So weird; so cool; so innovative: The use of intensifiers in the television series friends

American Speech

Volumn 80, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 280-301

  Tagliamonte, Sali ^a   Roberts, Chris ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27444443347     PISSN: 00031283     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00031283-80-3-280     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. Bäcklund, Ulf. 1973. The Collocation of Adverbs of Degree in English. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.
2. Bailey, Guy. 2002. "Real and Apparent Time." In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ed. J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling-Estes, 312-32. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
3. Barthes, Roland. 1957. Mythologies. Paris: Seuil.
4. Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow, Eng.: Longman.
5. Bolinger, Dwight. 1972. Degree Words. The Hague: Mouton.
6. Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
7. Chambers J. K. 2003. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance. Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell.
8. Fries, Charles Carpenter. 1940. American English Grammar: The Grammatical Structure of Present-Day American English with Especial Reference to Social Differences or Class Dialects. New York: Appleton-Century.
9. Ginsburg, Dan. 2004. "Friends Ratings." http://newmusicandmore. tripod.com/friendsratings.html (accessed Mar. 2, 2005).
10. Ito, Rika, and Sali Tagliamonte. 2003. "Well Weird, Right Dodgy, Very Strange, Really Cool: Layering and Recycling in English Intensifiers." Language in Society 32: 257-79.
11. Jespersen, Otto. 1922. Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin. London: Allen and Unwin.
12. Key, Mary Ritchie. 1975. Male/Female Language. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow.
13. Kim, Jae-Ha. 1995. Best of Friends: The Unofficial "Friends" Companion. New York: HarperPerennial.
14. Labov, William. 1984. "Intensity." In Meaning, Form and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications, ed. Deborah Schiffrin, 43-70. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
15. _. 1990. "The Intersection of Sex and Social Class in the Course of Linguistic Change." Language Variation and Change 2: 205-54.
16. Lakoff, Robin. 1973. Language and Woman's Place. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
17. Lorenz, Gunter. 2002. "Really worthwhile or not really significant? A Corpus-Based Approach to the Delexicalization and Grammaticalization of Intensifiers in Modern English." In New Reflections on Grammaticalization, ed. Isle Wischer and Gabriele Diewald, 143-61. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
18. Méndez-Naya, Belén. 2003. "On Intensifiers and Grammaticalization: The Case of SWIPE." English Studies 84: 3714-91.
19. Mustanoja, Tauno F. 1960. A Middle English Syntax. Part 1, Parts of Speech. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.
20. OED2. Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd ed. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
21. The One That Goes behind the Scenes. 1999. 42 min. U.S.: Discovery Channel. Also found in the friends, seasons 5, DVD box set, Warner Home Video.
22. Partington, Alan. 1993. "Corpus Evidence of Language Change: The Case of Intensifiers." In Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair, ed. Mona Baker, Gill Francis, and Elena Tognini-Bonelli, 177-92. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
23. Partridge, Eric. 1970. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: Colloquialisms and Catch-Phrases, Solecisms and Catachreses, Nicknames, Vulgarisms and Such Americanisms as Have Been Naturalized. 2 vols. London: Routledge and Paul.
24. Peters, Hans. 1994. "Degree Adverbs in Early Modern English." In Studies in Early Modern English, ed. Dieter Kastovsky, 269-88. Berlin: dc Gruyter.
25. Poplack, Shana, and Sali Tagliamonte. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
26. Quirk, Randolf, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. New York: Longman.
27. Rand, David, and David Sankoff. 1990. GoldVarb: A Variable Rule Application for the Macintosh. Version 2. Montreal: Centre de recherches mathématiques, Université de Montréal. http://www.crm. umontreal.ca/~sankoff/GoldVarbManual.Dir/.
28. Sitcoms Online. 2002-4. "Friends Online." http://www. sitcomsonline.com/friends/showinfo.html (accessed Aug. 24, 2005).
29. Stenström, Anna-Brita. 1999. "He Was Really Gormless - She's Bloody Crap: Girls, Boys and Intensifiers." In Out of Corpora: Studies in Honour of Stig Johansson, ed. Hilde Hasselgård and Signe Oksefjell, 69-78. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
30. _. 2000. "It's Enough Funny, Man: Intensifiers in Teenage Talk." In Corpora Galore: Analyses and Techniques in Describing English; Papers from the Nineteenth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerised Corpora (ICAME 1998), ed. John M. Kirk, 177-90. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
31. Stenström, Anna-Brita, Gisle Andersen, and Ingrid Kristine Hasund. 2002. Trends in Teenage Talk: Corpus Compilation, Analysis, and findings. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
32. Stoffel, C. 1901. Intensives and Down-Toners: A Study in English Adverbs. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung.
33. Tagliamonte, Sali. 2004. "Intensifiers in Toronto. "Unpublished MS.
34. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, and Bernd Heine. 1991. "Introduction. " In Approaches to Grammaticalization, vol. 1, Focus on Theoretical and Methodological Issues, ed. Elizabeth Gloss Traugott and Bernd Heine, 2-14. Amsterdam: Benjamins.