On errors in estimating seabed scattering strength from long-range reverberation (L)

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Volumn 118, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 2787-2790

  Holland, Charles ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ERROR ANALYSIS; SONAR;

GRAZING ANGLES; SCATTERING KERNEL; SCATTERING STRENGTH; SHALLOW WATER ACOUSTIC REVERBERATION;

REVERBERATION;

ACOUSTICS; ANALYTICAL ERROR; ARTICLE; LONG RANGE REVERBERATION; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCATTERING KERNEL; SEA; SEABED SCATTERING; SOUND DETECTION;

EID: 27744468287     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.2048947     Document Type: Article

References (18)

1. R. J. Urick, "Reverberation-derived scattering strength of the shallow sea bed," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 48, 392-397 (1970).
2. P. G. Cable, K. D. Frech, J. C. O'Connor, and J. M. Steele, "Reverberation-derived shallow-water bottom scattering strength," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 22, 534-540 (1997).
3. J. R. Preston, D. D. Ellis, and R. C. Gauss, "Geoacoustic parameter extraction using reverberation data from the 2000 boundary characterization experiment on the Malta Plateau," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. (to be published).
4. M. Sundvik, E. Rabe, and M. Vaccaro, "Mapping seabed acoustic reflection and scattering coefficients using tactical sonar systems," MTS/IEEE Oceans 99 proceedings, 1999, Vol. 2, pp. 1070-1075.
5. D. E. Weston, "Intensity-range relations in oceanographic acoustics," J. Sound Vib. 18, 271-287 (1971).
6. J. Zhou, D. Guan, E. Shang, and E. Luo, "Long-range reverberation and bottom scattering strength in shallow water," Chinese J. Acoust. 1982, 54-63 (1982).
7. C. H. Harrison, "Closed-form expressions for ocean reverberation and signal excess with mode stripping and Lambert's law," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114, 2744-2756 (2003).
8. Note that in Zhou et al. (Ref. 6), the reflection parameter Q is defined based on the plane wave pressure reflection coefficient so that Q=α/2. This Q should not be confused with the same symbol used in Ref. 7 to account for differences in the definition of the incident field on the seabed.
9. K. V. Mackenzie, "Bottom reverberation for 530 and 1030 cps sound in deep water," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 1498-1504 (1961).
10. H. M. Merklinger, "Bottom reverberation measured with explosive charges fired deep in the ocean," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 44, 508-513 (1968).
11. P. B. Schmidt, "Monostatic and bistatic backscattering measurements from the deep ocean bottom," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50, 326-331 (1971).
12. I. C. Smailes, "Bottom reverberation measurements at low grazing angles in the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 1482-1486 (1978).
13. C. W. Holland, R. Hollett, and L. Troiano, "A measurement technique for bottom scattering in shallow water," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 997-1011 (2000).
14. C. W. Holland, "Shallow water coupled scattering and reflection measurements," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 27, 454-470 (2002).
15. The approximation is worst at small values of the argument of the exponent, however, even at very small values of the argument, the error in the approximation is modest. For example, when the argument is 5e-3, the difference between the approximation and the exact solution is less than 0.5 dB.
16. Eqs. (7) and (8) do allow an arbitrary angular dependence for the scattering for a direct path geometry, i.e., single interaction with the seabed, but do not allow an arbitrary dependence for a waveguide propagation.
17. c may further add to the predicted errors.
18. 2/2H ≫ 1) is met at all frequencies except below a few hundred hertz. That is, above a few hundred hertz, the biases would be well estimated by setting the last terms in Eqs. (11) and (12) equal to unity.