Farmers and consumers under strain: Allied meat supplies in the First World War

Agricultural History Review

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 212-228

  Perren, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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ANIMALIA;

EID: 27744532287     PISSN: 00021490     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. BPP, 1905, LXXIX, Report of the Royal Commission on supply of food and raw materials in time of war,
2. Michel Augé-Laribé and Pierre Pinot, Agriculture and food supply in France during the war (1927);
3. David French, British economic and strategic planning, 1905-1915 (1982);
4. Peter Dewey, British agriculture in the First World War (1989);
5. Avner Offer, The First World War: an agrarian interpretation (1989).
6. A. W. Pearse, The world's meat future (1920), pp. 2-3;
7. Augé-Laribé and Pinot, Agriculture and food supply, pp. 71-5, 96-7, 194-6.
8. Offer, First World War, ch. 6.
9. French, British economic and strategic planning.
10. None of the works quoted in this study fail to mention meat, but before 1914 it was the largest single source of calories after cereals. Figures in Dewey, British agriculture, p. 16 show that in 1909-13 cereals provided 34.4 per cent of British calorie consumption, meat 19.4 per cent, dairy products a further 15.7 per cent, refined sugar 13.2 per cent, fruit and vegetables 12.2 per cent and cottage produce 4.6 per cent.
11. Offer, First World War, pp. 25, 28.
12. Peter Dewey, 'Food Production and policy in the United Kingdom, 1914-1918', Trans. Royal Historical Society, fifth ser., 30 (1980), pp. 80-1.
13. Paul M. Kennedy, The rise and fall of British naval mastery (1983 ed.), pp. 244, 253.
14. Alan F. Wilt, Food for war. Agriculture and rearmament in Britain before the Second World War (2001), pp. 15-16.
15. M. Barnett, British food policy during the First World War (1985), p. 37;
16. Offer, First World War, pp. 36-7.
17. BPP, 1916, XIV, Departmental Committee on increase of prices of commodities since the beginning of the war, Interim Report, meat milk and bacon, pp. 8-9, 15:
18. Noel Curtis-Bennett, The food of the people: the history of industrial feeding (1959), p. 234.
19. William H. Beveridge, British food control (1928), pp. 143, 145.
20. Economist, 30 Mar. 1918, p. 534;
21. E. M. H. Lloyd, Experiments in state control at the War Office and the Ministry of Food (1924), pp. 437-9.
22. A. J. Jackson, History of the National Federation Meat Traders' Associations (1956), pp. 88-92.
23. Beveridge, British food control, pp. 311, 313.
24. BPP, 1897, VIII, Select Committee on the Agricultural (Marks) Bill, Q. 2342;
25. W. H. Simmonds, The Practical Grocer (3 vols., 1906), III, p. 109.
26. Economist, 1 June 1918, p. 940.
27. Economist, 30 Mar. 1918, p. 534
28. Beveridge, British food control, pp. 321, 364.
29. R. Mottram, Human nutrition (1979), p. 8.
30. G. Leighton and L. Douglas (eds), The meat industry and meat inspection (5 vols, 1911), II, p. 432.
31. Thomas Middleton, Food production in war (1923), pp. 37-68.
32. Dewey, British agriculture, pp. 15-16.
33. R. H. Rew, 'The nation's food supply', J. Royal Statistical Society, 76 (1912), p. 101.
34. BPP, 1916, IV, Thomas Middleton, The recent development of German agriculture, p. 10.
35. Carl Solberg, The prairies and the pampas: agrarian policy in Canada and Argentina, 1880-1930 (1987), p. 64;
36. Carlos Alejandro, Essays on the economic history of the Argentine republic (1970), p. 5.
37. Richard Perren, The meat trade in Britain, 1840-1914 (1977), p. 10.
38. Bill Albert, South America and the First World War: the impact of the war on Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Chile (1988), p. 67.
39. Michael Tracy, Government and agriculture in Western Europe, 1880-1988 (1989), pp. 112-13.
40. Rew, 'Nation's food supply', p. 101.
41. Benjamin Hibbard, Effects of the Great War upon agriculture in the United States and Great Britain (1919), pp. 171-2.
42. H. W. Macrosty, 'Army meat supplies', J. Board of Trade, 109 (1922), p. 603.
43. H. W. Macrosty,'Army meat supplies', J. Board of Trade, 109 ( 1922), p. 603. Ibid.
44. R. C. Gebhardt, 'The River Plate meat industry since c. 1900: technology, ownership, international trade regimes and domestic policy' (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, 2000), pp. 162-3, 368.
45. R. C. Gebhardt' The River Plate meat industry since c. 1900: technology, ownership, international trade regimes and domestic policy' Ibid., pp. 163-4;
46. Albert, South America, pp. 69-70.
47. New Zealand Herald (Auckland, hereafter NZH), 1 Jan. 1915, pp. 3b, 4a-b.
48. Weekly Press (Christchurch, hereafter WP), 20 Jan. 1915, p. 14d.
49. Hawkes Bay Herald (Napier, hereafter HBH), 5 Jan. 1915, p. 3c;
50. Hawkes Bay Herald 6 Jan. 1915, p. 3d;
51. Hawkes Bay Herald 8 Jan. 1915, p. 3c.
52. HBH, 9 Jan. 1915, p. 3e.
53. HBH, 7 Jan. 1915, p. 3b.
54. Farmers' Union Advocate (Wellington, hereafter FUA), 20 Feb. 1915, pp. 4a, 23c.
55. FUA, 29 May 1915, p. 3b-c;
56. Sidney Pollard, The Development of the British Economy, 1914-1980 (1983), p. 22.
57. FUA, 13 Mar. 1915, p. 4a.
58. FUA, 3 Apr. 1915, p. 3a.
59. FUA, 29 May 1915, p. 7b.
60. Pastoral Review (Melbourne, hereafter PR), 16 Jan. 1915, pp 71-3;
61. WP, 20 Jan. 1915, p. 15b.
62. FUA, 1 Jan. 1916, p. 1d.
63. WP, 2 Jan. 1918, p. 9b-c.
64. FUA, 3 Feb. 1917, p. 6a.
65. Pearse, The world's meat future, p. 17.
66. FUA, 10 June 1916, p. 9a-b.
67. FUA, 26 Feb. 1916, p. 24d.
68. FUA, 1 Jan. 1916, p. 1b-d.
69. FUA, 3 Feb. 1917, p. 22d;
70. FUA, 10 Feb. 1917, p. 22c;
71. FUA, Jan. 1918, p. 24d.
72. NZH, 13 Jan. 1917, p. 6h.
73. PR, 16 Feb. 1917, p. 168;
74. FUA, 5 Jan. 1918, p. 8c.
75. J. B. Guild, 'Variations in the numbers of live stock and in the production of meat in the United Kingdom during the war', J. Royal Statistical Society 83 (1920) p. 533.
76. J. B. Guild, J. Royal Statistical Society Ibid., pp. 534-45;
77. Smith, The world's food, p. 224.
78. Macrosty, 'Army meat supplies', pp. 603-04.
79. Augé-Laribé and Pinot, Agriculture and food supply, p. 75.
80. Guild, 'Variations', pp. 534, 551-2.
81. Guild, 'Variations' Ibid., p. 548.
82. Beveridge, British food control, pp. 140-5.
83. Beveridge, British food control, Ibid., p. 148.
84. Hibbard, Effects of the Great War, p. 213.
85. Offer, First World War, p. 376.
86. Rudolf A. Clemen, The American livestock and meat industry (1923), pp. 745-67.
87. M. Yeager, Competition and regulation: the development of oligopoly in the meat packing industry (1981), p. 206.
88. Meat Trades J., 1 Jan. 1914, p. 12;
89. Meat Trades J., 15 Jan. 1914, p. 68;
90. R. Ramsay, 'The world's frozen and chilled meat trade', in Gresham Publishing Co. Ltd, The meat trade (3 vols, 1935), III, p. 16;
91. R. Perren, 'Big business and its customers: the European market for American meat from 1840 to 1939', J. European Economic History 32 (2003), p. 602.
92. PR, 16 Jan. 1915, p. 71.
93. BPP, 1914-1916, XLVI, Report of the Royal Commission on the meat export trade of Australia, pp. 24-5, 27, 40.
94. W. D. Lysnar, Meat and shipping problems (1917), pp. 10-12.
95. W. D. Lysnar, Meat and shipping problems Ibid., pp. 14-16.
96. Hibbard, Effects of the Great War, pp. 56-7.
97. Hibbard, Effects of the Great War, Ibid., pp. 129-32.
98. Hibbard, Effects of the Great War, Ibid., pp. 132-3.
99. Quoted in Albert, South America, p. 70.
100. Dewey, British agriculture, pp. 167-169, 252.
101. Offer, First World War, p. 25.