Chemical composition of rock-forming minerals in gold-related granitoid intrusions, southwestern New Brunswick, Canada: Implications for crystallization conditions, volatile exsolution, and fluorine-chlorine activity

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology

Volumn 150, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 287-305

  Yang, Xue Ming ^a,b   Lentz, David R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK   (Canada)

^b Exploration ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY; DEVONIAN; GOLD; GRANITOID; HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSIT; SILURIAN;

CANADA; NEW BRUNSWICK; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 27744500462     PISSN: 00107999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00410-005-0018-7     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Abdel-Rahman AF (1994) Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline, and peraluminous magmas. J Petrol 25:525-541
2. Ague JJ, Brimhall GH (1988) Regional variations in bulk chemistry, mineralogy and the compositions of mafic and accessory minerals in the batholiths of California. Geol Soc Am Bull 100:891-911 10.1130/ 0016-7606(1988)100<0891:RVIBCM>2.3.CO;2
3. Baker T (2002) Emplacement depth and carbon dioxide-rich fluid inclusions in intrusion-related gold deposits. Econ Geol 97:1111-1117 0.2113/97.5.1111
4. Barr SM, White CE (1999) Field relations, petrology, and structure of Neoproterozoic rocks in the Caledonian Highlands, southern New Brunswick, Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 530, 101 pp
5. FP Bierlein R Whitam S McKnight R Dodd 2003 Intrusive-related gold systems in the western Lachlan Orogen, SE Australia. In: DG Eliopoulos (ed) Mineral exploration and sustainable development Millpress Rotterdam pp 239-242
6. Blundy JD, Holland TJB (1990) Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 104:208-224 10.1007/BF00306444
7. CW Burnham 1979 Magmas and hydrothermal fluids. In: HL Barnes (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits 2nd edn. Wiley New York pp 71-136
8. Burnham CW, Ohmoto H (1980) Late-stage processes of felsic magmatism. Mining Geol Spec Issue 8:1-11
9. Butt KA (1976) Genesis of granitic stocks in southwestern New Brunswick. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 235 pp
10. Candela PA (1989) Felsic magmas, volatiles, and metallogenesis. In: Whitney JA, Naldrett AJ (eds) Ore deposition associated with magmas. Rev Econ Geol 4:223-233
11. Candela PA (1997) A review of shallow, ore-related granites: Textures, volatiles, and ore metals. J Petrol 38:1619-1633 10.1093/petrology/ 38.12.1619
12. Candela PA, Piccoli PM (1995) Model ore-metal partitioning from melts into vapor and vapor/brine mixtures. In: Thompson JFH (ed) Magmas, fluids, and ore deposits. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, vol 23, pp 101-127
13. Cherry ME (1976) The petrogenesis of granites in the St. George Batholith, southwestern New Brunswick, Canada. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 242 pp
14. Cherry ME, Trembath LT (1978) Structural state and composition of alkali feldspars in granites of the St. George pluton, south-western New Brunswick. Mineral Mag 42:391-399
15. Chi G (2002) Fluid compositions and temperature-pressure conditions of intrusion-related gold systems in southwestern New Brunswick - a fluid inclusion study. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2002-E13:1-11
16. Clemens JD, Vielzeuf D (1987) Constraints on melting and magma production in the crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 86:287-306 10.1016/ 0012-821X(87)90227-5
17. Clemens JD, Watkins JM (2001) The fluid regime of high temperature metamorphism during granitoid magma genesis. Contrib Mineral Petrol 140:600-606
18. Coulson IM, Dipple GM, Raudsepp M (2001) Evolution of HF and HCl activity in magmatic volatiles of the gold-mineralized Emerald Lake pluton, Yukon Territory, Canada. Mineralium Deposita 36:594-606 10.1007/ s001260100191
19. 39Ar geochronological constraints. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2004-F2:1-20
20. Deer WA, Howie RA, Zussman J (1992) An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. Essex, Longman, 696 pp
21. Doebrich JL, Zahony SG, Leavitt JD, Portacio JSJr, Siddiqui AA, Wooden JL, Fleck RJ, Stein HJ (2004) Ad Duwayhi, Saudi Arabia: Geology and geochronology of a Neoproterozoic intrusion-related gold system in the Arabian Shield. Econ Geol 99:713-741 10.2113/99.4.713
22. Fan HR, Zhai MG, Xie YH, Yang JH (2003) Ore-forming fluids associated with granite-hosted gold mineralization at the Sanshandao deposit, Jiaodong gold province, China. Mineralium Deposita 38:739-750 10.1007/ s00126-003-0368-x
23. Frank MR, Candela PA, Piccoli PM, Glascock MD (2002) Gold solubility, speciation, and partitioning as a function of HCl in the brine-silicate melt-metallic gold system at 800 °C and 100 MPa. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 66:3719-3732 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00900-0
24. Fuhrman ML, Lindsley DH (1988) Ternary-feldspar modeling and thermometry. Am Mineral 73:201-215
25. Fyffe LR, Fricker A (1987) Tectonostratigraphic terrane analysis of New Brunswick. Maritime Sediments Atl Geol 23:113-122
26. Fyffe LR, Pickerill RK, Stringer P (1999) Stratigraphy, sedimentology and structure of the Oka Bay and Waweig formations, Mascarene Basin: implications for the paleotectonic evolution of the southwestern New Brunswick. Atl Geol 35:59-84
27. Gammons CH, Williams-Jones AE (1997) Chemical mobility of gold in the porphyry-epithermal environment. Econ Geol 92:45-59
28. Godbout J (1997) Application of the Al-in-hornblende geobarometer and the hornblende-plagioclase geothermometer to the St. George Batholith, in SW New Brunswick. Unpublished BSc Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 65 pp
29. Groves DI, Goldfarb RJ, Robert F, Hart CJR (2003) Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, exploration significance. Econ Geol 98:1-29 10.2113/98.1.1
30. Gunow AJ, Ludington S, Munoz JL (1980) Fluorine in micas from the Henderson molybdebite deposit, Colorado. Econ Geol 75:1127-1137
31. Hammarstrom JM, Zen E-an (1986) Aluminium in hornblende: An empirical igneous geobarometer. Am Mineral 71:1297-1313
32. Hammarstrom JM, Zen E-an (1992) Discussion of Blundy and Holland's (1990) Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 111:264-266
33. Harrison TM, Watson EB (1984) The behavior of apatite during crustal anatexis: Equilibrium and kinetic considerations. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 48:1467-1477 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90403-4
34. 2S-bearing aqueous solutions at 250-350 °C. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 55:2111-21226 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90091-I
35. Holland TJB, Blundy JD (1994) Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contrib Mineral Petrol 116:433-447 10.1007/BF00310910
36. Holtz F, Johannes W, Tamic N, Behrens H (2001) Maximum and minimum water contents of granitic melts generated in the crust: A reevaluation and implications. Lithos 56:1-14 10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00056-6
37. Ishihara S (1981) The granitoid series and mineralization. Economic Geology 75th Anniversary Issue, pp 458-484
38. Keith JD, Shanks WC (1988) Chemical evolution and volatile fugacities of the Pine Grove porphyry molybdenum and ash-flow tuff system, southwestern Utah. In: Taylor RP, Strong DF (eds) Recent advances in the geology of granite-related mineral deposits. Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special vol 39, pp 402-423
39. Keith JD, van Middelaar W, Clark AH, Hodgson CJ (1989) Granitoid textures, compositions, and volatile fugacities associated with the formation of tungsten-dominated skarn deposits. In: Whitney JA, Naldrett AJ (eds) Ore deposition associated with magmas. Rev Econ Geol 4:235-250
40. Keith JD, Christiansen EH, Maughan DT, Waite KA (1998) The role of mafic alkaline magmas in felsic porphyry-Cu and Mo systems. In: Lentz DR (ed) Mineralized intrusion-related skarn systems. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series 26, pp 211-24
41. Kirkham RV, Sinclair WD (1988) Comb quartz layers in felsic intrusions and their relationship to porphyry deposits. In: Taylor RP, Strong DF (eds) Recent Advances in the Geology of Granite-Related Mineral Deposits, Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special vol 39, pp 50-71
42. Lalonde AE, Bernard P (1993) Composition and color of biotite from granites: Two useful properties in the characterization of plutonic suites from the Hepburn internal zone of Wopmay orogen, Northwest Territories. Can Mineral 31:203-217
43. Lang JR, Baker T (2001) Intrusion-related gold systems: The present level of understanding. Mineralium Deposita 36:477-489 10.1007/ s001260100184
44. Lang JR, Baker T, Hart CJ, Mortensen JK (2000) An exploration model for intrusion-related gold systems. Soc Econ Geol Newslett 40:1-15
45. Le Maitre RW, Streckeisen A, Zanettin B, Le Bas MJ, Bonin B, Bateman P, Bellieni G, Dudek A, Efremova SA, Keller J, Lameyre J, Sabine PA, Schmid R, Sørensen H, Woolley AR (2002) Igneous rocks: A classification glossary of terms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 236 pp
46. Leake BE, Woolley AR, Arps CES, Birch WD, Gilbert MC, Grice JD, Hawthorne FC, Kato A, Kisch H, Krivovivhev VG, Linthout K, Laird J, Mandarino JA, Maresch WV, Nickel EH, Rock NMS, Schumacher JC, Smith DC, Stephenson NCN, Ungaretti L, Whittaker EJW, Guo Y (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles: Report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Am Mineral 82:1019-1037
47. Lentz DR (1992) Petrogenesis and geochemical composition of biotites in rare-element granitic pegmatites in the southwestern Grenville Province, Canada. Minerals Petrol 46:239-256 10.1007/BF01164649
48. Lentz DR (1994) Exchange reactions in hydrothermally altered rocks: examples from biotite-bearing assemblages. In: Lentz DR (ed) Alteration and alteration processes associated with ore-forming systems. Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 11, pp 69-99
49. Lentz DR, Fowler AD (1992) A dynamic model for graphic quartz-feldspar intergrowths in granitic pegmatites in the southwestern Grenville Province. Can Mineral 30:571-585
50. Lentz DR, Gregoire C (1995) Petrology and mass-balance constraints on major-, trace-, and rare-earth-element mobility in porphyry-greisen alteration associated with the epizonal True Hill granite, southwestern New Brunswick, Canada. J Geochem Explor 52:303-331 10.1016/ 0375-6742(94)00059-K
51. Lentz DR, McAllister AL (1990) The petrogenesis of tin- and sulfide-lode mineralization at True Hill, southwestern New Brunswick. Atl Geol 26:139-155
52. Lentz DR, Thorne KG, Yang XM (2002) Preliminary analysis of the controls on the various episodes of gold mineralization at the Lake George antimony deposit, New Brunswick. In: Carroll BMW (ed) Current Research 2002, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy Division, Mineral Resource Report 02-1, pp 55-79
53. Martin RF (1988) The K-feldspar mineralogy of granites and rhyolites: A generalized case of pseudomorphism of the magmatic phase. Rendiconti Della Società Italiana Di Mineralogia e Petrologia 43:343-354
54. McCoy D, Newberry RJ, Layer P, DiMarchi JJ, Bakke A, Masterman JS, Minehane DL (1997) Plutonic-related gold deposits of Interior Alaska. Econ Geol Monogr 9:191-241
55. McCutcheon SR, Sinclair WD, Kooiman GJA (2001) The Late Devonian Mount Pleasant Caldera: Geological setting of a W-M0-Sn-In deposit in southwestern New Brunswick. In: Pickerill R, Lentz DR (eds) Guidebook to field trips in New Brunswick and western Maine, 93rd Annual Meeting New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, pp B5-B14
56. McLeod MJ (1990) Geology, geochemistry, and related mineral deposits of the Saint George Batholith; Charlotte, Queens, and Kings Counties, New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral Resources, Mineral Resource Report 5, 169 pp
57. McLeod MJ, Fyffe LR (2002) Geology and gold occurrences, Clarence Stream area, southwestern New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy; Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Plate 38A
58. McLeod MJ, McCutcheon SR (2000) Gold environments in New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Minerals and Energy Division, Map Plate 2000-8
59. McLeod MJ, Johnson SC, Ruitenberg AA (1994) Geological map of southwestern New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral Resources, Map NR-5
60. van Middlelaar WT, Keith JD (1990) Mica chemistry as an indicator of oxygen and halogen fugacities in the CanTung and other W-related granitoids in the North American Cordillera. In: Stein HJ, Hannah JL (eds) Ore-bearing granite systems; petrogenesis and mineralizing processes. Geological Society of America Special Paper 246, pp 205-220
61. Miller BV, Fyffe LR (2002) Geochronology of the Letete and Waweig formations, Mascarene Group, southwestern New Brunswick. Atl Geol 38:29-36
62. Montel JM (1993) A model for monazite/melt equilibrium and application to the generation of granitic magmas. Chem Geol 110:127-146 10.1016/ 0009-2541(93)90250-M
63. Müller D, Groves DI (1993) Direct and indirect associations between potassic igneous rocks, shaoshonites and gold-copper deposits. Ore Geol Rev 8:383-406 10.1016/0169-1368(93)90035-W
64. D Müller DI Groves 2000 Potassic igneous rocks and associated gold-copper mineralization Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 252 pp
65. Munoz JL (1984) F-OH and Cl-OH exchange in micas with application to hydrothermal systems. In: Bailey SW (ed) Micas. Rev Mineral 13:469-494
66. Munoz JL (1992) Calculation of HF and HCl fugacities from biotite compositions: Revised equations. Geological Society of American, Abstracts with Programs 24:221
67. Munoz JL, Swenson A (1981) Chloride-hydroxyl exchange in biotite and estimation of relative HCl/HF activities in hydrothermal fluids. Econ Geol 76:2212-2221
68. Piccoli PM, Candela PA, Williams TJ (1999) Estimation of aqueous HCl and Cl concentrations in felsic systems. Lithos 46:591-604 10.1016/ S0024-4937(98)00084-X
69. Poli S, Schmidt MW (1992) A comment on "Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer" by Blundy JD and Holland TJB (Contrib Mineral Petrol, 1990, 104:208-224). Contrib Mineral Petrol 111:273-278
70. Richards JP (1995) Alkalic-type epithermal gold deposits - a review. In: Thompson JFH (ed) Magmas, fluids, and ore deposits. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short course, Series vol 23, pp 367-400
71. Rieder M., Cavazzini G., D'Yakonov YS, Frank-Kamenetskii VA, Gottardi G, Guoggenheim S, Koval PV, Müller G, Neiva AMR, Radoslovich EW, Robert J-L, Sssi FP, Takeda H, Weiss Z, Wones DR (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. Can Mineral 36:905-912
72. - in biotite from volcanic rocks and xenoliths. Am Mineral 87:142-153
73. Rutherford MJ, Johnson MC (1992) Comment on Blundy and Holland's (1990) "Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer". Contrib Mineral Petrol 111:266-268
74. Rutter MJ, Van der Laan SR, Wyllie PJ (1989) Experimental data for a proposed empirical igneous geobarometer: Aluminum in hornblende at 10 kbar pressure. Geology 17:897-900 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1989)017<0897:EDFAPE>2.3.CO;2
75. Scaillet B, Holtz F, Pichavant M (1998) Phase equilibrium constraints on the viscosity of silicic magmas. 1. Volcanic-plutonic comparison. J Geophys Res 103:27257-27266 10.1029/98JB02469
76. Seal RR II, Clark AH, Morrissy CJ (1987) Stockwork tungsten (scheelite)-molybdenum mineralization, Lake George, southwestern New Brunswick. Econ Geol 82:1259-1282
77. Shabani AAT, Lalonde A, Whalen JB (2003) Composition of biotite from granitic rocks of the Canadian Appalachian orogen: A potential tectonomagmatic indicator? Can Mineral 41:1381-1396
78. Shaw CSJ, Penczak RP (1996) Barium-rich biotite and phlogopite from the Western and Eastern Gabbro, Coldwell alkaline complex, northwest Ontario.Can Mineral 34:967-975
79. Sinclair WD, Kooiman GJA, Martin DA (1988) Geological setting of granites and related tin deposits in the North Zone, Mount Pleasant, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, Part B, Paper 88-1B, pp 201-208
80. Speer JA (1984) Micas in igneous rocks. In: Bailey SW (ed) Micas. Rev Mineral 13:299-356
81. Stein E, Dietl C (2001) Hornblende thermobarometry of granitoids from the Central Odenwald (Germany) and their implications for the geotectonic development of the Odenwald. Mineral Petrol 72:185-207 10.1007/s007100170033
82. Stormer JC Jr (1975) A practical two-feldspar geothermometer. Am Mineral 60:667-674
83. Taylor RP (1992) Petrological and geochemical characteristics of the Pleasant Ridge zinnwaldite topaz granite, southern New Brunswick, and comparisons with other topaz-bearing felsic rocks. Can Mineral 30:895-921
84. 2O recycling in granite source regions and migmatite terrains. Lithos 56:33-45 10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00058-X
85. Thompson JFH, Newberry RJ (2000) Gold deposits related to reduced granitic intrusions. Rev Econ Geol 13:377-400
86. Thompson JFH, Sillitoe RH, Baker T, Lang GJR, Mortensen JK (1999) Intrusion-related gold deposits associated with tungsten tin provinces. Mineralium Deposita 34:323-334 10.1007/s001260050207
87. Thorne KG, Lentz DR, Hall DC, Yang xm (2002) Petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the granitic pegmatite and aplite dykes associated with the Clarence Stream gold deposit, southwestern New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2002-E12:1-13
88. Watson EB, Harrison TM (1983) Zircon saturation revisited: Temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth Planet Sci Lett 64:295-304 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90211-X
89. Whalen JB (1993) Geology, petrography, and geochemistry of Appalachian granites in New Brunswick and Gaspésie, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 436, 124 pp
90. Whalen JB, Fyffe LR, Longstaffe FJ, Jenner GA (1996) The position and nature of the Gander Avalon boundary, southern New Brunswick, based on geochemical and isotopic data from granitoid rocks. Can J Earth Sci 33:129-139
91. Whitney JA (1988) The origin of granite: The role and source of water in the evolution of granitic magmas. Geol Soc Am Bull 100:1886-1897 10.1130/ 0016-7606(1988)100<1886:TOOGTR>2.3.CO;2
92. Williams H, Dehler SA, Grant AC, Oakey GN (1999) Tectonics of Atlantic Canada. Geosci Can 26:51-70
93. Wones DR (1980) Contributions of crystallography, mineralogy, and petrology to the geology of the Lucerne pluton, Hancock County, Maine. Am Mineral 65:411-437
94. Wones DR (1989) Significance of the assemblage titanite + magnetite + quartz in granitic rocks. Am Mineral 74:744-749
95. Wones DR, Eugster HP (1965) Stability of biotite: Experiment, theory, and application. Am Mineral 50:1228-1272
96. Wyllie PJ (1977) Crustal anatexis: An experimental review. Tectonophysics 43:41-71 10.1016/0040-1951(77)90005-1
97. Yang XM, Lentz DR, Chi G (2002a) Petrochemistry of Lake George granodiorite stock and related Au mineralization, York County, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2002-D7:1-10
98. Yang XM, Lentz DR, Hall DC, Chi G (2002b) Petrology of the Lake George granodiorite stock, New Brunswick: Implications for crystallization conditions, volatile exsolution, and W-Mo-Au-Sb mineralization. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2002-E14:1-12
99. Yang XM, Lentz DR, McCutcheon SR (2003) Petrochemical evolution of subvolcanic granitoid intrusions within the Late Devonian Mount Pleasant Caldera, southwestern New Brunswick, Canada: Comparison of Au versus Sn-W-Mo-polymetallic mineralization systems. Atl Geol 39:97-121
100. Yang XM, Lentz DR, Chi G, Kyser TK (2004a) Fluid-mineral reaction in the Lake George granodiorite, New Brunswick: Implications for Au-W-Mo-Sb mineralization. Can Mineral 42:1443-1464
101. Yang XM, Lentz DR, Chi G, Thorne KG (2004b) Petrochemical characteristics of gold-related granitoids in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada. Exploration and Mining Geology (in press)
102. Zhu C, Sverjensky DA (1991) Partitioning of F-Cl-OH between minerals and hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 55:1837-1858 10.1016/ 0016-7037(91)90028-4