Primary prophylaxis of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology

Volumn 16, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages

  Klein, George J ^a,b   Krahn, Andrew D ^a   Skanes, Allan C ^a   Yee, Raymond ^a   Gula, Lorne J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b LONDON HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cardiomyopathy; Implanted cardiovertor defibrillator; Primary prevention; Sudden death

Indexed keywords

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT;

CARDIOVERSION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; DEFIBRILLATOR; DEVICE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART DEATH; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; IMPLANTATION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUDDEN DEATH; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; METHODOLOGY; MORTALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; CARDIOMYOPATHIES; CLINICAL TRIALS; COMORBIDITY; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 27744508681     PISSN: 10453873     EISSN: 15408167     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.50116.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (124)

1. Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, Dorian P, Roy D, Sheldon RS, Mitchell LB, Green MS, Klein GJ, O'Brien B: Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS): A randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation 2000;101:1297-1302.
2. Connolly SJ, Hallstrom AP, Cappato R, Schron EB, Kuck KH, Zipes DP, Greene HL, Boczor S, Domanski M, Follmann D, Gent M, Roberts RS: Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J 2000;21:2071-2078.
3. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators: Acomparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1576-1583.
4. Buxton AE, Lee KL, DiCarlo L, Gold MR, Greer GS, Prystowsky EN, O'Toole MF, Tang A, Fisher JD, Coromilas J, Talajic M, Hafley G: Electrophysiologic testing to identify patients with coronary artery disease who are at risk for sudden death. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1937-1945.
5. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML: Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877-883.
6. Desai AS, Fang JC, Maisel WH, Baughman KL: Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2004;292:2874-2879.
7. Nanthakumar K, Epstein AE, Kay GN, Plumb VJ, Lee DS: Prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: A pooled analysis of 10 primary prevention trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2166-2172.
8. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH: Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl JMed 2005;352:225-237.
9. Dec GW, Fuster V: Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1564-1575.
10. Di Lenarda A, Secoli G, Perkan A, Gregori D, Lardieri G, Pinamonti B, Sinagra G, Zecchin M, Camerini F: Changing mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy. The Heart Muscle Disease Study Group. Br Heart J 1994;72(6 Suppl):S46-S51.
11. Sugrue DD, Rodeheffer RJ, Codd MB, Ballard DJ, Fuster V, Gersh BJ: The clinical course of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:117-123.
12. Komajda M, Jais JP, Reeves F, Goldfarb B, Bouhour JB, Juillieres Y, Lanfranchi J, Peycelon P, Geslin P, Carrie D, et al: Factors predicting mortality in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1990;11:824-831.
13. Luu M, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Baron K, Walden J: Diverse mechanisms of unexpected cardiac arrest in advanced heart failure. Circulation 1989;80:1675-1680.
14. Kelly P, Coats A: Variation in mode of sudden cardiac death in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1997;18:879-880.
15. Tamburro P, Wilber D: Sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1992;124:1035-1045.
16. Gradman A, Deedwania P, Cody R, Massie B, Packer M, Pitt B, Goldstein S: Predictors of total mortality and sudden death in mild to moderate heart failure. Captopril-Digoxin Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:564-570; Discussion 71-72.
17. Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bossaert L, Breithardt G, Brugada P, Camm AJ, Cappato R, Cobbe SM, DiMario C, Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Pedersen AK, Ravens U, Schwartz PJ, Trusz-Gluza M, Vardas P, Wellens HJ, Zipes DP: Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1374-1450.
18. Brembilla-Perrot B, Donetti J, de la Chaise AT, Sadoul N, Aliot E, Juilliere Y: Diagnostic value of ventricular stimulation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1991;121(4 Pt 1):1124-1131.
19. Middlekauff HR, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Saxon LA: Syncope in advanced heart failure: High risk of sudden death regardless of origin of syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:110-116.
20. Knight BP, Goyal R, Pelosi F, Flemming M, Horwood L, Morady F, Strickberger SA: Outcome of patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and unexplained syncope treated with an implantable defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1964-1970.
21. Andrews NP, Fogel RI, Pelargonio G, Evans JJ, Prystowsky EN: Implantable defibrillator event rates in patients with unexplained syncope and inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias: A comparison with patients known to have sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:2023-2030.
22. Kron J, Hart M, Schual-Berke S, Niles NR, Hosenpud JD, McAnulty JH: Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Role of programmed electrical stimulation and Holter monitoring in predicting those at risk of sudden death. Chest 1988;93:85-90.
23. Meinertz T, Treese N, Kasper W, Geibel A, Hofmann T, Zehender M, Bohn D, Pop T, Just H: Determinants of prognosis in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy as determined by programmed electrical stimulation. Am J Cardiol 1985;56:337-341.
24. LeLorier P, Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, Skanes AC: Comparison of patients with syncope with left ventricular dysfunction and negative electrophysiologic testing to cardiac arrest survivors and patients with syncope and preserved left ventricular function and impact of an implantable defibrillator. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:77-79.
25. Das SK, Morady F, DiCarlo L Jr, Baerman J, Krol R, De Buitleir M, Crevey B: Prognostic usefulness of programmed ventricular stimulation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy without symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:998-1000.
26. Poll DS, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE, Josephson ME: Usefulness of programmed stimulation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:992-997.
27. Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Bloomfield D, Dabbous O, Cohen RJ: Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: Results from a prospective observational study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:2220-2224.
28. Fatkin D, Graham RM: Molecular mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies. Physiol Rev 2002;82:945-980.
29. Fatkin D, MacRae C, Sasaki T, Wolff MR, Porcu M, Frenneaux M, Atherton J, Vidaillet HJ Jr, Spudich S, De Girolami U, Seidman JG, Seidman C, Muntoni F, Muehle G, Johnson W, McDonough B: Missense mutations in the rod domain of the lamin A/C gene as causes of dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction-system disease. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1715-1724.
30. Tsubata S, Bowles KR, Vatta M, Zintz C, Titus J, Muhonen L, Bowles NE, Towbin JA: Mutations in the human delta-sarcoglycan gene in familial and sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 2000;106:655-662.
31. Michels VV, Moll PP, Miller FA, Tajik AJ, Chu JS, Driscoll DJ, Burnett JC, Rodeheffer RJ, Chesebro JH, Tazelaar HD: The frequency of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in a series of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1992;326:77-82.
32. Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF): Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1999;353:2001-2007.
33. The SOLVD Investigators: Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302.
34. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Perrone SV, Bortman GR, Curiel R: Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESICA). Lancet 1994;344:493-498.
35. Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG, Singh BN, Lewis HD, Deedwania PC, Massie BM, Colling C, Lazzeri D: Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 1995;333:77-82.
36. Kuck KH, Cappato R, Siebels J, Ruppel R: Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: The Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation 2000;102:748-754.
37. Bansch D, Antz M, Boczor S, Volkmer M, Tebbenjohanns J, Seidl K, Block M, Gietzen F, Berger J, Kuck KH: Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: The Cardiomyopathy Trial (CAT). Circulation 2002;105:1453-1458.
38. Strickberger SA, Hummel JD, Bartlett TG, Frumin HI, Schuger CD, Beau SL, Bitar C, Morady F: Amiodarone versus implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: Randomized trial in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and asymptomatic nonsustained ventricular tachycardia - AMIOVIRT. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1707-1712.
39. Kadish A, Dyer A, Daubert JP, Quigg R, Estes NA, Anderson KP, Calkins H, Hoch D, Goldberger J, Shalaby A, Sanders WE, Schaechter A, Levine JH: Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2151-2158.
40. Spirito P, Bellone P: Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1994;72(6 Suppl):S10-S12.
41. Louie EK, Edwards LC, 3rd: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1994;36:275-308.
42. Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, Williams WG: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation 1995;92:1680-1692.
43. DeRose JJ, Jr., Banas JS, Jr., Winters SL: Current perspectives on sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1994;36:475-484.
44. Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Cannon RO 3rd, Leon MB, Epstein SE: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Interrelations of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and therapy (1). N Engl J Med 1987;316:780-789.
45. Maron BJ, Roberts WC, Epstein SE: Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A profile of 78 patients. Circulation 1982;65:1388-1394.
46. Sadoul N, Prasad K, Elliott PM, Bannerjee S, Frenneaux MP, McKenna WJ: Prospective prognostic assessment of blood pressure response during exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1997;96:2987-2991.
47. Gilligan DM, Nihoyannopoulos P, Chan WL, Oakley CM: Investigation of a hemodynamic basis for syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Use of a head-up tilt test. Circulation 1992;85:2140-2148.
48. Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ: The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1997;336:775-785.
49. McKenna WJ, Behr ER: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Management, risk stratification, and prevention of sudden death. Heart 2002;87:169-176.
50. Kofflard MJ, Ten Cate FJ, van der Lee C, van Domburg RT: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a large community-based population: Clinical outcome and identification of risk factors for sudden cardiac death and clinical deterioration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:987-993.
51. Maron BJ, Peterson EE, Maron MS, Peterson JE: Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an outpatient population referred for echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:577-580.
52. Maron BJ, Spirito P: Impact of patient selection biases on the perception of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its natural history. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:970-972.
53. Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Montereggi A, Santoro G, Dolara A, Maron BJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tuscany: Clinical course and outcome in an unselected regional population. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1529-1536.
54. Cannan CR, Reeder GS, Bailey KR, Melton LJ 3rd, Gersh BJ: Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A population-based study, 1976 through 1990. Circulation 1995;92:2488-2495.
55. Mittal SR: Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Risk evaluation. Int J Cardiol 1995;52:1-4.
56. Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S, Sharma S, Monserrat L, Varnava A, Mahon NG, McKenna WJ: Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Identification of high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:2212-2218.
57. Fatkin D, Graham RM: Prognostic value of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2001;344:63-65.
58. Ikeda H, Maki S, Yoshida N, Murohara T, Adachi H, Koga Y, Imaizumi T: Predictors of death from congestive heart failure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:1280-1283, A9.
59. Kyriakidis M, Triposkiadis F, Anastasakis A, Theopistou A, Tocta R, Barbetseas J, Gialafos J: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Greece: Clinical course and outcome. Chest 1998;114:1091-1096.
60. Maki S, Ikeda H, Muro A, Yoshida N, Shibata A, Koga Y, Imaizumi T: Predictors of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:774-778.
61. Marian AJ, Mares A Jr, Kelly DP, Yu QT, Abchee AB, Hill R, Roberts R: Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Variability in phenotypic expression of beta-myosin heavy chain mutations. Eur Heart J 1995;16:368-376.
62. Maron BJ, Casey SA, Poliac LC, Gohman TE, Almquist AK, Aeppli DM: Clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a regional United States cohort. JAMA 1999;281:650-655.
63. Maron BJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death: New perspectives on risk stratification and prevention with the implantable cardioverter- defibrillator. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1979-1983.
64. Takagi E, Yamakado T, Nakano T: Prognosis of completely asymptomatic adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:206-211.
65. Takagi E, Yamakado T: Prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Japan. Card Electrophysiol Rev 2002;6:34-35.
66. Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ: Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1778-1785.
67. Moon JC, McKenna WJ, McCrohon JA, Elliott PM, Smith GC, Pennell DJ: Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1561-1567.
68. Nishimura T, Nagata S, Uehara T, Morozumi T, Ishida Y, Nakata T, Iimura O, Kurata C, Wakabayashi Y, Sugihara H, Otsuki K, Wada T, Koga Y: Prognosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Assessment by 123I-BMIPP (beta-methyl-p-(123I) iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid) myocardial single photon emission computed tomography. Ann Nucl Med 1996;10:71-78.
69. Maron BJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1997;350:127-133.
70. Roberts R, Sigwart U: New concepts in hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, part I. Circulation 2001;104:2113-2116.
71. Watkins H, McKenna WJ, Thierfelder L, Suk HJ, Anan R, O'Donoghue A, Spirito P, Matsumori A, Moravec CS, Seidman JG, et al: Mutations in the genes for cardiac troponin T and alpha-tropomyosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1058-1064.
72. Brugada R, Kelsey W, Lechin M, Zhao G, Yu QT, Zoghbi W, Quinones M, Elstein E, Omran A, Rakowski H, Wigle D, Liew CC, Sole M, Roberts R, Marian AJ: Role of candidate modifier genes on the phenotypic expression of hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Investig Med 1997;45:542-551.
73. Redwood CS, Moolman-Smook JC, Watkins H: Properties of mutant contractile proteins that cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 1999;44:20-36.
74. Varnava A, Baboonian C, Davison F, de Cruz L, Elliott PM, Davies MJ, McKenna WJ: A new mutation of the cardiac troponin T gene causing familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without left ventricular hypertrophy. Heart 1999;82:621-624.
75. McKenna WJ, Camm AJ: Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Assessment of patients at high risk. Circulation 1989;80:1489-1492.
76. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, Shah PM, Spencer WH, Spirito P, Ten Cate FJ, Wigle ED, Vogel RA, Abrams J, Bates ER, Brodie BR, Danias PG, Gregoratos G, Hlatky MA, Hochman JS, Kaul S, Lichtenberg RC, Lindner JR, O'Rourke RA, Pohost GM, Schofield RS, Tracy CM, Winters WL, Klein WW, Priori SG, Alonso-Garcia A, et al: American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1687-1713.
77. McKenna W, Deanfield J, Faruqui A, England D, Oakley C, Goodwin J: Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Role of age and clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic features. Am J Cardiol 1981;47:532-538.
78. McKenna WJ, Franklin RC, Nihoyannopoulos P, Robinson KC, Deanfield JE: Arrhythmia and prognosis in infants, children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:147-153.
79. Frenneaux MP, Counihan PJ, Caforio AL, Chikamori T, McKenna WJ: Abnormal blood pressure response during exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1990;82:1995-2002.
80. Olivotto I, Montereggi A, Mazzuoli F, Cecchi F: Clinical utility and safety of exercise testing in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G Ital Cardiol 1999;29:11-19.
81. Counihan PJ, Frenneaux MP, Webb DJ, McKenna WJ: Abnormal vascular responses to supine exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1991;84:686-696.
82. Maron BJ, Savage DD, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE: Prognostic significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A prospective study. Am J Cardiol 1981;48:252-257.
83. McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Nava A, Fontaliran F, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Fontaine G, Camerini F: Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Task Force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. Br Heart J 1994;71:215-218.
84. Monserrat L, Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Sharma S, Penas-Lado M, McKenna WJ: Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Anindependent marker of sudden death risk in young patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:873-879.
85. Fananapazir L, Chang AC, Epstein SE, McAreavey D: Prognostic determinants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prospective evaluation of a therapeutic strategy based on clinical, Holter, hemodynamic, and electrophysiological findings. Circulation 1992;86:730-740.
86. Kuck KH, Kunze KP, Schluter M, Nienaber CA, Costard A: Programmed electrical stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Results in patients with and without cardiac arrest or syncope. Eur Heart J 1988;9:177-185.
87. Saumarez RC, Slade AK, Grace AA, Sadoul N, Camm AJ, McKenna WJ: The significance of paced electrogram fractionation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A prospective study. Circulation 1995;91:2762-2768.
88. Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd, Maron MS, Almquist AK, Link MS, Udelson JE: Primary prevention of sudden death as a novel treatment strategy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2003;107:2872-2875.
89. Robinson K, Frenneaux MP, Stockins B, Karatasakis G, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ: Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A longitudinal study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:1279-1285.
90. Spirito P, Lakatos E, Maron BJ: Degree of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1217-1222.
91. McKenna WJ, Harris L, Rowland E, Kleinebenne A, Krikler DM, Oakley CM, Goodwin JF: Amiodarone for long-term management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1984;54:802-810.
92. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP, Bardy GH, Favale S, Rea RF, Boriani G, Estes NA 3rd, Spirito P: Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:365-373.
93. McKenna WJ, Oakley CM, Krikler DM, Goodwin JF: Improved survival with amiodarone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia. Br Heart J 1985;53:412-416.
94. Fananapazir L, Leon MB, Bonow RO, Tracy CM, Cannon RO, 3rd, Epstein SE: Sudden death during empiric amiodarone therapy in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:169-174.
95. Gilligan DM, Missouris CG, Boyd MJ, Oakley CM: Sudden death due to ventricular tachycardia during amiodarone therapy in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:971-973.
96. Exner DV, Klein GJ, Prystowsky EN: Primary prevention of sudden death with implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with cardiac disease: Can we afford to do it? (Can we afford not to?). Circulation 2001;104:1564-1570.
97. Chatrath R, Porter CB, Ackerman MJ: Role of transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in preventing sudden cardiac death in children, adolescents, and young adults. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:226-231.
98. Hauer RN, Aliot E, Block M, Capucci A, Luderitz B, Santini M, Vardas PE: Indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy. Study Group on Guidelines on ICDs of the Working Group on Arrhythmias and the Working Group on Cardiac Pacing of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1074-1081.
99. Peters S, Peters H, Thierfelder L: Risk stratification of sudden cardiac death and malignant ventricular arrhythmias in right ventricular dysplasia-cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 1999;71:243-250.
100. Gemayel C, Pelliccia A, Thompson PD: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1773-1781.
101. Marcus FI, Fontaine G: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: A review. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995;18:1298-1314.
102. Niroomand F, Carbucicchio C, Tondo C, Riva S, Fassini G, Apostolo A, Trevisi N, Bella PD: Electrophysiological characteristics and outcome in patients with idiopathic right ventricular arrhythmia compared with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Heart 2002;87:41-47.
103. Kinoshita O, Fontaine G, Rosas F, Elias J, Iwa T, Tonet J, Lascault G, Frank R: Time- and frequency-domain analyses of the signal-averaged ECG in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Circulation 1995;91:715-721.
104. Turrini P, Angelini A, Thiene G, Buja G, Daliento L, Rizzoli G, Nava A: Late potentials and ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:1214-1219.
105. Corrado D, Basso C, Thiene G, McKenna WJ, Davies MJ, Fontaliran F, Nava A, Silvestri F, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Wlodarska EK, Fontaine G, Camerini F: Spectrum of clinicopathologic manifestations of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: A multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1512-1520.
106. Schionning JD, Frederiksen P, Kristensen IB: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia as a cause of sudden death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:345-348.
107. Munclinger MJ, Patel JJ, Mitha AS: Follow-up of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy dysplasia. S Afr Med J 2000;90:61-68.
108. Bauce B, Nava A, Rampazzo A, Daliento L, Muriago M, Basso C, Thiene G, Danieli GA: Familial effort polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy map to chromosome 1q42-43. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:573-579.
109. Fung WH, Sanderson JE: Clinical profile of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in Chinese patients. Int J Cardiol 2001;81:9-18; Discussion 20.
110. Basso C, Thiene G, Corrado D, Angelini A, Nava A, Valente M: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Dysplasia, dystrophy, or myocarditis? Circulation 1996;94:983-991.
111. Fornes P, Ratel S, Lecomte D: Pathology of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia - An autopsy study of 20 forensic cases. J Forensic Sci 1998;43:777-783.
112. Furlanello F, Bertoldi A, Dallago M, Furlanello C, Fernando F, Inama G, Pappone C, Chierchia S: Cardiac arrest and sudden death in competitive athletes with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21(1 Pt 2):331-335.
113. Burke AP, Robinson S, Radentz S, Smialek J, Virmani R: Sudden death in right ventricular dysplasia with minimal gross abnormalities. J Forensic Sci 1999;44:438-443.
114. Peters S: Left ventricular impairment in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: What we can learn from angiography. Cardiology 1995;86:473-476.
115. Hodgkinson KA, Parfrey PS, Bassett AS, Kupprion C, Drenckhahn J, Norman MW, Thierfelder L, Stuckless SN, Dicks EL, McKenna WJ, Connors SP: The impact of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy on survival in autosomal-dominant arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVD5). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:400-408.
116. Link MS, Wang PJ, Haugh CJ, Homoud MK, Foote CB, Costeas XB, Estes NA, 3rd: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: Clinical results with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1997;1:41-48.
117. Wichter T, Paul M, Wollmann C, Acil T, Gerdes P, Ashraf O, Tjan TD, Soeparwata R, Block M, Borggrefe M, Scheld HH, Breithardt G, Bocker D: Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator therapy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: Single-center experience of long-term follow-up and complications in 60 patients. Circulation 2004;109:1503-1508.
118. Corrado D, Leoni L, Link MS, Della Bella P, Gaita F, Curnis A, Salerno JU, Igidbashian D, Raviele A, Disertori M, Zanotto G, Verlato R, Vergara G, Delise P, Turrini P, Basso C, Naccarella F, Maddalena F, Estes NA 3rd, Buja G, Thiene G: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for prevention of sudden death in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Circulation 2003;108:3084-3091.
119. Wichter T, Borggrefe M, Haverkamp W, Chen X, Breithardt G: Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease. Results in patients with inducible and noninducible ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1992;86:29-37.
120. Fontaine G, Tonet J, Gallais Y, Lascault G, Hidden-Lucet F, Aouate P, Halimi F, Poulain F, Johnson N, Charfeddine H, Frank R: Ventricular tachycardia catheter ablation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: A 16-year experience. Curr Cardiol Rep 2000;2:498-506.
121. Maron BJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:Asystematic review. JAMA 2002;287:1308-1320.
122. Cecchi F, Maron BJ, Epstein SE: Long-term outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy successfully resuscitated after cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:1283-1288.
123. Hulot JS, Jouven X, Empana JP, Frank R, Fontaine G: Natural history and risk stratification of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/ cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2004;110:1879-1884.
124. Roguin A, Bomma CS, Nasir K, Tandri H, Tichnell C, James C, Rutberg J, Crosson J, Spevak PJ, Berger RD, Halperin HR, Calkins H: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1843-1852.