Electromagnetic bias at off-nadir incidence angles

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 110, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 1-13

  Millet, Floyd W ^a   Warnick, Karl F ^a   Arnold, David V ^a  

^a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NADIR;

EID: 27744498827     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004JC002704     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Arnold, D. V. (1992), Electromagnetic bias in radar altimetry at microwave frequencies, Ph.D. thesis, Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge.
2. Arnold, D. V., W. K. Melville, R. H. Stewart, J. A. Kong, W. C. Keller, and E. Lamarre (1995), Measurements of electromagnetic bias at Ku and C bands, J. Geophys. Res., 100(C1), 969-980.
3. Barrick, D. E., and W. H. Peake (1968), A review of scattering from surfaces with different roughness scales, Radio Sci., 3(8), 865-868.
4. Brown, G. S. (1978), Backscattering from a Gaussian-distributed perfectly conducting rough surface, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 26(3), 472-482.
5. Cox, C., and W. H. Munk (1956), Slopes of the sea surface deduced from photographs of sun glitter, Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., 6(9), 401-488.
6. Elfouhaily, T., B. Chapron, K. Katsaros, and D. Vandemark (1997), A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves, J. Geophys. Res., 102(C7), 15,1781-15,796.
7. Elfouhaily, T., D. R. Thompson, B. Chapron, and D. Vandemark (2000), Improved electromagnetic bias theory, J, Geophys. Res., 105(C1), 1299-1310.
8. Elfouhaily, T., D. R. Thompson, B. Chapron, and D. Vandemark (2001), Improved electromagnetic bias theory: Inclusion of hydrodynamic modulations, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C3), 4655-4664.
9. Fung, A. K., and H. Chan (1969), Backscattering of waves by composite rough surfaces, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 17(5), 590-597.
10. Gommenginger, C., M. Srokosz, J. Wolf, and P. Janssen (2003), An investigation of altimeter sea state bias theories, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C1), 3011, doi:10.1029/2001JC001174.
11. Hevizi, L. G., E. J. Walsh, R. E. McIntosh, D. Vandemark, D. E. Hines, R. N. Swift, and J. F, Scott (1993), Electromagnetic bias in sea surface range measurements at frequencies of the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 31(2), 376-388.
12. Jackson, F. C. (1979), The reflection of impulses from a nonlinear random sea, J. Geophys. Res., 84(C8), 4939-4943.
13. Longuet-Higgins, M. S. (1963), The effect of non-linearities on statistical distributions in the theory of sea waves, J. Fluid Mech., 17, 459-480.
14. Longuet-Higgins, M. S., and R. W. Stewart (1960), Changes in the form of short gravity waves on long waves and tidal currents, J. Fluid Mech., 8, 565-583.
15. Melville, W. K., F. C. Felizardo, and P. Matusov (2004), Wave slope and wave age effects in measurements of electromagnetic bias, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C07018, doi:10.1029/2002JC001708.
16. Miller, S. J., O. H. Shemdin, and M. S. Longuet-Higgins (1991), Laboratory measurements of modulation of short-wave slopes by long surface waves, J. Fluid Mech., 233, 389-404.
17. Millet, F. W., and K. F. Warnick (2004), Validity of rough surface backscattering models, Waves Random Media, 14(3), 327-347.
18. Millet, F., D. Arnold, K. F. Warnick, and J. Smith (2003), Electromagnetic bias estimation using in situ and satellite data: RMS wave slope, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C2), 3040, doi:10.1029/2001JC001095.
19. Picardi, G., R. Seu, S. G. Sorge, and M. M. Neira (1998), Bistatic model of ocean scattering, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 46(10), 1531-1541.
20. Plant, W. J. (2003), A new interpretation of sea-surface slope probability density functions, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C9), 3295, doi:10.1029/2003JC001870.
21. Rodriguez, E., Y. Kim, and J. M. Martin (1992), The effect of small-wave modulation on the electromagnetic bias, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C2), 2379-2389.
22. Srokosz, M. A. (1986), On the joint distribution of surface elevation and slopes for a nonlinear random sea, with an application to radar altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 91(C1), 995-1006.
23. Walsh, E., et al. (1991), Frequency dependence of electromagnetic bias in radar altimeter sea surface range measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 96(C11), 20,571-20,583.
24. Warnick, K. F., and D. V. Arnold (1998), Generalization of the geometrical optics scattering limit for a rough conducting surface, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci., 15, 2355-2361.