Pardon, punishment, and amnesia: Three African post-conflict methods

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 1117-1130

  Graybill, Lyn S ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL CONFLICT; DEVELOPING WORLD;

AFRICA; CENTRAL AFRICA; MOZAMBIQUE; RWANDA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 27544449353     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0143659042000256922     Document Type: Article

References (77)

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3. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vols 1-5, Cape Town: Juta, 1998, Vol 2, ch 3, p 190.
4. Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (Number 34), 1995.
5. See Wolfram Kistner, 'The Biblical understanding of reconciliation', in H Russel Botman & Robin Petersen (eds), To Remember and To Heal: Theological and Psychological Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation, Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1996, pp 79-95;
6. Peter Storey, 'A different kind of justice: Truth and reconciliation in South Africa', Christian Century, 114 (25), 1997, pp 788-793; and
7. Desmond Tutu, No Future Without Forgiveness, New York: Doubleday, 1999.
8. Seventy-seven percent of South Africans identify themselves as Christians.
9. See Lyn Graybill, Religion and Resistance Politics in South Africa, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995.
10. See Peter Walshe, Prophetic Christianity and the Resistance Movement in South Africa, Pietermaritzburg: Cluster, 1995.
11. Constitution of South Africa (Act 200), 1993.
12. Cited by Michael Battle, 'The ubuntu theology of Desmond Tutu', in Louise Hulley, Louise Kretzschmar & Luke Lungile Pato (eds), Archbishop Tutu: Prophetic Witness in South Africa, Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1996, p 104.
13. See Tina Rosenberg, 'Recovering from apartheid', The New Yorker, 72, 1996, p 90.
14. JS Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy, London: Heinemann, 1969, pp 108-109.
15. Njongonkulu Winston Ndungane, 'U'Tutu: Ngumntu Iowo', in Hulley et al, Archbishop Tutu, p 79.
16. Yvonne Mokgoro, 'Ubuntu and the law in Africa', cited in Tom Lodge, African Politics Since 1994, Cape Town: David Philip, 1999, p 52.
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19. Cited by Antjie Krog, Country of My Skull, Johannesburg: Random House, 1998, p 109.
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21. Ibid, p 182.
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23. Grahame Hayes, 'We suffer our memories: Thinking about the past, healing, and reconciliation, American Imago, 1 (55), 1998, p 47.
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26. Cited in Jonathan Tepperman, 'Truth and consequences', Foreign Affairs, 81 (2), 2002, p 144.
27. Mahmood Mamdani, 'Reconciliation without justice', South African Review of Books, 46, 1996, p 4.
28. John Carlin, 'New dawn in Rwanda as a nation forgives', Observer, 24 August 2003.
29. Alison des Forges, Leave None to tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999, pp 245-248.
30. Hugh McCullum, The Angels Have Left Us: The Rwanda Tragedy and the Churches, Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1995, p 65.
31. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol 5, 1998, p 351.
32. Amnesty was a compromise struck by political leaders in an effort to encourage the National Party to follow through with the transition; without the promise of immunity from prosecutions, the government would surely not have relinquished power.
33. 700 suspects have received the death penalty sentence.
34. At its peak there were 150 000 detainees, but conditional releases of 40 000 suspects awaiting gacaca hearings have greatly reduced the prison population. See IRIN, 2 May 2003.
35. Helena Cobban, 'Recovering from genocide: Rwanda's next steps', Christian Science Monitor, 13 June 2002.
36. Andrew England, 'United Nations tribunal struggles to be model of international justice in remote African towns', Associated Press, 4 May 2003.
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38. Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch Reports: Rwanda, 2003, at www.hrw.org/wr2k3/africa9.html.
39. Aloysius Habimana, 'What does "international justice" look like in post-genocide Rwanda?', Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs Human Rights Dialogue, Spring 2000, at http://www.cceia.org/viewMedia.php?prmTemplateID8&prmID615.
40. Mary Kimani, 'News analysTs: Independence and compensation: the key legal issues in gacaca', Internews, 26 November 2002.
41. There is a seven-step pre-trial process of identifying victims and categorising offences.
42. 'Perceptions about the gacaca law in Rwanda: Evidence from a multi-method study', Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, April 2001, p 13.
43. Amnesty International, Gacaca: A Question of Justice, December 2002, p 26.
44. 'Perceptions about the gacaca law in Rwanda', 2001, p 14.
45. Cobban, 'Recovering from genocide'.
46. Human Rights Watch, Rwanda.
47. 'Rwanda: Government extends deadline as tens of thousands confess to genocide crimes', IRIN, 18 March 2004.
48. Cobban, 'Recovering from genocide'.
49. Mary Kimani, 'Expensive justice: Cost of running the Rwanda Tribunal', Internews, 26 November 2002.
50. Amnesty International, 'Gacaca', p 30.
51. Stockman, 'The people's court', p 37.
52. Human Rights Watch, Rwanda; and Amnesty International, 'Gacaca', p 4.
53. Mark Drumbl, 'Innovations in transnational adjudications of international crimes in Rwanda', paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Montreal, 17-20 March 2004, p 8.
54. Priscilla Hayner, Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity, New York: Routledge, 2001, p 187.
55. Harry West, ' "These wounds do not heal": Torture, memory and the limits of narration in post-war Mozambique', 2001, p 34, unpublished manuscript.
56. Harry West, ' "These wounds do not heal": Torture, memory and the limits of narration in post-war Mozambique', 2001, p 34, unpublished manuscript.
57. Edward C Green & Alcinda Honwana, 'Indigenous healing of war affected children in Africa', IK Notes (World Bank), 10, 1999.
58. Carolyn Nordstrom, A Different Kind of War Story, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1997, p 232.
59. Ibid, pp 209-210.
60. Ibid, p 147.
61. Ibid, 210.
62. Alcinda Honwana, 'The collective body: Challenging Western concepts of trauma and healing', Track Two, 8 (1), 1999, pp 30-35.
63. Hayner, Unspeakable Truths, p 193.
64. Honwana, 'The collective body'.
65. Hayner, Unspeakable Truths, pp 192-193.
66. Nordstrom, A Different Kind of War Story, p 146.
67. Honwana, 'The collective body'.
68. Ibid.
69. Cited in Sally Baden, 'Post-conflict Mozambique: Women's special situation, Population Issues and Gender Perspectives: To be integrated into skills training and employment promotion,' Report No. 44, Brighton Institute of Development Studies, June 1997, p 5.
70. Cited in Carol Thompson, 'Beyond civil society: Child soldiers as citizens in Mozambique', Review of African Political Economy, 80, 1999 p 191.
71. Graham Harrison, 'Conflict resolution in a "non-conflict situation": tension and reconciliation in Mecufi, Northern Mozambique', Review of African Political Economy, 81, 1999, p 410.
72. Nordstrom, A Different Kind of War Story, p 230.
73. 'Dhlakama threatens to seize power', AIM (Maputo), 29 September 2003.
74. Jeremy Weinstein, 'Mozambique: A fading UN success story', Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), 2002, p 153.
75. Vamik Volkan, 'Traumatized societies and psychological care: Expanding the concept of preventive medicine', Mind and Human Interaction, 11 (3), 2000, pp 177-194.
76. See US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Mozambique, 1995-2002.
77. Hayner, Unspeakable Truths, p 187.