Global governance, dam conflicts, and participation

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 881-907

  Goulet, Denis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DAM; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; GLOBALIZATION; LOCAL PARTICIPATION; POLITICAL CONFLICT;

BRAZIL; SOUTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 27644576502     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2005.0036     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Prescriptions to improve global governance abound, e.g., The Handbook of Globalisation (Jonathan Michie ed., 2003);
2. Enhancing Global Governance: Towards A New Diplomacy? (Andrew F. Cooper et al. eds., 2002);
3. Richard Langhorne, The Coming of Globalization: its evolution and contemporary consequences (2001);
4. Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction (2000);
5. The Ends of Globalization: Bringing Society Back In (Don Kalb et al. eds., 2000);
6. Globalization and Global Governance (Raimo Väyrynen ed., 1999);
7. Paul Streeten, Globalisation: Threat or Opportunity? (2001);
8. Debating Development: NGOs and the Future (Deborah Eade & Ernst Ligteringen eds., 2001);
9. A Moral Critique of Development: In Search of Global Responsibilities (Philip Quarles van Ufford & Ananta Kumar Giri eds., 2003);
10. Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance (Archon Fung & Erik Olin Wright eds., 2003);
11. NGOS, the UN, & Global Governance (Thomas G. Weiss & Leon Gordenker eds., 1996).
12. See Karl Mannheim, Freedom, Power, and Democratic Planning 191 (1950). Mannheim distinguishes between market competition as organizing principle and as social mechanism. The former cannot produce a just society, he argues; the latter, at least in principle, can.
13. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree 8 (1999).
14. Thomas L. Friedman, Elephants Can't Fly, N.Y. Times, 29 Jan. 2004, at A27.
15. Alan Cowell, Economic Talks Draw Elite to Davos, but Have No Salient Issue, N.Y. Times, 21 Jan. 2004, at A5.
16. John D. Clark, Worlds Apart, Civil Society and the Battle for Ethical Globalization (2003).
17. Jan Aart Scholte, Global Civil Society, in The Political Economy of Globalization 173, 192-93 (Ngaire Woods ed., 2000).
18. World Bank Group, Dam Safety, available at www4.worldbank.org/legal/ legen/legen_dam.html. ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams) defines a large dam as one with a height of fifteen meters or more from the foundation. Dams between five and fifteen meters in height and having a reservoir volume of more than 3 million cubic meters are also classified as large dams. There are over 45,000 large dams around the world.
19. Francisco Suarez et al., Efectos Sociales de las Grandes Represas en América Latina (1984).
20. See generally Patrick McCully, Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams 2001);
21. Paul R. Josephson, Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World (2002).
22. Arundhati Roy, The Cost of Living 37-38 (1999).
23. See World Commission on Dams, Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making (2000).
24. Maggie Black, The Day of Judgement, New Internationalist, July 2001, at 9.
25. Daniel Bradlow, The World Commission on Dams' Contribution to the Broader Debate on Development Decision-Making, 16 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1531, 1533 (2001).
26. Biksham Gujja, Dams and Development - A Call for Follow-up Action, in The World Commission on Dams, Final WCD Forum: Report, Responses, Discussions and Outcomes 73, 74 (2001).
27. See, e.g., Reactions to the Report of the World Commission on Dams, 16 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. (2001);
28. Navroz K. Dubash et al., A Watershed in Global Governance? An Independent Asessment of the World Commission on Dams (2001).
29. World Commission on Dams, supra note 12, at 209.
30. Milton Santos, Por uma Outra Globalização: Do Pensamento Único à Consciência Universal (2001).
31. Celso Furtado, O Capitalismo Global (1998);
32. Celso Barroso Leite, Antologia Informal da Globalização (2000);
33. César Benjamin, A Opção Brasileira (1998);
34. J. Magalhães, Brasil Século XXI, Uma Alternativa ao Modelo Neoliberal (2000);
35. M. Tavares, Destruição Nō Criadora (1999);
36. Reinaldo Gonçalves, Globalização e Desnacionalização (1999);
37. Elenaldo Celso Teixeira, O Local e O Global: Limites e Desafios da Participação Cidadã (2001);
38. Rubens Ricupero & Sérgio França Danese, O Ponto Ótimo da Crise (1998);
39. Liszt Vieira, Os Aragonautas da Cidadania (2001);
40. Octávio Ianni, Teorias da Globalização (2000);
41. Cristovam Buarque, A Revolução nas Prioridades: Da modernidade técnica à modernidade ética (2000);
42. Rogério Haesbaert, Globalização e Fragmentação no Mundo Contemporâneo (2001);
43. Roberto Luis Troster, Um Novo Século, Um Novo Brasil (2001).
44. See Tony Smith, Argentina and Brazil Align to Fight U.S. Trade Policy, N.Y. Times, 21 Oct. 2003, at W1;
45. 3 Hélio Pereira Bicudo & J.A. Guilhon Albuquerque, Relações Internacionais e sua Construção Jurídica (1998).
46. Helio Jaguaribe, Brasil: Alternativas e Saída 88 (2002).
47. Id. at 89.
48. Emerging-Market Indicators, Economist, 10 Jan. 2004, at 90.
49. The Year of Changing Unexpectedly, Economist, 3 Jan. 2004, at 23. By midyear 2004 disenchantment was already growing.
50. Jaguaribe, supra note 21, at 95.
51. Id. at 99.
52. Id. at 103.
53. Jagdish Bhagwati, Don't Cry for Cancún, Foreign Affairs, Jan.-Feb. 2004, at 52.
54. Bernard Cassen, Uma virada politica e cultural, in Forum Social Mundial, A Construção de um Mundo Melhor 15, 17 (Antonio David Cattani ed., 2001).
55. Cf. L. Silveira, Fórum Social Mundial, Impressões (2002).
56. Another World is Possible: Popular Alternatives to Globalization at the World Social Forum 354-55 (William F. Fisher & Thomas Ponniah eds., 2003).
57. François Houtart & François Polet, O Outro Davos: Mundialização de Resistências e de Lutas (2002).
58. C. Grzybowski, Sim, um outro mundo é possivel, in Forum Social Mundial, A Construção de um Mundo Melhor, supra note 29, at 22.
59. Raimo Väyrynen, Anti-Globalization movements at the Cross-Roads, in Policy Brief #4, at 1 (The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies/University of Notre Dame ed., 2000), available at www.nd.edu/~krocinst/contact.html.
60. C. Leite Neto, Lula diz não ser mais "militante da oposição," Folha de S. Paulo, 28 Jan. 2003, at A7.
61. Frances Korten, Report from the World Social Forum, Yes!, Spring 2004, available at www.yesmagazine.com/article.asp?ID=710.
62. Oxfam, Rigged Rules and Double Standards: Trade, Globalization, and the Fight against Poverty 6 (2002).
63. Global Compact, The Global Compact Corporate Leadership in the World Economy: Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations, in Media Room (15 Mar. 2001), available at www.ficci.com/ficci/index.htm.
64. State Government of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Participação e Solidariedade, A Construção de um Outro Mundo (2002).
65. Id. at 3.
66. Markus Brose & Alessandro Vanini Amaral, Metodologia Participativa: Uma Introdução a 29 Instrumentos (2001).
67. See Rebecca Abers, Inventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil (2000);
68. Luciano Fedozzi, O Poder da Aldeia, Gênese e Historia do Orçmento Participativo de Porto Alegre (2000).
69. Abers, supra note 41, at 70.
70. Id. at 71.
71. Id. at 75.
72. Luciano Fedozzi, Orçamento Participativo, Reflexões sobre a Experiência de Porto Alegre 186 (2001).
73. Sherry R. Arnstein, A Ladder of Citizen Participation, 35 J. Am. Institute of Planners 216, 217 (1969).
74. Cf. Internal assessments prepared by CHESF and the World Bank;
75. Maria Lia Corrêa de Araújo et al., Sonhos Submersos ou Desenvolvimento? Impactos sociais da Barragem de Itaparica (2000);
76. Henrique O. Monteiro de Barros, Reorganização Espacial e Mudança Social na Àrea do Reservatório de Itaparica (1985).
77. On the disaster at Sobradinho and its causes, see Anthony Hall, Grassroots Action for Resettlement Planning: Brazil and Beyond, 22 World Development 1795-96 (1994).
78. Cf. CHESF, Reservatório de Sobradinho, Reassentamento de Populações, Dados e Informações, (2d ed. Feb. 2004) (on file with author).
79. Siegfried Pater, O Bispo dos Excluídos: Dom José Rodrigues (1996).
80. Hall, supra note 48.
81. Corrêa de Araújo et al., supra note 47, at 199. Here, and elsewhere, translated by author.
82. Id.
83. Hall, supra note 48, at 1798.
84. E.B. Rice/OEDST, Early Experience with Involuntary Settlement: A Follow-Up, Case Study: Brazil - Itaparica 33-34 (5 Dec. 1997) (draft report for CHESF & Eletrobras, on file with author) (italics in original).
85. Interview with Paul Nascimento, Asesor da Secretaría Executiva, MME (Advisor, Executive Secretariat, Ministry of Mines and Energy), Brasilia, 11 Feb. 2003.
86. Corrêa de Araújo et al., supra note 47, at 53.
87. Interview with Corrêa de Araújo, Sociologist, FUNDAJ (Joaqim Nabuco Foundation), Recife, 27 July 2001.
88. Interview with João Paulo Maranhão de Aguiar, former Dam Construction Engineer CHESF, presently Advisor to the Presidency, CHESF (São Francisco Hydro-Electric Company), Recife, 31 July 2001.
89. Interview with Wilson Belfort, Engineer, CHESF (São Francisco Hydro-Electric Company), Recife, 15 Jan. 2002.
90. Denis Goulet, Participation in Development: New Avenues, 17 World Development 165, 166-68 (1989).
91. Denis Goulet, Three Rationalities in Development Decision-making, 14 World Development 301, 301 (1986).
92. Covering twenty-nine municipalities in four states. Population of the area (as of 2001) is 548,000. Programa Xingó, Relatório de Acompanhamento, at 4/9 (31 Mar. 2001) (report on file with author);
93. Programa Xingó, Xingó Informativo, Ano II e III, no. 4, at 1 (Nov. 2000-Apr. 2001) (report on file with author).
94. Programa Xingó, Relatório de Acompanhamento, supra note 62, at 4/ 19.
95. There are a reported 35,000 direct beneficiaries. See id. at 17/19. CHESF later extended Xingó Project activities to the Sobradinho Dam region.
96. ANA (Agéncia Nacional de Aguas), Gestão de Bacias no Brazil, Brasilia 7 (2002).
97. Id. at 5.
98. Id. at 4.
99. For details on the Watermark Project, including design, rationale, objectives, methodology, funding, administrative structure, research personnel, and anticipated results, see Projeto Marca D' Água (the Watermark Project), available at www.marcadagua.org.br.
100. IMAN (Instituto Manoel Novaes), ANA (Agencia Nacional de Aguas), & Ministerio Do Meio Ambiente, Governo Federal, O Comité da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco [hereinafter O Comité] (undated document on file with author).
101. Id. at 9.
102. Id.
103. Id. at 18.
104. Id.
105. Id. at 27.
106. Id. at 28.
107. Id. at 31.
108. Robert Goodland, New York Botanical Graden, Sobradinho Hydroelectric Project Environmental Impact Reconnaissance (Sep. 1973) (report on file with author).
109. Felicio Limeira de França & Margarida Dantas de Oliveira, Usina Hidroelectrica De Itaparica, Aspectos Ambientais De Projetos Cofinanciados Pelo Banco Mundial (1992).
110. The call for revitalization of the river(s) is a recurring theme of the study produced by an itinerant team making a cultural, environmental, and spiritual evaluation of the river. Cf. Luiz Flavio Cappio et al., Rio São Francisco, Uma Caminhada Entre Vita e Morte (2d. ed. 2000).
111. O Comité, supra note 69, at 38.
112. Rosana Garjulli, Construindo a Gestão Participativa, in O Comité, supra note 69, at 42. Translation the author's.
113. Id.
114. Updated reports on all basin committees can be found on the Watermark Project website, supra note 68.
115. Ministério da Integração Nacional (Ministry of National Integration), Transposição de Águas do São Francisco, Brasilia, at 27-28 (undated document on file with author).
116. A detailed study of Castanhão is important to trace the growth of participatory institutions in Ceará but lies beyond the scope of this article. Cf. Cássio Borges, A Face Oculta Da Barragem Do Castanhão, Em Defesa da Engenharia Nacional (The Hidden Face of Castanhão Dam, in Defense of National Engineering) (1999);
117. Governo do Estado do Ceará, Relatório Síntese das Atividades Desenvolvidas pelo Grupo de Trabalho Multi-Participativo para o Acompanhamento das Obras e Ações do Projeto Castanhão, 18.07.1995 a 30.12.2002 (on file with author).
118. On the organization and methodology of user committees, see Rosana Garjulli, A Participação dos Usuários na Implementação dos Instrumentos de Gestão de Recursos Hídricosos - O caso do Ceará 12 (2001) (unpublished paper presented to IV Diálogo Interamericano de Gerenciamento de Agua "Em Busca De Soluções," 22-26 Apr. 2001).
119. Cf., Guy Gran, Development by People: Citizen Construction of a Just World (1983);
120. Albert O. Hirschman, Getting Ahead Collectively: Grassroots Experiences in Latin America (1984); Action
121. For one alternative conceptualization, see Denis Goulet, Incentives for Development, the Key to Equity 159-63 (1989).
122. On the role of NGOs in reinforcing efforts at reform and rule change, see Andrew Gray, Development Policy, Development Protest: The World Bank, Indigenous Peoples, and NGOs, in The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots Movements 267 (Jonathan A. Fox & L. David Brown eds., 1998);
123. Deborah Moore & Leonard Sklar, Reforming the World Bank's Lending for Water: The Process and Outcome of Developing a Water Resources Management Policy, in The Struggle for Accountabilty, supra, at 345;
124. Lori Udall, The World Bank and Public Accountability: Has Anything Changed, in The Struggle for Accountabilty, supra, at 391.