Commentary on the United Nations' high-level panel on threats, challenges and change

Journal of Conflict and Security Law

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 231-262

  Odello, Marco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27644444387     PISSN: 14677954     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jcsl/kri008     Document Type: Note

References (68)

1. UN, High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A more secure world: Our shared responsibility, UN doc. A/59/565, 2 December 2004, available at .
2. Ibid., note by the Secretary General, para. 5 (original italics).
3. Ibid.
4. See generally, Barry Buzan, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (1998).
5. UN SC, 'The responsibility of the Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security', UN doc. S/23500, 3046th meeting, 31 January 1992.
6. SC Res. 1328, 7 September 2000.
7. UN, Millennium Declaration, New York, 6-8 September 2000, UN doc. A/res./ 55/2, 8 September 2000, available at .
8. UN Secretary General, Address to the General Assembly, 23 September 2003, available at .
9. Ibid.
10. SC Res. 940 (1994).
11. SC Res. 1264 (1999).
12. Javier Solana, A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy, The European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 2003. The document was adopted by the Heads of State and Government during the European Council in Brussels on 12 December 2003, available at .
13. The documents include 'The London Declaration' (6 July 1990), available at ,
14. 'The Rome Declaration' (8 November 1991), available at ,
15. 'The Madrid Declaration' (8 July 1997), available at ,
16. (continued) The Alliance's Strategic Concept' (24 April 1999), available at ,
17. and the 'Prague Summit Declaration' (21-22 November 2002), available at .
18. See also Lionel Ponsard, 'The dawning of a new security era?', NATO Review (Autumn 2004), available at ,
19. and Lord Robertson, 'Change and continuity', NATO Review (Winter 2003), 2-6, available at .
20. OAS, Declaration on Security in the Americas, OAS doc. OEA/Ser.K/ XXXVIII, CES/DEC. 1/03 rev.1 (28 October 2003), available at .
21. The last document is Report of the Open-ended Working Group on the Question of Equitable Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the Security Council and Other Matters related to the Security Council, UN doc. A/57/47, 3 July 2003, available at .
22. See Report, 11.
23. Ibid., 11.
24. Report, paras 29-30.
25. Report, paras 24-28.
26. ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect (2001), available at .
27. Report, 12.
28. Ibid., 12.
29. Ibid., paras 32-36.
30. Ibid., paras 37-39.
31. Ibid., paras 40-43.
32. See Inis L. Claude, Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization (1971), ch. 12
33. Oscar Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice (1991), ch. XVII.
34. See Charles L. Glaser, 'Future Security Arrangements for Europe: Why NATO is Still Best', in George W. Downs (ed.), Collective Security beyond the Cold War (1994), 235.
35. Report, 11.
36. See generally Inger Österdahl, Threat to the Peace: The Interpretation by the Security Council of Article 39 of the United Nations Charter (1998).
37. Report, 25.
38. Ibid., paras 107-138.
39. Ibid., paras 129-134.
40. Ibid., para. 79.
41. Ibid., para. 179.
42. Ibid., para. 180(e).
43. Ibid., paras 180-182.
44. Three important international initiatives - the Interlaken, the Bonn-Berlin and the Stockholm Processes - took place between 1998 and 2002, with the objective of making UN sanctions more effective.
45. UN Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 'Adverse consequences of economic sanctions on the enjoyment of human rights', Res. 1997/35, 28 August 1997.
46. UN ECOSOC, UN doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/33, 21 June 2000.
47. UN SC, Establishment of the Working Group on Sanctions, UN doc. S/2000/ 319, 17 April 2000.
48. Manuel Besslerl, Richard Garfield & Gerard McHugh, Sanctions Assessment Handbook (2004) 1.
49. Report, para. 156.
50. Ibid., para. 94.
51. Ibid., para. 90.
52. Ibid., para. 187.
53. Ibid., para. 192.
54. Ibid., para. 197.
55. Ibid., para. 198.
56. See also the following section.
57. The expression is clearly taken from the ICISS document; see ICISS, loc. cit., fn. 20.
58. Report, para. 202.
59. Ibid., para. 205 (original italics).
60. Ibid., para. 207. It should be noted that those criteria were already identified by the ICISS document; see ICISS, loc. cit., fn. 20.
61. On problems of UN reform, see Paul Kennedy, 'UN Reform Is Stuck in a Catch-22', Financial Times, 26 October 2004.
62. See also Louis B. Sohn, 'Important Improvements in the Functioning of the Principal Organs of the United Nations that can be Made Without Charter Revision' (1997) 91 AJIL 663.
63. Report, 64.
64. UN doc. A/58/817, available at .
65. UN Charter, article 23.
66. Report, para. 256.
67. Ibid., para. 264.
68. Report, Annex I. The number in parentheses that appears after each summarised recommendation refers to the paragraph in the main report.