Savagery in democracy's empire

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 55-65

  Ivie, Robert L ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; IMPERIALISM; NINETEENTH CENTURY; POLITICAL HISTORY;

EID: 27744444498     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0143659042000322900     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. For examples of how various regimes have visually caricatured their enemies as barbarians, see S Keen, Faces of the Enemy: Reflections on the Hostile Imagination, San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row, 1986, esp pp 43-47.
2. A substantial body of scholarship and commentary on American empire has been developing in recent years. Examples include, Anon, Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror, Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2004;
3. J Garrison, America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power?, San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2004;
4. M Mann, Incoherent Empire, London: Verso, 2003;
5. AJ Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of US Diplomacy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002;
6. C Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic, New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004;
7. C Boggs (ed), Masters of War: Militarism and Blowback in the Era of American Empire, New York: Routledge, 2003;
8. and J Newhouse, Imperial America: The Bush Assault on the World Order, New York: Knopf, 2003.
9. I discuss these points in RL Ivie, Democracy and America's War on Terror, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2005.
10. K W Ritter & JR Andrews, The American Ideology: Reflections on the Revolution in American Rhetoric, Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association, 1978, pp 7-10.
11. RL Hatzenbuehler & RL Ivie, Congress Declares War: Rhetoric, Leadership, and Partisanship in the Early Republic, Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1983;
12. and RL Ivie, 'The metaphor of force in prowar discourse: the case of 1812', Quarterly Journal of Speech, 68 (3), 1982, pp 240-253.
13. RL Ivie, 'Progressive form and Mexican culpability in Polk's justification for war'. Central States Speech Journal, 30 (4), 1979, pp 311-320.
14. McKinley, quoted in RL Ivie, 'William McKinley: advocate of imperialism'. Western Journal of Communication, 36 (1), 1972, pp 15-23.
15. D Pick, War Machine: The Rationalization of Slaughter in the Modern Age, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993, pp 3, 11, 16, 49, 100-102, 106, 108-114, 153-155, 186-188, 203, 227.
16. W Wilson, 'War message', quoted in RL Ivie, 'Images of savagery in American justifications for war', Communication Monographs, 47 (4), 1980, p 287.
17. MS Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States Since the 1930s, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995, pp 14, 38, 45, 83-85.
18. RL Ivie, 'Franklin Roosevelt's crusade against evil: rhetorical legacy of a war message', in L Rohler & R Cook (eds). Great Speeches for Criticism and Analysis, Greenwood, IN: Alistair Press, 2001, pp 98-105.
19. Sherry, In the Shadow of War, pp 96-98, 114-115.
20. RJ Lifton & G Mitchell, Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial, New York: Avon Books, 1995, p xiv;
21. and Truman, quoted in Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial, ibid, pp 4-6.
22. JW Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War, New York: Pantheon Books. 1986, pp x, 9.
23. Roosevelt, quoted in Ivie, 'Images of savagery', pp 287, 289.
24. RL Ivie, 'Fire, flood, and Red fever: motivating metaphors of global emergency in the Truman Doctrine speech', Presidential Studies Quarterly, 29 (3), 1999. pp 570-591.
25. Eisenhower, quoted in RL Ivie, 'Eisenhower as cold warrior', in MJ Medhurst (ed), Eisenhower's War of Words: Rhetoric and Leadership, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1994, pp 14-15.
26. Sherry, In the Shadow of War, pp 132- 34, 139.
27. See Ivie, 'Images of savagery', for a fuller account of these discursive dimensions.
28. RL Ivie, 'Speaking "common sense" about the Soviet threat: Reagan's rhetorical stance'. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 48 (1), 1984, pp 39-50.
29. See. for instance, Ivie, 'Metaphor of force'.
30. and RL Ivie, 'Literalizing the metaphor of Soviet savagery: President Truman's plain style', Southern Speech Communication Journal, 51 (2), 1986, pp 91-105.
31. RL Ivie, 'The ideology of freedom's "fragility" in American foreign policy argument'. Journal of the American Forensic Association, 24 (1), 1987, pp 27-36.
32. Sherry, In the Shadow of War, pp 431- 432, 441-442, 445-446, 461, 464, 467, 497.
33. See, for instance. Q Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp 320-321.
34. I Kant, 'To perpetual peace: a philosophical sketch', in Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace and Other Essays on Politics, History, and Morals, ed and trans Ted Humphrey, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 1983, pp 107-139.
35. I Kant, Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace and Other Essays on Politics, History, and Morals, Ibid, p 117.
36. There is a substantial literature on the current appropriation of the idea of a democratic peace, much of which is critically reviewed in RL Ivie, 'Democratizing for peace', Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 4 (2), 2001, pp 309-322.
37. D Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1992, p 2.
38. JD Simon, The Terrorist Trap: America's Experience with Terrorism, Bloomington. IN: Indiana University Press, 2001, pp xx, 8, 167, 178-179, 185, 195.
39. GW Bush delivering the commencement address at the US Air Force Academy, 'Transcript: Bush casts war on terrorism in historic terms', Washingtonpost.com, 2 June 2004, at http://www. washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A9946-2004Jun2? language = printer, accessed 3 June 2004.
40. RL Ivie, 'The rhetoric of Bush's "war" on evil', KB Journal, 1 (1), 2004, online at http://www.kbjournal.org.
41. NA Lewis, 'Ashcroft defends antiterror plan and says criticism may aid foes', New York Times on the Web, 7 December 2001, at http://www.nytimes.com, accessed 7 December 2001.
42. 'Remarks made by Senator Zell Miller', New York Times, 1 September 2004, at http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/01/politics/campaign/01TEXT-MILLER.html?adxnn1 = adxnnlx = 1094098085-v57iOoSoRBwndE6f9OMrQ, accessed 1 September 2004.
43. See, for example. Mann, Incoherent Empire, pp 159 163, 185 - 190;
44. and S Buck-Morss, Thinking Past Terror: Islamism and Critical Theory on the Left, London: Verso, 2003, pp 2-3, 10-12, 15, 27, 42, 65, 106.
45. 'Rumsfeld says terror outweighs jail abuse', Washingtonpost.com, 11 September 2004, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A11930-2004Sep10? language = printer, accessed 11 September 2004.
46. See, for example, an argument for agonistic pluralism in C Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox, London: Verso, 2000.
47. On this point, see RL Ivie, 'Prologue to democratic dissent in America', Javnost/The Public, 11 (2), 2004, pp 19-35.
48. J Dawes, The Language of War: Literature and Culture in the US from the Civil War through World War II, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p 21.
49. M de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans S Rendall, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984, pp xvii-xx.
50. R Bleiker, Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.