The structure and evolution of Hurricane Elena (1985). Part I: Symmetric intensification

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 133, Issue 10, 2005, Pages 2905-2921

  Corbosiero, Kristen L ^a   Molinari, John ^a   Black, Michael L ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEAT CONVECTION; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; STORMS; TROPOSPHERE; VORTEX FLOW; WIND;

SYMMETRIC INTENSIFICATION; TROPICAL CYCLONE; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR;

HURRICANES;

HURRICANE; STORM TRACK; TROPICAL CYCLONE; VORTICITY; WIND VELOCITY;

EID: 27744531492     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR3010.1     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Black, M L., R. W. Burpee, and F. D. Marks Jr., 1996: Vertical motion characteristics of tropical cyclones determined with airborne Doppler radial velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1887-1909.
2. Black, R. A., H. B. Bluestein, and M. L. Black, 1994: Unusually strong vertical motions in a Caribbean hurricane. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2722-2739.
3. Bolton, D., 1980: The computation of equivalent potential temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1046-1053.
4. Braun, S. A., 2002: A cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991): Storm structure and eyewall buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1573-1592.
5. Braun, S. A., and W.-K. Tao, 2000: Sensitivity of high-resolution simulations of Hurricane Bob (1991) to planetary boundary layer parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3941-3961.
6. Burpee, R. W., and M. L. Black, 1989: Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall near the centers of two tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2204-2218.
7. Case, R. A., 1986: Atlantic hurricane season of 1985. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1390-1405.
8. Corbosiero, K. L., and J. Molinari, 2002: The effects of vertical wind shear on the distribution of convection in tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2110-2123.
9. Davis, C., and L. F. Bosart, 2002: Numerical simulations of the genesis of Hurricane Diana (1984). Part II: Sensitivity of track and intensity prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1100-1124.
10. Eastin, M. D., P. G. Black, and W. M. Gray, 2002a: Flight-level thermodynamic instrument wetting errors in hurricanes. Part I: Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 825-841.
11. Eastin, M. D., P. G. Black, and W. M. Gray, 2002b: Flight-level thermodynamic instrument wetting errors in hurricanes. Part II: Implications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 842-851.
12. Eastin, M. D., W. M. Gray, and P. G. Black, 2005: Buoyancy of convective vertical motions in the inner core of intense hurricanes. Part I: General statistics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 188-208.
13. Eliassen, A., 1951: Slow thermally or frictionally controlled meridional circulation in a circular vortex. Astrophys. Norv., 5, 19-60.
14. Eliassen, A., and M. Lystad, 1977: The Ekman layer of a circular vortex: A numerical and theoretical study. Geophys. Norv., 31, 1-16.
15. Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585-604.
16. Emanuel, K. A., 1997: Some aspects of hurricane inner-core dynamics and energetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1014-1026.
17. Frank, W. F., 1984: A composite analysis of the core of a mature hurricane. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2401-2420.
18. Franklin, J. L., S. J. Lord, S. E. Feuer, and F. D. Marks Jr., 1993: The kinematic structure of Hurricane Gloria (1985) determined from nested analyses of dropwindsonde and Doppler radar data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2433-2451.
19. Hanley, D. E., J., Molinari, and D. Keyser, 2001: A composite study of the interactions between tropical cyclones and upper-tropospheric troughs. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2570-2584.
20. Hawkins, H. F., and D. T. Rubsam, 1968a: Hurricane Hilda, 1964: I. Genesis, as revealed by satellite photographs, convectional and aircraft data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 428-452.
21. Hawkins, H. F., and D. T. Rubsam, 1968b: Hurricane Hilda, 1964: II. Structure and budgets of the hurricane on October 1, 1964. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 617-636.
22. Hawkins, H. F., and D. T. Rubsam, 1968c: Hurricane Hilda, 1964: III. Degradation of the hurricane. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 701-707.
23. Hawkins, H. F., and S. M. Imbembo, 1976: The structure of a small, intense Hurricane-Inez 1966. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 418-442.
24. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.
25. Jenkins, G. M., and D. G. Watts, 1968: Spectral Analysis and Its Applications. Holden-Day, 525 pp.
26. Jorgensen, D. P., 1984a: Mesoscale and convective scale characteristics of mature hurricanes. Part I: General observations by research aircraft. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1267-1285.
27. Jorgensen, D. P. 1984b: Mesoscale and convective scale characteristics of mature hurricanes. Part II: Inner core structure of Hurricane Allen (1980). J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1287-1311.
28. Jorgensen, D. P. E. J. Zipser, and M. A. LeMone, 1985: Vertical motion characteristics in intense hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 839-856.
29. Kossin, J. P., and M. D. Eastin, 2001: Two distinct regimes in the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the hurricane eye and eyewall. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1079-1090.
30. Liu, Y., D.-L. Zhang, and M. K. Yau, 1999: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part II: Kinematics and inner-core structures. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2597-2616.
31. Marks, F. D., Jr., 1985: Evolution of the structure of precipitation in Hurricane Allen (1980). Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 909-930.
32. Marks, F. D., Jr., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1987: Inner core structure of Hurricane Alicia from airborne Doppler radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1296-1317.
33. Marks, F. D., Jr., R. A. Houze Jr., and J. F. Gamache, 1992: Dual-aircraft investigation of the inner core of Hurricane Norbert. Part I: Kinematic structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 919-942.
34. Molinari, J., and D. Vollaro, 1989: External influences on hurricane intensity. Part I: Outflow layer eddy momentum fluxes. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1093-1105.
35. Molinari, J., and D. Vollaro, 1990: External influences on hurricane intensity. Part II: Vertical structure and response of the hurricane vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1902-1918.
36. Molinari, J., S. Skubis, and D. Vollaro, 1995: External influences on hurricane intensity. Part III: Potential vorticity structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3593-3606.
37. Montgomery, M. T., H. D. Snell, and Z. Yang, 2001: Axisymmetric spindown dynamics of hurricane-like vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 421-435.
38. Ooyama, K. V., 1969: Numerical simulation of the life-cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 3-40.
39. Parrish, J. R., R. W. Burpee, F. D. Marks Jr., and R. Grebe, 1982: Rainfall patterns observed by digitized radar during the landfall of Hurricane Frederic (1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1933-1944.
40. Pu, Z., W.-K. Tao, S. Braun, J. Simpson, Y. Jia, J. Halverson, W. Olson, and A. Hou, 2002: The impact of TRMM data on mesoscale numerical simulation of Supertyphoon Paka. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2448-2458.
41. Reasor, P. D., M. T. Montgomery, F. D. Marks Jr., and J. F. Gamache, 2000: Low-wave number structure and evolution of the hurricane inner core observed by airborne dual-Doppler radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1653-1680.
42. Riehl, H., 1950: A model for hurricane formation. J. Appl. Phys., 21, 917-925.
43. Rogers, R., S. Chen, J. Tenerelli, and H. Willoughby, 2003: A numerical study of the impact of vertical wind shear on the distribution of rainfall in Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1577-1599.
44. Schubert, W. H., M. T. Montgomery, R. K. Taft, T. A. Guinn, S. R. Fulton, J. P. Kossin, and J. P. Edwards, 1999: Polygonal eyewalls, asymmetric eye contraction, and potential vorticity mixing in hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1197-1223.
45. Shapiro, L. J., and H. E. Willoughby, 1982: The response of balanced hurricanes to local sources of heat and momentum. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 378-394.
46. Shea, D. J., and W. M. Gray, 1973: The hurricane's inner core region. I. Symmetric and asymmetric structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1544-1564.
47. Velden, C. S., 1987: Satellite observations of Hurricane Elena (1985) using the VAS 6.7 μm "water vapor" channel. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 210-215.
48. Willoughby, H. E., 1990: Temporal changes of the primary circulation in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 242-264.
49. Willoughby, H. E., 1998: Tropical cyclone eye thermodynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 3053-3067.
50. Willoughby, H. E., and M. B. Chelmow, 1982: Objective determination of hurricane tracks from aircraft observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1298-1305.
51. Willoughby, H. E., J. A. Clos, and M. G. Shoreibah, 1982: Concentric eyewalls, secondary wind maxima, and the evolution of the hurricane vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 395-411.
52. Willoughby, H. E., F. D. Marks Jr., and R. J. Feinberg, 1984: Stationary and moving convective bands in hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci, 41, 3189-3211.
53. Wu, L., S. Braun, J. Halverson, and G. Heymsfield, 2005: A numerical study of Hurricane Erin (2001). Part I: Model verification and storm evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
54. Yau, M. K., Y. Liu, D.-L. Zhang, and Y. Chen, 2004: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part VI: Small-scale inner-core structures and wind streaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1410-1433.
55. Zipser, E. J., R. J. Meitin, and M. A. LeMone, 1981: Mesoscale motion fields associated with a slowly moving GATE convective band. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1725-1750.