The future of political Islam: The importance of external variables

International Affairs

Volumn 81, Issue 5, 2005, Pages

  Ayoob, Mohammed ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27444441214     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: 14682346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00496.x     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Graham Fuller, The future of political Islam (New York: Palgrave, 2003), p. xi.
2. Guilain Denoeux, The forgotten swamp: navigating political Islam', Middle East Policy 9: 2, June 2002, p. 61.
3. The term 'invention of tradition' is taken from Eric Hobsbawm and Terrence Ranger, eds, The invention of tradition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
4. '[I]t is intellectually imprudent and historically misguided to discuss the relationships between Islam and politics as if there were one Islam, timeless and eternal': Olivier Roy, The failure of political Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. vii.
5. Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 4.
6. I have addressed this issue in considerable detail in Mohammed Ayoob, 'Political Islam: image and reality', World Policy Journal 21: 3, Fall 2004, pp. 1-14.
7. See Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam: religion, activism, and political change in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), on Egypt;
8. Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, The vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: the Jama'at-i-Islami of Pakistan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), on Pakistan.
9. For a fascinating analysis of the American contribution to the emergence of transnational jihadis from the killing fields of Afghanistan, see Mahmood Mamadani, Good Muslim, bad Muslim (New York: Pantheon, 2004).
10. For the Chechen case which bears out this thesis, see C. J. Chivers and Steven Lee Myers, 'Chechen rebels mainly driven by nationalism', New York Times, 12 Sept. 2004.
11. For the origins of Hamas and Hezbollah, see respectively Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Palestinian Hamas (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000),
12. and Judith Palmer Hank, Hezbollah: the changing face of terrorism (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004).
13. Iran is the exception to the rule in the Muslim world in the sense that the Islamist movement was led by radical elements from the clergy, rather than lay intellectuals and activists. While movements inspired by lay intellectuals, such as the late Ali Shariati, contributed to the revolutionary process, they were quickly sidelined by the better-organized ulama, who had greater financial resources and grass-roots support among the bazaris, the traditional merchant class, and among the masses of the underprivileged in urban Iran.
14. See Rosefeky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam; Jenny White, Islamist mobilization in Turkey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003),
15. Nasr, The vanguard of the Islamic Revolution;
16. Robert W. Heffner, Civil Islam (Princeton, Nf: Princeton University Press, 2000).
17. For an analysis of the reasons for the existence of authoritarian regimes in the Muslim world, see Mohammed Ayoob, 'The Muslim world's poor record of modernization and democratization: the interplay of external and internal factors', in Shireen Hunter, ed., Modernization, democracy, and Islam (New York: Center for Strategic and International Studies/Praeger, 2005).
18. Fouad Ajami, The Arab predicament, rev. edn (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 242.
19. Bernard Lewis, 'The roots of Muslim rage', Atlantic Monthly 266: 3, September 1990;
20. Samuel Huntington, 'The clash of civilizations', Foreign Affairs 72: 3, Summer 1993.
21. This point has been eloquently argued in Rashid Khalidi, Resurrecting empire: western footprints and America's perilous path in the Middle East (Boston, MA: Beacon, 2004).
22. Mohammed Ayoob, 'The war against Iraq: normative and strategic implications', in Thomas G. Weiss, Margaret Crahan and John Goering, eds, The wars on terrorism and Iraq: human rights, unilateralism and US foreign policy (New York: Routledge, 2004), ch. 7.