Organic Materials for Non-Linear Optics: The 2D Approach

Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis

Volumn 340, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 99-111

  Wolff, J Jens ^a   Wortmann, Rüdiger ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2742608408     PISSN: 16154150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
2. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
3. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
4. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
5. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
6. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
7. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
8. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
9. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
10. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
11. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
12. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
13. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
14. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
15. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
16. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
17. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
18. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
19. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
20. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
21. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
22. Textbooks: [a] H. S. Nalwa, S. Miyata (Eds.) Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997; [b] P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York 1991; More physically oriented textbooks: [c] G. H. Wagnière, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules, VCH, Weinheim, 1993; [d] P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter; The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Conference proceedings: [e] S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn, G. D. Stucky (Eds.), Materials for Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 455, American Chemical Society, Washington 1991 (contains several tutorial chapters); [f] J. Zyss (Ed.), Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Academic Press, San Diego 1994; [g] D. S. Chemla and J. Zyss (Eds.) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1, 2, Academic Press, Orlando 1987; [h] Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics, I-III, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 1989, 1991, 1992; [i] C. Bosshard, K. Sutter, P. Prêtre, J. Hulliger, M. Flörsheimer, P. Kaatz, P. Günther, Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Gordon and Breach, Basel 1995. Reviews: The special issue of Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1, Optical Nonlinearities in Chemistry, contains a number of reviews about NLO, for the area of this account, see especially; [j] D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, C. A. Walsh (31-75; poled polymer systems) [1k] J. Zyss, I. Ledoux, (77-105; multipolar NLO-phores) and; [l] D. R. Kanis, M. A. Ratner, T. J. Marks, (195-242; calculations of organic and organometallic NLO-phores). [m] For organometallic NLO-phores, s. a.: N. J. Long, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 37; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 6; [n] Poling of dipolar NLO-phores: T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 167; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 155; [o] T. Verbiest, S. Houbrechts, M. Kauranen, K. Clays, A. Persoons, J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 11, 2175; [p] D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1984, 96, 637; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690; [q] J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, in: D. Bethell (Ed.), Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., Academic Press, in preparation. [r] For a review of different conventions used for nonlinear optical polarizabilities see: A. Willets, J. E. Rice, D. M. Burland, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
23. References in: J. J. Wolff, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2339; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2195. See also: A. Gavezzotti, G. Filippini, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7153; G. R. Desiraju Angew. Chem., 1995, 107, 2541; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2328
24. References in: J. J. Wolff, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2339; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2195. See also: A. Gavezzotti, G. Filippini, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7153; G. R. Desiraju Angew. Chem., 1995, 107, 2541; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2328
25. References in: J. J. Wolff, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2339; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2195. See also: A. Gavezzotti, G. Filippini, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7153; G. R. Desiraju Angew. Chem., 1995, 107, 2541; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2328
26. References in: J. J. Wolff, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2339; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2195. See also: A. Gavezzotti, G. Filippini, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7153; G. R. Desiraju Angew. Chem., 1995, 107, 2541; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2328
27. References in: J. J. Wolff, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2339; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2195. See also: A. Gavezzotti, G. Filippini, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7153; G. R. Desiraju Angew. Chem., 1995, 107, 2541; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2328
28. For a thorough treatment of magnetic effects in nonlinear optics see [1c]. For two recent examples see: [a] H. J. Deussen, E. Hendrickx, C. Boutton, D. Krog, K. Clays, K. Bechgaard, A. Persoons, T. Bjørnholm, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6841; [b] S. V. Elshocht, T. Verbiest, M. Kauranen, A. Persoons, B. M. W. Langeveld-Voss, E. W. Meijer, J. Chem. Phys. 1997, 107, 8201
29. For a thorough treatment of magnetic effects in nonlinear optics see [1c]. For two recent examples see: [a] H. J. Deussen, E. Hendrickx, C. Boutton, D. Krog, K. Clays, K. Bechgaard, A. Persoons, T. Bjørnholm, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6841; [b] S. V. Elshocht, T. Verbiest, M. Kauranen, A. Persoons, B. M. W. Langeveld-Voss, E. W. Meijer, J. Chem. Phys. 1997, 107, 8201
30. The electro-optic effect can be put into good use at lower frequencies with crystals of inorganic materials where ions are polarized.
31. For an extensive discussion of local field corrections in solution, see: R. Wortmann, D. M. Bishop, J. Chem. Phys. 1998, in press
32. F. ex.: A. J. C. Wilson, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 1990, 46, 742; ibid. 1993, 49, 210; C. P. Brock, J. D. Dunitz, Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 1118
33. F. ex.: A. J. C. Wilson, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 1990, 46, 742; ibid. 1993, 49, 210; C. P. Brock, J. D. Dunitz, Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 1118
34. F. ex.: A. J. C. Wilson, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 1990, 46, 742; ibid. 1993, 49, 210; C. P. Brock, J. D. Dunitz, Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 1118
35. For poled polymers, cf. [1n] and: G. A. Lindsay, K. D. Singer (Eds.) Polymers for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics, ACS Symposium Series 601, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1995.
36. See, for example: C. Bosshard, P. Günter, in [1a], 391-439
37. B. F. Levine, C. G. Bethea, J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 63, 2666; B. F. Levine, C. G. Bethea, ibid. 1976, 65, 2429
38. B. F. Levine, C. G. Bethea, J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 63, 2666; B. F. Levine, C. G. Bethea, ibid. 1976, 65, 2429
39. [a] R. W. Terhune, P. D. Maker, C. M. Savage, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1965, 14, 681;
40. [b] K. Clays, A. Persoons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 2980, and Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1992, 63, 3285;
41. [b] K. Clays, A. Persoons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 2980, and Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1992, 63, 3285;
42. [c] R. Wortmann, C. Glania, P. Krämer, R. Matschiner, J. J. Wolff, S. Kraft, B. Treptow, E. Barbu, D. Längle, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1765;
43. [d] I. D. Morrison, R. G. Denning, W. M. Laidlaw, M. A. Stammers, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67, 1445;
44. [e] P. Kaatz, D. P. Shelton, J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 105, 3918;
45. [f] M. Flipse, R. de Jonge, R. H. Wondenberg, A. W. Marsman, C. A. van Walree, L. W. Jenneskens, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1995, 245, 297;
46. [g] G. J. T. Heesink, A. G. T. Ruiter, N. F. van Hulst, B. Bölger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 71, 999;
47. [h] O. F. J. Noordman, N. F. van Hulst, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 253, 145;
48. [i] N. W. Song, T.-I. Kang, S. C. Jeoung, S.-J. Jeon, B. R. Cho, D. Kim, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 261, 307
49. R. Wortmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, S. Lebus, N. Detzer, Chem. Phys. 1993, 173, 99
50. S. J. Cyvin, J. E. Rauch, J. C. Decius, J. Chem. Phys. 1965, 43, 4083; R. Bersohn, Y.-H. Rao, H. L. Frisch, ibid. 1965, 45, 3184
51. S. J. Cyvin, J. E. Rauch, J. C. Decius, J. Chem. Phys. 1965, 43, 4083; R. Bersohn, Y.-H. Rao, H. L. Frisch, ibid. 1965, 45, 3184
52. [a] W. M. Laidlaw, R. G. Denning, T. Verbiest, E. Chauchard, A. Persoons, Nature 1993, 363, 58. The values cited in this paper were much too high: W. M. Laidlaw, R. G. Denning, T. Verbiest, E. Chauchard, A. Persoons, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1994, 2143, 14 and [10d].
53. [a] W. M. Laidlaw, R. G. Denning, T. Verbiest, E. Chauchard, A. Persoons, Nature 1993, 363, 58. The values cited in this paper were much too high: W. M. Laidlaw, R. G. Denning, T. Verbiest, E. Chauchard, A. Persoons, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1994, 2143, 14 and [10d].
54. [b] J. Zyss, T. C. Van, C. Dhenaut, I. Ledoux, Chem. Phys. 1993, 177, 281;
55. 3 complexes described in [13b, c] had been investigated before and showed much lower NLO-activities: [1m] and H. Sakaguchi, H. Nakamura, T. Nagamura, T. Ogawa, T. Matsuo, Chem. Lett. 1989, 1715. For retraction and questioning of the results in [13b, c] see [10d].
56. 3 complexes described in [13b, c] had been investigated before and showed much lower NLO-activities: [1m] and H. Sakaguchi, H. Nakamura, T. Nagamura, T. Ogawa, T. Matsuo, Chem. Lett. 1989, 1715. For retraction and questioning of the results in [13b, c] see [10d].
57. W. Liptay, in: Excited States, Vol. 1. Dipole Moments and Polarizabilities of Molecules in Excited Electronic States, ed. E. C. Lim, Academic Press, New York 1974, p. 129; W. Liptay, D. Wehning, J. Becker, T. Rehm, Z. Naturforsch. 1982, 37a, 1369 and following papers in that issue; W. Baumann, Ber. Bunsenges. Physik. Chem. 1976, 80, 231
58. W. Liptay, in: Excited States, Vol. 1. Dipole Moments and Polarizabilities of Molecules in Excited Electronic States, ed. E. C. Lim, Academic Press, New York 1974, p. 129; W. Liptay, D. Wehning, J. Becker, T. Rehm, Z. Naturforsch. 1982, 37a, 1369 and following papers in that issue; W. Baumann, Ber. Bunsenges. Physik. Chem. 1976, 80, 231
59. W. Liptay, in: Excited States, Vol. 1. Dipole Moments and Polarizabilities of Molecules in Excited Electronic States, ed. E. C. Lim,
60. S. K. Kurtz, T. T. Perry, J. Appl. Phys. 1968, 39, 3798
61. F. ex., chapter 7.2 in [1b]
62. J. W. Le Fèvre, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1965, 3, 1; for hyperpolarizabilities, cf. p. 68-73
63. 3 see: A. Samóc, M. Samóc, D. Kohler, M. Stähelin, J. Fünfschilling, I. Zschokke-Gränacher, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. B 1992, 2, 13; D. Kohler, M. Stähelin, I. Zschokke-Gränacher, ibid., Sect. A 1993, 229, 117
64. 3 see: A. Samóc, M. Samóc, D. Kohler, M. Stähelin, J. Fünfschilling, I. Zschokke-Gränacher, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. B 1992, 2, 13; D. Kohler, M. Stähelin, I. Zschokke-Gränacher, ibid., Sect. A 1993, 229, 117
65. 3 see: A. Samóc, M. Samóc, D. Kohler, M. Stähelin, J. Fünfschilling, I. Zschokke-Gränacher, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. B 1992, 2, 13; D. Kohler, M. Stähelin, I. Zschokke-Gränacher, ibid., Sect. A 1993, 229, 117
66. B. F. Levine, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1976, 37, 516
67. J. Fabian, H. Hartmann, Light Absorption of Organic Colorants (Reactivity and Structure Concepts in Chemistry, Vol. 12), Springer, Heidelberg 1980; T. F. Gordon, P. Gregory, Organic Chemistry in Colour, Springer, Heidelberg 1983
68. J. Fabian, H. Hartmann, Light Absorption of Organic Colorants (Reactivity and Structure Concepts in Chemistry, Vol. 12), Springer, Heidelberg 1980; T. F. Gordon, P. Gregory, Organic Chemistry in Colour, Springer, Heidelberg 1983
69. J. L. Oudar, D. S. Chemla, J. Chem. Phys. 1977, 66, 2664; J.-L. Oudar, ibid. 1977, 67, 446
70. J. L. Oudar, D. S. Chemla, J. Chem. Phys. 1977, 66, 2664; J.-L. Oudar, ibid. 1977, 67, 446
71. Cf. Chapter 3 of [1a], [1l], and: T. Clark, J. Chandrasekhar, Isr. J. Chem. 1994, 33, 435
72. Cf. the case of crystal violet: [10d, e] and: S. Stadler, R. Dietrich, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Opt. Lett. 1996, 21, 251
73. S. Dähne, Chimia 1991, 45, 288
74. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
75. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
76. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
77. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
78. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
79. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
80. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
81. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
82. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
83. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
84. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
85. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
86. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
87. For the optimization of classical NLO-phores, cf. [1] and: [a] S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, G. Bourhill, J.-L. Brédas, B. M. Pierce, Science 1994, 265, 632; [b] L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. H. Stevenson, G. R. Meredith, G. Rikken, S. R. Marder, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631; L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, A. E. Stiegman, G. Rikken, C. W. Spangler, ibid., id. 10643; [c] J.-L. Brédas, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 263; [d] Some recent publications: C. Lambert, S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 644; [e] U. Behrens, H. Brussaard, U. Hagenau, J. Heck, E. Hendrickx, J. Körnich, J. G. M. van der Linden, A. Persoons, A. L. Spek, N. Veldman, B. Voss, H. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 98; [f] C. M. Whitaker, E. V. Patterson, K. L. Kott, R. J. McMahon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9966; [g] I. R. Whittall, M. G. Humphrey, S. Houb-rechts, A. Persoons, D. C. R. Hockless, Organometallics 1996, 15, 5738; [h] F. Steybe, F. Effenberger, S. Beckmann, P. Krämer, C. Glania, R. Wortmann, Chem. Phys. 1997, 219, 317; M. Blanchard-Desce, V. Alain, P. V. Bedworth, S. R. Marder, A. Fort, C. Runser, M. Barzoukas, S. Lebus, R. Wortmann, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091. For the optimization of crystal structures for applications in SHG and electro-optics, respectively, see [1a] and: [i] E. Staab, L. Addadi, L. Leiserowitz, M. Lahav, Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 40; J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, M. Wübbenhorst, ibid. 1997, 9, 677; M. S. Wong, F. Pan, V. Gramlich, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, ibid. id. 554.
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89. F. ex.: N. Tyutyulkov, J. Fabian, A. Mehlhorn, F. Dietz, A. Tadjer, Polymethine Dyes-Structure and Properties, St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, Sofia 1991. For an application of this concept in NLO, see: I. Cabrera, O. Althoff, H.-T. Man, H. N. Yoon, Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 43
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140. Two-dimensionality was argued to exist for 1,8-diarylnaphthaline derivatives, but the tensor components have not been evaluated (HRS was used and possible contributions to the SH observed through fluorescence were not addressed): A. Bahl, W. Grahn, S. Stadler, F. Feiner, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, A. Reisner, P. G. Jones, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 1587; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1485. One representative was reinvestigated and showed only spurious HRS: S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 6927
141. Two-dimensionality was argued to exist for 1,8-diarylnaphthaline derivatives, but the tensor components have not been evaluated (HRS was used and possible contributions to the SH observed through fluorescence were not addressed): A. Bahl, W. Grahn, S. Stadler, F. Feiner, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, A. Reisner, P. G. Jones, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 1587; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1485. One representative was reinvestigated and showed only spurious HRS: S. Stadler, G. Bourhill, C. Bräuchle, J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 6927
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144. Both the second and the third transition show parallel polarization, the second transition has a low oscillator strength
145. WinPPP 2.2 by Dr. T. Moschny, Merseburg. We would like to thank the author for providing us with a copy of this program.