Measurements of ocean surface backscattering using an airborne 94-GHz cloud radar - Implication for calibration of airborne and spaceborne w-band radars

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

Volumn 22, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 1033-1045

  Li, Lihua ^a,b   Heymsfield, Gerald M ^b   Tian, Lin ^a   Racette, Paul E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACKSCATTERING; CALIBRATION; CLIMATOLOGY; CLOUDS; MILLIMETER WAVES; NATURAL FREQUENCIES; REMOTE SENSING; WIND EFFECTS;

AIRBORNE CLOUD RADAR; CALIBRATION REFERENCE; OCEAN SURFACE BACKSCATTERING; SPACEBORNE CLOUD RADAR;

METEOROLOGICAL RADAR;

BACKSCATTER; CALIBRATION; CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; REMOTE SENSING; SEA SURFACE;

EID: 27544515495     PISSN: 07390572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JTECH1722.1     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Barrick, D. E., 1974: Wind dependence of quasi-specular microwave sea scatter. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 22, 135-136.
2. Brown, G., 1978: Backscattering from a Gaussian-distributed perfectly conducting rough surface. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 26, 472-482.
3. Brown, G., 1990: Quasi-specular scattering from the air-sea interface. Surface Waves and Fluxes, Vol. 2, W. Plant and G. Geernart, Eds., Kluwer Academic, 1-40.
4. Caylor, I. J., G. M. Heymsfield, R. Meneghini, and L. S. Miller, 1997: Correction of sampling errors in ocean surface cross-sectional estimates from nadir-looking weather radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 203-210.
5. Chan, H. L., and A. K. Fung, 1977: A theory of sea scatter at large incident angles. J. Geophys. Res., 82, 3439-3444.
6. Clothiaux, E., M. Miller, B. Albrecht, T. Ackerman, J. Verlinde, D. Babb, R. Peters, and W. Syrett, 1995: An evaluation of a 94-Ghz radar for radar remote sensing of cloud properties. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 201-229.
7. Cox, C., and W. Munk, 1954: Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun's glitter. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 144, 838-850.
8. European Space Agency, 2001: EarthCARE - Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer. Five Candidate Earth Explorer Core Missions Assessment Rep. SP-1257(1), ESA Publication Division, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 135 pp.
9. Freilich, M. H., and B. A. Vanhoff, 2003: The relationship between winds, surface roughness, and radar backscatter at low incidence angles from TRMM precipitation radar measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 549-562.
10. Heymsfield, G. M., and Coauthors, 1996: The EDOP radar system on the high-altitude NASA ER-2 aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 795-809.
11. Heymsfield, G. M., B. Geerts, and L. Tian, 2000: TRMM precipitation radar reflectivity profiles as compared with high-resolution airborne and ground-based radar measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 2080-2102.
12. Hock, T. F., and J. L. Franklin, 1999: The NCAR GPS dropsonde. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 407-420.
13. Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, Eds., 1996: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 572 pp.
14. Iguchi, T., and R. Meneghini, 1994: Intercomparison of single-frequency methods for retrieving a vertical rain profile from airborne or spaceborne radar data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1507-1516.
15. Jackson, F. C., W. T. Walton, and D. E. Hines, 1992: Sea surface mean square slope from Ku-band backscatter data. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11 411-11 427.
16. Jones, W. L., L. C. Schroeder, and J. L. Michell, 1976: Aircraft measurements of the microwave scattering signature of the ocean. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 25, 52-61.
17. Kozu, T., 1995: A generalized surface echo radar equation for down-looking pencil beam radar. IEICE Trans. Commun., E78B, 1245-1248.
18. Kozu, T., S. Satoh, H. Hanado, T. Manabe, M. Okumura, K. Okamoto, and T. Kawanishi, 2000: Onboard surface detection algorithm from TRMM precipitation radar. IEICE Trans. Commun., E83B, 2021-2031.
19. Lhermitte, R., 1988: Cloud and precipitation remote sensing at 94 GHz. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 26, 1069-1089.
20. Li, L., and Coauthors, 2001: Retrieval of atmospheric attenuation using combined ground-based and airborne 95-GHz cloud radar measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 1345-1353.
21. Li, L., G. M. Heymsfield, P. E. Racette, L. Tian, and E. Zenker, 2004: A 94-GHz cloud radar system on a NASA high-altitude ER-2 aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 1378-1388.
22. Liebe, H., 1985: An updated model for millimeter-wave propagation in moist air. Radio Sci., 20, 1069-1089.
23. Masuko, H., K. Okamoto, M. Shimada, and S. Niwa, 1986: Measurements of microwave backscattering signatures of the ocean surface using X-band and Ka band airborne scatterometers. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13 065-13 083.
24. McGill, M. J., and Coauthors, 2004: Combined lidar-radar remote sensing: Initial results from CRYSTAL-FACE. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07203, doi:10.1029/2003JD004030.
25. Meneghini, R., and T. Kozu, 1990: Spaceborne Weather Radar. Artech House, 199 pp.
26. Meneghini, R., J. Eckerman, and D. Atlas, 1983: Determination of rain rate from a spaceborne radar using measurements of total attenuation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 21, 34-43.
27. Pazmany, A. L., R. E. McIntosh, R. Kelly, and G. Vali, 1994: An airborne 95-GHz dual polarization radar for cloud studies. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 1, 731-739.
28. Plant, W. J., 1977: Studies of backscatter sea return with a CW, dual-frequency, X-band radar. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 25, 28-36.
29. Plant, W. J., 2002: A stochastic, multiscale model of microwave backscatter from the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3120, doi:10.1029/ 2001JC000909.
30. Sadowy, G. A., and Coauthors, 1997: The NASA DC-8 airborne cloud radar: Design and preliminary results. Proc. Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp., Vol. 4, Singapore, Singapore, IEEE, 1466-1469.
31. Sekelsky, S. M., 2002: Near field reffectivity and antenna boresight gain corrections for millimeter-wave atmospheric radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 468-477.
32. Sekelsky, S. M., and R. E. McIntosh, 1996: Cloud observations with polarimetric 33 GHz and 95 GHz radar. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 59, 123-140.
33. Stephens, G. L., S. C. Tsay, P. W. Stackhouse, and P. J. Flatau, 1990: The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climate feedback. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1752.
34. Stephens, G. L., and Coauthors, 2002: The CloudSat mission and the A-Train. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1771-1790.
35. Ulaby, F. T., R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, 1981: Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive. Vol. 1. Artech House, 456 pp.
36. Valenzuela, G. R., 1978: Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves - A review. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 13, 61-85.
37. Wu, J., 1972: Sea-surface slope and equilibrium wind-wave spectra. Phys. Fluids, 15, 741-747.
38. Wu, J., 1990: Mean square slopes of the wind disturbed water surface, their magnitude, directionality, and composition. Radio Sci., 25, 37-48.