed tomography of mediastinal lymph nodes in nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988;12: 545-552.
56. Kalff V, Hicks RJ, MacManus MP, et al. Clinical impact of (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:111-118.
57. Dietlein M, Weber K, Gandjour A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET for the management of solitary pulmonary nodules: a decision analysis based on cost reimbursement in Germany. Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27:1441-1456.
58. Patz EF Jr, Lowe VJ, Goodman PC, Herndon J. Thoracic nodal staging with PET imaging with 18FDG in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1995;108: 1617-1621.
59. Steinert HC, Hauser M, Allemann F, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: nodal staging with FDG PET versus CT with correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology 1997;202:441-446.
60. Wahl RL, Quint LE, Greenough RL, Meyer CR, White RI, Orringer MB. Staging of mediastinal non-small cell lung cancer with FDG PET, CT, and fusion images: preliminary prospective evaluation. Radiology 1994;191:371-377.
61. von Haag DW, Follette DM, Roberts PF, Shelton D, Segel LD, Taylor TM. Advantages of positron emission tomography over computed tomography in mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Res 2002;103:160-164.
62. Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, De Leyn PR, et al. Lymph node staging in non-small-cell lung cancer with FDG-PET scan: a prospective study on 690 lymph node stations from 68 patients. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2142-2149.
63. Ginsberg RJ. Continuing controversies in staging NSCLC: an analysis of the revised 1997 staging system. Oncology (Williston Park) 1998;12(suppl 1):51-54.
64. Tahara RW, Lackner RP, Graver LM. Is there a role for routine mediastinoscopy in patients with peripheral T1 lung cancers? Am J Surg 2000;180:488-491.
65. Seely JM, Mayo JR, Miller RR, Muller NL. T1 lung cancer: prevalence of mediastinal nodal metastases and diagnostic accuracy of CT. Radiology 1993;186:129-132.
66. Choi YS, Shim YM, Kim J, Kim K. Mediastinoscopy in patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;75:364-366.
67. Deyo RA, Jarvik JJ. New diagnostic tests: breakthrough approaches or expensive add-ons? Ann Intern Med 2003;139:950-951.
68. Tanaka K, Kubota K, Kodama T, Nagai K, Nishiwaki Y. Extrathoracic staging is not necessary for non-small-cell lung cancer with clinical stage T1-2 NO. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:1039-1042.
69. Silvestri GA, Littenberg B, Colice GL. The clinical evaluation for detecting metastatic lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:225-230.
70. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1995; 311:899-909.
71. Wong J, Haramati LB, Rozenshtein A, Yanez M, Austin JH. Non-small-cell lung cancer: practice patterns of extrathoracic imaging. Acad Radiol 1999;6:211-215.
72. Salvatierra A, Baamonde C, Llamas JM, Cruz F, Lopez-Pujol J. Extrathoracic staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1990;97:1052-1058.
73. Nielsen ME, Heaston DK, Dunnick NR, Korobkin M. Preoperative CT evaluation of adrenal glands in non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1982;139:317-320.
74. Oliver TW, Bernardino ME, Miller JI, Mansour K, Greene D, Davis WA. Isolated adrenal masses in nonsmall-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Radiology 1984;153: 217-218.
75. Pagani JJ. Normal adrenal glands in small cell lung carcinoma: CT-guided biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983;140:949-951.
76. Pagani JJ. Non-small cell lung carcinoma adrenal metastases. Cancer 1984;53: 1058-1060.
77. Mayo-Smith WW, Boland GW, Noto RB, Lee MJ. State-of-the-art adrenal imaging. RadioGraphics 2001;21:995-1012.
78. Boland GW, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, et al. Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171: 201-204.
79. Porte H, Siat J, Guibert B, et al. Resection of adrenal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: a multicenter study. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:981-985.
80. Mayo-Smith WW, Dupuy DE. Adrenal neoplasms: CT-guided radiofrequency ablation-preliminary results. Radiology 2004;231:225-230.
81. Hooper RG, Tenholder MF, Underwood GH, Beechler CR, Spratling L. Computed tomographic scanning of the brain in initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1984;85:774-776.
82. Mintz BJ, Tuhrim S, Alexander S, Yang WC, Shanzer S. Intracranial metastases in the initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1984;86:850-853.
83. Newman SJ, Hansen HH. Proceedings: frequency, diagnosis, and treatment of brain metastases in 247 consecutive patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer 1974;33:492-496.
84. Colice GL, Birkmeyer JD, Black WC, Littenberg B, Silvestri G. Cost-effectiveness of head CT in patients with lung cancer without clinical evidence of metastases. Chest 1995;108:1264-1271.
85. Billing PS, Miller DL, Allen MS, Deschamps C, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC. Surgical treatment of primary lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:548-553.
86. Burt M, Wronski M, Arbit E, Galicich JH. Resection of brain metastases from non-small-cell lung carcinoma: results of therapy. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Thoracic Surgical Staff. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;103:399-410.
87. Little AG, Stitik FP. Clinical staging of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 1990;97:1431-1438.
88. Michel F, Soler M, Imhof E, Perruchoud AP. Initial staging of non-small cell lung cancer: value of routine radioisotope bone scanning. Thorax 1991;46:469-473.
89. Stitik FP. Staging of lung cancer. Radiol Clin North Am 1990;28:619-630.
90. Bury T, Barreto A, Daenen F, Barthelemy N, Ghaye B, Rigo P. Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 1998;25:1244-1247.
91. Valk PE, Pounds TR, Hopkins DM, et al. Staging non-small cell lung cancer by whole-body positron emission tomographic imaging. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60:1573-1582.
92. van Tinteren H, Hoekstra OS, Smit EF, et al. Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small-cell lung cancer: the PLUS multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1388-1393.
93. Viney RC, Boyer MJ, King MT, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the role of positron emission tomography in the management of stage I and II non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22: 2357-2362.
94. Verboom P, van Tinteren H, Hoekstra OS, et al. Cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET in staging non-small cell lung cancer: the PLUS study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:1444-1449.
95. Massone PP, Lequaglie C, Macnani B, Conti B, Cataldo I. Significance of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the diagnosis and staging of primary pulmonary neoplasms [in Italian]. Chir Ital 2001;53:291-298.
96. Ohtsuka T, Nomorj H, Horio H, Naruke T, Suemasu K. Is major pulmonary resection by video-assisted thoracic surgery an adequate procedure in clinical stage I lung cancer? Chest 2004;125:1742-1746.
97. Lin J, Iannettoni MD. The role of thoracoscopy in the management of lung cancer. Surg Oncol 2003;12:195-200.
98. Mouroux J, Venissac N, Alifano M. Combined video-assisted mediastinoscopy and video-assisted thoracoscopy in the management of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:1698-1704.
99. Shirakusa T. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy for lung carcinoma [in Japanese]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 2001;102:525-529.
100. Inada K, Shirakusa T, Yoshinaga Y, et al. The role of video-assisted thoracic surgery for the treatment of lung cancer: lung lobectomy by thoracoscopy versus the standard thoracotomy approach. Int Surg 2000;85:6-12.
101. Nomori H, Horio H, Naruke T, Suemasu K. What is the advantage of a thoracoscopic lobectomy over a limited thoracotomy procedure for lung cancer surgery? Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:879-884.
102. Complications of therapeutic, biopsy, and monitoring procedures. In: Fraser RS, Muller NL, Colman N, Paré PD. Fraser and Pare's diagnosis of diseases of the chest. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders, 1999;2659-2695.
103. Suarez J, Clagett T, Brown AL Jr. The post-pneumonectomy space: factors influencing its obliteration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1969;57:539-542.
104. Biondetti PR, Fiore D, Sartori F, Colognato A, Ravasini R, Romani S. Evaluation of post-pneumonectomy space by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1982;6:238-242.
105. Lamont JP, Kakuda JT, Smith D, Wagman LD, Grannis FW Jr. Systematic postoperative radiologic follow-up in patients with non-small cell lung cancer for detecting second primary lung cancer in stage IA. Arch Surg 2002;137:935-938.
106. Walsh GL, O'Connor M, Willis KM, et al. Is follow-up of lung cancer patients after resection medically indicated and cost-effective? Ann Thorac Surg 1995;60: 1563-1570.
107. Tyldesley S, Boyd C, Schulze K, Walker H, Mackillop WJ. Estimating the need for radiotherapy for lung cancer: an evidence-based, epidemiologic approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 49:973-985.
108. Zimmermann FB, Bamberg M, Molls M, Jeremic B. Radiation therapy alone in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 2003;21:91-97.
109. Curran WJ Jr. Evolving chemoradiation treatment strategies for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2003;17:7-14.
110. MacRae R, Choy H. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy for inoperable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2003;5:313-317.
111. Bhatnagar A, Flickinger JC, Bahri S, et al. Update on results of multifield conformal radiation therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer using multileaf collimated beams. Clin Lung Cancer 2002;3:259-264.
112. Eberhardt W, Stuschke M, Stamatis G. Preoperative chemoradiation approaches to locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: one man's pride, another man's burden? Ann Oncol 2004;15:365-367.
113. Chavaudra J, Bridier A. Definition of volumes in external radiotherapy: ICRU reports 50 and 62 [in French]. Cancer Radiother 2001;5:472-478.
114. Purdy JA. Current ICRU definitions of volumes: limitations and future directions. Semin Radiat Oncol 2004;14:27-40.
115. Bradley J, Thorstad WL, Mutic S, et al. Impact of FDG-PET on radiation therapy volume delineation in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:78-86.
116. Libshitz HI, Shuman LS. Radiation-induced pulmonary change: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1984;8:15-19.
117. Choi YW, Munden RF, Erasmus JJ, et al. Effects of radiation therapy on the lung: radiologic appearances and differential diagnosis. RadioGraphics 2004;24:985-997.
118. Libshitz HI, Sheppard DG. Filling in of radiation therapy-induced bronchiectatic change: a reliable sign of locally recurrent lung cancer. Radiology 1999;210: 25-27.
119. Armstrong JG. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy: precision treatment of lung cancer. Chest Surg Clin N Am 1994;4:29-43.
120. Emami B. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in bronchogenic carcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol 1996;6:92-97.
121. Graham MV, Matthews JW, Harms WB Sr, Emami B, Glazer HS, Purdy JA. Three-dimensional radiation treatment planning study for patients with carcinoma of the lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;29:1105-1117.
122. Marks LB, Sibley G. The rationale and use of three-dimensional radiation treatment planning for lung cancer. Chest 1999; 116(suppl 6):539S-545S.
123. Metz JM, Glatstein E. Local control versus systemic control: is the cart coming before the oncologic horse? Cancer J 2000; 6:66-68.
124. Koenig TR, Munden RF, Erasmus JJ, et al. Radiation injury of the lung after three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178: 1383-1388.
125. Takeda T, Takeda A, Kunieda E, et al. Radiation injury after hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for peripheral small lung tumors: serial changes on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182:1123-1128.
126. Aoki T, Nagata Y, Negoro Y, et al. Evaluation of lung injury after three-dimensional conformal stereotactic radiation therapy for solitary lung tumors: CT appearance. Radiology 2004;230:101-108.
127. Bachman AL, Macken K. Pleural effusions following supervoltage radiation for breast carcinoma. Radiology 1959;72: 699-709.
128. Libshitz HI, DuBrow RA, Loyer EM, Charnsangavej C. Radiation change in normal organs: an overview of body imaging. Eur Radiol 1996;6:786-795.
129. Cosset JM, Henry-Amar M, Pellae-Cosset B, et al. Pericarditis and myocardial infarctions after Hodgkin's disease therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;21: 447-449.
130. Carmel RJ, Kaplan HS. Mantle irradiation in Hodgkin's disease: an analysis of technique, tumor eradication, and complications. Cancer 1976;37:2813-2825.
131. Stewart JR, Fajardo LF, Gillette SM, Constine LS. Radiation injury to the heart. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;31:1205-1211.
132. Erdi YE, Macapinlac H, Rosenzweig KE, et al. Use of PET to monitor the response of lung cancer to radiation treatment. Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27:861-866.
133. Ryu JS, Choi NC, Fischman AJ, Lynch TJ, Mathisen DJ. FDG-PET in staging and restaging non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. correlation with histopathology. Lung Cancer 2002;35:179-187.
134. World Health Organization. WHO handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment. WHO offset publication no. 48. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1979.
135. Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A. Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 1981;47:207-214.
136. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:205-216.
137. Erasmus JJ, Gladish GW, Broemeling L, et al. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in measurement of non-small-cell carcinoma lung lesions: implications for assessment of tumor response. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2574-2582.
138. Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, De Leyn PR, Dupont PJ, Verbeken EK. Potential use of FDG-PET scan after induction chemotherapy in surgically staged IIIa-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: a prospective pilot study. The Leuven Lung Cancer Group. Ann Oncol 1998;9:1193-1198.
139. Weber WA, Petersen V, Schmidt B, et al. Positron emission tomography in non-small-cell lung cancer: prediction of response to chemotherapy by quantitative assessment of glucose use. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2651-2657.
140. Stroobants S, Verschakelen J, Vansteenkiste J. Value of FDG-PET in the management of non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Radiol 2003;45:49-59.
141. Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Rossi SE. Drug-induced lung injury. Semin Roentgenol 2002;37:72-81.
142. Boiselle PM, Morrin MM, Huberman MS. Gemcitabine pulmonary toxicity: CT features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000;24: 977-980.
143. Gurjal A, An T, Valdlvieso M, Kalemkerian GP. Etoposide-induced pulmonary toxicity. Lung Cancer 1999;26:109-112.
144. Ramanathan RK, Reddy W, Holbert JM, Belani CP. Pulmonary infiltrates following administration of paclitaxel. Chest 1996;110:289-292.
145. Cohen MH, Williams GA, Sridhara R, et al. United States Food and Drug Administration drug approval summary: Gefitinib (ZD1839; Iressa) tablets. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:1212-1218.
146. Roth JA, Fossella F, Komaki R, et al. A randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:673-680.
147. Wendland MM, Sause WT. Induction chemotherapy followed by radical local therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 2003; 21:111-121.
148. Cox JD, Azarnia N, Byhardt RW, Shin KH, Emami B, Perez CA. N2 (clinical) non-small cell carcinoma of the lung: prospective trials of radiation therapy with total doses 60 Gy by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;20:7-12.
149. Durci ML, Komaki R, Oswald MJ, Mountain CF. Comparison of surgery and radiation therapy for non-small cell carcinoma of the lung with mediastinal metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;21:629-636.
150. Komaki R, Cox JD, Hartz AJ, et al. Characteristics of long-term survivors after treatment for inoperable carcinoma of the lung. Am J Clin Oncol 1985;8:362-370.
151. Sause WT, Scott C, Taylor S, et al. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 88-08 and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 4588: preliminary results of a phase III trial in regionally advanced, unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:198-205.
152. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L, Milisavljevic S. Hyperfractionated radiation therapy with or without concurrent low-dose daily carboplatin/ etoposide for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1996;14: 1065-1070.
153. Roth JA, Atkinson EN, Fossella F, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients enrolled in a randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 1998;21:1-6.
154. Pisters KM, Ginsberg RJ, Giroux DJ, et al. Induction chemotherapy before surgery for early-stage lung cancer: a novel approach. Bimodality Lung Oncology Team. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:429-439.
155. Pisters KM. Combined modality therapy of early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer. Respir Care Clin N Am 2003;9:191-205.