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Vasamreddy CR, Dalal D, Eldadah Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of circumferential pulmonary vein catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2:42-48. Single-center report on the outcome of left atrial circumferential ablation including recommendations on how to prevent pulmonary vein stenosis (which occurred in two patients) by avoiding figure-of-eight lesions.
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Karch MR, Zrenner B, Deisenhofer I, et al. Freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a randomized comparison between 2 current ablation strategies. Circulation 2005; 111:2875-2880. A randomized and well designed study comparing the safety and effectiveness of two ablation techniques demonstrating a lower rate of pulmonary vein stenosis but no superiority of circumferential ablation over segmental pulmonary vein isolation (which is in contrast to a previous report by Oral et al., see reference 10).
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Wong T, Markides V, Peters NS, et al. Clinical usefulness of cryomapping for ablation of tachycardias involving perinodal tissue. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2004; 10:153-158. A smaller series of patients reporting on the safety of cryomapping and cryoablation in the vicinity of the compact atrioventricular node.
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Hoyt RH, Wood M, Daoud E, et al. Transvenous catheter cryoablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation: results of a feasibility study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28:S78-S82. A multicenter US study reporting the feasibility of cryoablation for ablation of atrial fibrillation using a first-generation cryoablation catheter with limited maneuverability. No single pulmonary vein stenosis or other serious adverse events occurred. Success rates are comparable with those obtained by radiofrequency energy.
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Wong T, Markides V, Peters NS, et al. Percutaneous isolation of multiple pulmonary veins using expandable circular cryoablation catheter. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2004; 27:551-554. Single-case experience with a new catheter design to isolate the pulmonary veins suggesting greater ease of use and shorter procedure times.
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Jin Y, Ross DL, Thomas SP. Pulmonary vein stenosis and remodeling after electrical isolation for treatment of atrial fibrillation: short- and medium term follow up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2004; 27:1362-1370. Single-center report on the time course of pulmonary vein luminal narrowing and remodeling (including both an increase as well as a resolution of pulmonary vein stenosis) assessed by direct pulmonary vein angiography in patients undergoing a redo pulmonary vein ablation procedure.
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Berkowitsch A, Neumann T, Ekinci O, et al. A decrease in pulmonary vein diameter after radiofrequency ablation predicts the development of severe stenosis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28:S83-S85. Reduction of the pulmonary vein diameter on the day after pulmonary vein ablation assessed by MR angiography was used to predict pulmonary vein stenosis. A reduction of more than 25% was a strong independent predictor of development of severe pulmonary vein luminal narrowing.
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Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
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Jander N, Minners J, Arentz T, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18:654-659. Transesophageal echocardiographic Doppler measurements were compared with MR imaging to diagnose pulmonary vein stenosis. Combining elevated peak velocity with pathologic flow patterns (turbulence, little flow variation) exhibited good correlation to MR scanning and thus reliably detected or excluded significant pulmonary vein stenosis.
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J Am Soc Echocardiogr
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Nanthakumar K, Mountz JM, Plumb VJ, et al. Functional assessment of pulmonary vein stenosis using radionuclide ventilation/perfusion imaging. Chest 2004; 126:645-651. A small but well described series of patients undergoing radionuclide ventilation/perfusion scanning and relating results to anatomic imaging (CT, direct pulmonary venography) and direct measurements of pulmonary vein-left atrium pressure to assess the functional impact of pulmonary vein luminal narrowing. Lung scanning may be a nearly optimal screening tool for pulmonary vein stenosis and is very useful in assessing the hemodynamic consequence of an anatomic pulmonary vein stenosis.
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Chest
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Packer DL, Keelan P, Munger TM, et al. Clinical presentation, investigation and management of pulmonary vein stenosis complicating ablation for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005; 111:546-554. The largest interventional single-center series from the Mayo Clinic on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary vein stenosis, with the longest follow-up published to date. Despite the fact that percutaneous procedures produce rapid and dramatic symptom relief in patients with highly symptomatic pulmonary vein stenosis, the problem of restenosis remains substantial and unresolved.
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Circulation
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