More than just talk: Connecting science and decisionmaking

Environment

Volumn 47, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 6-21

  Jacobs, Katharine ^a,b   Garfin, Gregg ^a   Lenart, Melanie ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b Water Resources Research Cent   (United States)

^c Institute for the Study of Planet Earth ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY; FORECASTING; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; MASS MEDIUM; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SCIENCE; SOCIETY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 27644553921     PISSN: 00139157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/ENVT.47.9.6-21     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. See, for example, D. Cash, "Innovative Natural Resource Management: Nebraska's Model for Linking Science and Decisionmaking," Environment, December 2003, 8-20;
2. J. Soberón M., "Translating Life's Diversity: Can Scientists and Policymakers Learn to Communicate Better?" Environment, September 2004, 10-20;
3. and J. Walls, T. Rogers-Hayden, A. Mohr, and T. O'Riordan, "Seeking Citizens' Views on GM Crops: Experiences from the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand," Environment, September 2005, 22-36.
4. M. C. Lemos and B. J. Morehouse, "The Co-Production of Science and Policy in Integrated Climate Assessments," Global Environmental Change 15 (2005); 57-68;
5. and Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (NRC), A Climate Services Vision: First Steps toward the Future (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001).
6. See also S. C. Moser and L. Dilling, "Making Climate Hot: Communicating the Urgency and Challenge of Global Climate Change," Environment, December 2004, 32-46.
7. R. C. Bales, D. M. Liverman, and B. J. Morehouse, "Integrated Assessment as a Step toward Reducing Climate Vulnerability in the Southwestern United States," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85, no. 11 (2004): 1727-34;
8. R. Pulwarty, "NOAA-Office of. Global Programs: The Regional Assessments Program," The ENSO Signal, December 2000, http://www.ogp .noaa.gov/library/ensosig/ensosig12.htm;
9. and E. A. Parson, "Integrated Assessment and Environmental Policy Making: In Pursuit of Usefulness," Energy Policy 23, no. 4-5 (1995): 463-75.
10. U.S. Global Change Research Program, U.S. National Assessment of the Impact of Climate Variability and Change, National Synthesis Team Report to Congress (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
11. See http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/mpe/csi/risa/.
12. Lemos and Morehouse, note 2 above;
13. M. Lenart, T. Brown, R. Ochoa, H. Hockenberry, and G. Garfin, National Seasonal Assessment Workshop: Western States & Alaska: Final Report, March 28-April 1, 2005, Boulder, CO (Tucson: Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, University of Arizona, 2005);
14. and D. W. Cash et al., "Knowledge Systems for Sustainable Development," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, no. 14(2003): 8086-91.
15. T. J. Finan, C. T. West, D. Austin, and T. McGuire, "Processes of Adaptation to Climate Variability. A Case Study from the U.S. Southwest," Climate Research 21, no. 3 (2003): 299-310;
16. and M. Vásquez-León, C. T. West, and T. J. Finan, "A Comparative Assessment of Climate Vulnerability: Agriculture and Ranching on Both Sides of the US-Mexico Border," Global Environmental Change 13, no. 3 (2003); 159-73.
17. R. Carter and B. Morehouse, Climate and Urban Water Providers in Arizona: An Analysis of Vulnerability Perceptions and Climate Information, CLIMAS Report Series CL1-03 (Tucson: Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, University of Arizona, 2003).
18. The droughts of historic proportions mentioned here are historically significant in terms of decisionmakers' memories and include, most prominently, the 1999-2004 droughts.
19. J. L. Gamble et al., "Assessing the Impact of Climate Variability and Change on Regional Water Resources: The Implications for Stakeholders," in R. Lawford, D. Fort, H. Hartmann, and S. Eden, eds., Water: Science, Policy, and Management: Water Resources Monograph, Volume 16 (Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2004), 341-68.
20. E. K. Wise, and A. C. Comrie, "Meteorologically-Adjusted Urban Air Quality Trends in the Southwestern United States," Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005): 2969-80.
21. K. N. Kolivras, P. Johnson, A. C. Comrie, and S. R. Yool, "Environmental Variability and Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)," Aerobiologia 17, no. 1 (2001): 31-42.
22. K. N. Kolivras and A. C. Comrie, "Modeling Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) Incidence on the Basis of Climate Conditions," International Journal of Biometeorology 47, no. 2 (2003): 87-101.
23. A. C. Comrie, "Climate Factors Influencing Coccidioidomycosis Seasonally and Outbreaks," Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 6 (2005): 688-92.
24. P. C. Stern and W. E. Easterling, eds., Making Climate Forecasts Matter (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999);
25. and Cash et al., note 6 above, pages 8086-91.
26. H. C. Hartmann, T. C. Pagano, S. Sorooshian, and R. C. Bales, "Confidence Builders: Evaluating Seasonal Climate Forecasts from User Perspectives," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 83, no. 5 (2002): 683-97.
27. Ibid.;
28. and Forecast Evaluation Tool (Beta-Test Version 1.0), http://hydis4.hwr.arizona.edu/Forecast EvaluationTool/.
29. Analog scenarios are scenarios generated by using similar situations from the past to help shed light on future conditions. Using analog scenarios assumes that future climate will behave similarly to past climate. Dynamic scenarios use forecast models. The forecast models use geophysical data and are driven by equations describing the physical processes that generate, for example, weather and climate.
30. S. Rayner, D. Lach, and H. Ingram, "Weather Forecasts Are for Wimps: Why Water Resource Managers Do Not Use Climate Forecasts," Climatic Change 69, no. 2-3 (2005): 197-227.
31. N. P. Molotch, S. R. Fassnacht, R. C. Bales, and S. R. Helfrich, "Estimating the Distribution of Snow Water Equivalent and Snow Extent Beneath Cloud-Cover in the Salt-Verde River Basin, Arizona," Hydrological Processes 18, no. 9 (2004): 1595-611 (doi: 10.1002/hyp.1408).
32. Stem and Easterling, note 15 above.
33. N. Benequista, J. S. James, D. E. Austin, A. Gardner, and D. Prytherch, Pilot Stakeholder Assessment Report (Tucson, AZ: Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, 1999), http://www.ispe.arizona.edu/climas/pubs/ stakeholder/index.html.
34. D. P. Brown and A. C. Comrie, "Spatial Modeling of Winter Temperature and Precipitation in Arizona and New Mexico, USA," Climate Research 22, no. 2 (2002): 115-28.
35. F. Ni, T. Cavazos, M. K. Hughes, A. C. Comrie, and G. Funkhouser, "Cool-Season Precipitation in the Southwestern USA since AD 1000: Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Techniques for Reconstruction," International Journal of Climatology 22, no. 13 (2002): 1645-62;
36. and Climate Assessment for the Southwest (CLIMAS), Reconstructing Past Climate in the Southwest: Background, http://www.ispe.arizona .edu/climas/research/paleoclimate/background.html. Climate divisions are the 359 climatologically consistent regions in the 50 United States, as defined by NOAA. Each climate division data set is an average of 15-50 meteorological stations within the geographic boundaries of the division.
37. Southwest Climate Outlook, published monthly by CLIMAS in collaboration with the Arizona Cooperative Extension Service, accessible via http://www.ispe .arizona.edu/climas/forecasts/swoutlook.html.
38. R. Pulwarty and T. Melis, "Climate Extremes and Adaptive Management on the Colorado River: Lessons from the 1997-1998 ENSO Event," Journal of Environmental Management 63, no. 3 (2001): 307-24.
39. B. J. Morehouse, ed., The Implications of La Niña and El Niño for Fire Management: Workshop Proceedings (Tucson: Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, University of Arizona, 2000), http://www.ispe.arizona .edu/climas/conferences/fire2000/fireproc.pdf.
40. U.S. General Accounting Office, Wildfire Suppression Funding Transfers, GAO-04-612 (Washington, DC, 2004).
41. G. M. Garfin, T. Wordell, T. J. Brown, R. Ochoa, and B. J. Morehouse, "The 2003 National Seasonal Assessment Workshop: A Proactive Approach to Preseason Fire Danger Assessment," paper presented at the American Meteorological Society's 5th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology, Orlando, FL, 19 November 2003, http://ams.confex.com/ams/FIRE2003/5FIRE/ abstracts/71583.htm.
42. R. H. Carter et al., "Making Climate Information Matter in the U.S. Southwest," submitted to Human Organization 2005.
43. K. L. Jacobs, G. M. Garfin, and B. J. Morehouse, "Climate Science and Drought Planning: The Arizona Experience," Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41, no. 2 (2005): 437-45.
44. J. C. McPhee, A. C. Comrie, and G. M. Garfin, Drought and Climate in Arizona: Top Ten Questions and Answers: Final Report (Tucson: Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, University of Arizona, 2004), http://www.ispe.arizona. edu/climas/learn/drought/ DroughtQ&A.pdf.
45. T. Pagano, H. Hartmann, and S. Sorooshian, "Use of Climate Forecasts for Water Management: Arizona and the 1997-98 El Niño," Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37, no. 5 (2001): 1139-52.
46. Lemos and Morehouse, note 2 above.
47. D. W. Cash, "'In Order to Aid in Diffusing Useful and Practical Information...': Agricultural Extension and Boundary Organizations," Science, Technology & Human Values 26, no. 4 (2001): 431-53;
48. and S. S. Jagtap et al., "Responding to Stakeholders' Demands for Climate Information: From Research to Applications in Florida," Agricultural Systems 74, no. 3 (2002): 415-30.
49. Gamble et al., note 10 above, pages 341-68;
50. R. H. Carter and B. J. Morehouse, Climate and Urban Water Providers in Arizona: An Analysis of Vulnerability Perceptions and Climate Information Use, CLIMAS Report Series No. CL1-03 (Tucson: Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, University of Arizona, 2003), http://www.ispe.arizona.edu/climas/pubs/ CL1-03.html;
51. and K. Jacobs and R. Pulwarty, "Water Resource Management: Science, Planning and Decision-Making," in Lawford, Fort, Hartmann, and Eden, note 10 above, pages 177-204.
52. Finan, West, Austin, and McGuire, note 7 above.
53. Carter et al., note 30 above;
54. and Lemos and Morehouse, note 2 above.
55. K. Kirby, "Beyond Common Knowledge: The Use of Technical Information in Policymaking" (PhD dissertation, University of California, Davis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2000);
56. H. C. Hartmann, "Stakeholder Driven Research in a Hydroclimatic Context" (PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, 2001);
57. and Jacobs and Pulwarty, note 36 above.
58. Pagano, Hartmann, and Sorooshian, note 33 above.
59. NRC, Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003).
60. M. Vásquez-León, C. T. West, B. Wolf, J. Moody, and T. J. Finan, Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Farming Sector: A Case Study of Groundwater-Dependent Agriculture in Southeastern Arizona, CLIMAS Report Series No. CL1-02 (Tucson: Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, University of Arizona, 2002), http://www.ispe.arizona.edu/climas/pubs/CL1-02.html.
61. D. Austin, S. Gerlack, and C. Smith, Building Partnerships with Native Americans in Climate-Related Research and Outreach, CLIMAS Report Series No. CL2-00 (Tucson: Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, University of Arizona, 2000), http://www.ispe.arizona .edu/climas/pubs/CL2-00.html.
62. Bales, Liverman, and Morehouse, note 3 above.
63. T. P. d'Estrée and B. G. Colby, Braving the Currents: Evaluating Conflict Resolution in the River Basins of the American West (Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004).
64. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) senior scientist Michael Glantz describes another example: the very real costs of decisionmaking without any hedging for uncertainty, based on inaccurate forecasts of El Niño impacts. M. H. Glantz, ed., Once Burned, Twice Shy? Lessons Learned from the 1997-98 El Niño (Tokyo: The United Nations University, 2001).
65. Rayner, Lach, and Ingram, note 19 above.