Image and Reality in Richard of Cornwalls German Career

English Historical Review

Volumn 113, Issue 454, 1998, Pages 1111-1142

  Weiler, Björn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27244432280     PISSN: 00138266     EISSN: 14774534     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ehr/113.454.1111     Document Type: Article

References (290)

1. F. M. Powicke, King Henry III and the Lord Edward: The Community of the Realm in the Thirteenth Century (2 vols., Oxford, 1947), p. 156. I would like to thank Frances Andrews, John Maddicott, Chris Given-Wilson, Angus Stewart and Rob Bartlett for their help, criticism and advice. I also owe a special debt to Kaspar Elm. The research for this paper has been assisted by grants from the Royal Historical Society and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
2. Alois Wachtel, 'Die sizilische Thronkandidatur des Prinzen Edmund von England', Deutsches Archiv fiir Geschichte des Mittelalters, iv (1940), 98-178;
3. Simon Lloyd, 'King Henry III, the Crusade and the Mediterranean', in Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale (ed.), England and her Neighbours, 1066-1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais (London, 1989), pp. 97-119;
4. Michael Clanchy, England and Its Rulers, 1066-1272 (2nd edn., Oxford, 1998), pp. 169-172.
5. For example, Pierre Chaplais (ed.), Diplomatie Documents, 1101-1272 (London, 1964), nos. 195, 298, 301.
6. Julius Kempf, Geschichte des deutschen Reiches während des großen Interregnums (Würzburg, 1893), pp. 202-4.
7. N. Denholm-Young, Richard of Cornwall (Oxford, 1947), p. 114.
8. Georg Christian Gebauer, Leben und denckwürdige Thaten Herrn Richards, Erwählten Römischen Kaysers, Grafens von Cornwall und Poitou (Leipzig, 1744), pp. 456-72;
9. Joh. Ferd. Bappert, Richard von Cornwall seit seiner Wahl zum deutschen König, 1257-1272 (Bonn, 1905);
10. A. L. Poole, 'The Interregnum in Germany', in Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI (Cambridge, 1929), pp. 110-130, at 122;
11. Hartmut Boockmann, Stauferzeit und spätes Mittelalter. Deutschland, 1125-1517 (Berlin, 1987), pp. 182-3;
12. Fritz Trautz, 'Richard von Cornwall', Jahrbuch des Vereins Jur Geschichte von Stadt und Kreis Kaiserslautern, vii (1969), 27-59, at 56-7.
13. Alfred Haverkamp, Aufbruch und Gestaltung Deutschland, 1056-1273 (Munich, 1984), p. 231.
14. Heinz Thomas, Deutsche Geschichte des Spätmittelalters, 1250-1500 (Stuttgart, 1983), pp. 22, 28.
15. Johannes Leuschner, Deutschland im spätem Mittelalter (Göttingen, 1983), p. 188.
16. It will not be possible to offer a full account or definite evaluation of Richard's reign. Only those aspects of his career and government which contradict the traditional image of his government will be dealt with Ingo Schwab, currently working on an edition of Richard's charters for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, has been kind enough to discuss some of the points made in this paper, as has Martin Kaufhold, who is preparing a study on the so-called 'Interregnum' in Germany (1245-1273). I also understand that Nicholas Vincent is preparing an edition of Richard's English acta.
17. M[atthew] P[aris], C[hronica] M[atora], ed. H. R. Luard (7 vols., Rolls Ser., 1872-83), iii. 393.
18. M[atthew] P[aris], C[hronica] M[atora], ed. H. R. Luard (7 vols., Rolls Ser., 1872-83), iii. 471-2, iv. 145-8.
19. M[atthew] P[aris], C[hronica] M[atora], ed. H. R. Luard (7 vols., Rolls Ser., 1872-83), iv. 569-75, 577-8.
20. M[atthew] P[aris], C[hronica] M[atora], ed. H. R. Luard (7 vols., Rolls Ser., 1872-83), v. 111-12,117-8, 201.
21. M[atthew] P[aris], C[hronica] M[atora], ed. H. R. Luard (7 vols., Rolls Ser., 1872-83), v. 346-7. 457.
22. The exact chronology of the negotiations concerning Richard's election is complex and often obscure. The most detailed coverage has been given by Manfred Groten, 'Konrad von Hochstaden und die Wahl Richards von Cornwall', in Hanna Vollrath and Stefan Weinfurter (ed.), Köln - Stadt und Bistum in Kirche und Reich des Mittelalters. Festschrift fiir Odilo Engels (Cologne/Weimar/Vienna, 1993), pp. 483-510;
23. C. C. Bayley, 'The Diplomatic Preliminaries of the Double Election of 1257 in Germany', ante, lxii (1947), 457-83.
24. Thomas Rymer (ed.), Foedera [, Conventiones, Litterae], (Record Comm., 4 vols., 1816-69), i. 3378.
25. Ludwig Weiland (ed.), Constitutones [et Acta Publica Imperatorum et Regum], 1198-1272, M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica] Leges IV, 2 (Hanover, 1896), no. 376.
26. Ludwig Weiland (ed.), Constitutones [et Acta Publica Imperatorum et Regum], 1198-1272, M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica] Leges IV, 2 (Hanover, 1896) nos. 379-380.
27. Ludwig Weiland (ed.), Constitutones [et Acta Publica Imperatorum et Regum], 1198-1272, M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica] Leges IV, 2 (Hanover, 1896) no. 383.
28. [Chronicon Thomae] Wykes, in Annales Monastics ed. H. R. Luard (5 vols., Rolls Ser., 1864-9), iv. 113.
29. Ann[ales Monasterii de] Burton, in Annales Monastici, i. 391;
30. also Frank R. Lewis, 'Ottokar II of Bohemia and the Double Election of 1257', Speculum, xii (1937), 179-82.
31. Hugo Stehkamper, 'Geld bei deutschen Königswahlen des 13. Jahrhunderts', in J. Schneider (ed.), Wirtschaftskräfte und Wirtschaftswege. Festschrift Hermann Kellenbenz (4 vols., Stuttgart, 1978), i. 83-115, at 92, 96, 106.
32. Oswald Redlich, 'Die Anfänge König Rudolfs I', M[tteilungen des] I[nstituts für] Österreichische] G[eschichtftonchung], x (1889), 341-418, at 413 n. 2.
33. Franz Tenckhoff, Papst Alexander IV. (Paderborn, 1907), pp. 153-8.
34. MP, CM, v. 601-2;
35. Hans-Eberhard Hilpert, 'Richard of Cornwall's Candidature for the German Throne and the Christmas 1256 Parliament at Westminsster', Journal of Medieval History, vi (1980), 185-98, treats these events in detail.
36. Foedera, 1. 350-2, 366.
37. MP, CM, v. 346-47.
38. MP, CM, v. 112.
39. Weiland (ed.), Constitutions, 1198-1272, no. 385.
40. Wykes, pp. 116-7, for a full account.
41. C[alendar of] P[atent] R[olls], 1247-58, p. 553: a privilege of 11 May 1257 to the citizens of Lubeck
42. Felix Liebermann, 'Zur Geschichte Friedrichs II und Richards von Cornwall', N[eus] A[rchiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtsforschung], xiii (1888), 217-22, at 220.
43. Annales Wormatienses, M[onumcnta] G[ermaniae] H[istoria] Scriptores [in return Germanicarum], xvii, pp. 59-60.
44. Annales Wormatienses, M[onumcnta] G[ermaniae] H[istoria] Scriptores [in return Germanicarum], pp. 60, 62.
45. Friedrich Battenberg (ed.), Die Gerichtsstandsprivilegien der deutschen Könige und Kaiser (2 vols., Cologne/Weimar/Vienna, 1983), no. 52.
46. Codex Diplomaticus Lubecensis. Lübeckuches Urkundenbuch (11 vols., Lübeck 1843-1905), I, no. 179: Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch (25 vols., Schwerin, 1863-1977), II, no. 824.
47. Kari Hampe, 'Ungedruckte Briefe zur Geschichte König Richards von Cornwall aus der Sammlung Richards von Pofi', NA, xxx (1905), 675-90, at 685-6;
48. Kari Hampe, 'Ungedruckte Briefe zur Geschichte König Richards von Cornwall aus der Sammlung Richards von Pofi', Ann. Burton, pp. 156-8.
49. Ann. Burton, pp. 569-70.
50. Bernard Barbiche (ed.), La Actes Pontificaux. Index Actorum Romanorum Pontificum, I (Vatican, 1975), no. 1001.
51. Wykes, p. 123.
52. J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort (Cambridge, 1994), p. 178.
53. Bappert, Richard von Cornwall, pp. 41-2.
54. Flores Historiarum, ed. H. R. Luard (3 vols., Rolls Ser., 1890), ii 452-3.
55. CPR, 1258-66, p. 57.
56. J. F. Bohmer, E. Winkelmann, J. Ficker (ed.), R[egesta] I[mperii Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Philipp, Otto LV, Friedrich II, Heinrich (VII), Conrad LV, Heinrich Raspe, Wilhelm und Richard], 1198-1272 (3 vols., Innsbruck, 1881-1901), no. 5382.
57. Flores Historiarum, 11. 457-8.
58. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, pp 192-203, for the following
59. C[lose] R[olls], 1259-61, p. 185.
60. Flores Historiarum, ii. 447.
61. Liebermann, 'Zur Geschichte', 222;
62. Hampe, 'Ungedruckte Briefe', 687;
63. Frank R. Lewis, 'The Election of Richard of Cornwall as Senator of Rome in 1261', ante, li (1937), 657-62, for the circumstances of his election, and the significance of the post of senator in the context of contemporary Rome.
64. Hampe, 'Ungedruckte Briefe', 689-90.
65. For a secondary account of papal policy cf. Arnold Bussen, Die Doppelwahl des Jahres 1257 und das römische Königthum Alfons X. von Castilien. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des grossen Interregnums (Münster, 1866), pp. 46-58.
66. Karl Rodenberg (ed), Epistolae [Saeculi xiii e Regestis Pontificium Romanorum Selectae] (3 vols., Hanover, 1883-94), iii, no. 631.
67. Edmund Martene und Ursinus Durand (ed.). Thesaurus Novus Anecdotorum (5 vols., Paris, 1717), ii. 137-8.
68. Eduard Winkelmann (ed.), Acta Imperii [Inedita Saecuh xii et xiv. Urkunden und Briefe des Kaiserreiches und des Königreichs Sizilien] (2 vols., Innsburck, 1880-5; repr. Aalen, 1964), I, no. 570;
69. Royal and Other Historical Leiters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III, 1216-1272, ed. W. W. Shirley (2 vols., Rolls Ser., 1862-6), ii, no. 550. 2.
70. Rodenberg (ed.), Epistolae, iii, nos. 653, 661, 665.
71. Westfälisches Urkundenbuch (10 vols., Munster, 1847-1977), IV, no. 1035.
72. RI, 1198-1272, no. 4778b.
73. Rodenberg (ed.), Epistolae, iii, no. 520.
74. Rodenberg (ed.), Epistolae, nos. 520, 522;
75. Weiland (ed.), Constitutiones, 1178-1272, no. 403.
76. RI, 1198-1272, nos. 4781a, 4791;
77. Helmut Maurer, 'Die Anfänge der Stadt Tiengen und das politische Kraftespiel am Hochrhein um die Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts', Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1964-5), 119-158, at 141.
78. CR, 1261-4, pp. 175-6. Henry III, writing from France, tells his brother that he cannot send the promised subsidies (30.9.1262).
79. For Ottokar's possession of Austria see infra, p. 1125.
80. Winkelmann (ed.), Acta Imperii, II, no. 83.
81. Albert Huyskens, 'Der Plan des Königs Richard von Cornwallis zur Niederlegung eines deutschen Krönungsschatzes in Aachen', Annalen des Historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein, cxv (1929), 180-204, at 202-4.
82. For an analysis of the role of insignia in medieval German politics: Jürgen Petersohn, 'Über monarchische Insignien und ihre Funktion im mittelalterlichen Reich', Historische Zeitschrift, cdxvi (1998), 47-96, where he also draws attention to the controversy surrounding Richard's grant.
83. Gerd Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik im Mittelalter. Kommunikation in Frieden und Fehde (Darmstadt, 1997), pp. 229-57, 282-306, for the wider background.
84. RI, 1198-1272, nos. 5409-5416.
85. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5408.
86. Winkelmann, Acta Imperil, II, no. 83.
87. Wilhelm Wiegand (ed.), U[rkunden]b[uch der Stadt] Straßburg (2 vols., Strasbourg, 1879-86), I, no. 507;
88. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5413.
89. Weiland (ed.), Constituttones, 1198-1272, no. 406;
90. Rodenberg, Epistolae, iii, no. 657.
91. Annales Wormattenses, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 68.
92. Frank R. Lewis, 'Beatrice of Falkenburg, the Third Wife of Richard of Cornwall', ante, lii (1937), 279-82;
93. Annales Monasterii de Oseneia, in Ann. Mon, iv. 224.
94. Wykes, pp 222-5.
95. Weiland (ed.), Constitutiones, 1198-1272, no 389.
96. Cf the letter of the Archbishop of Mainz, repeating the contents of Richard's decree Constitutiones, no. 390.
97. Annales Wormattenses, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p 68.
98. Weiland (ed.), Constitutiones, 1198-1272, no. 391.
99. Weiland (ed.), Constitutiones, no. 446.
100. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5467a.
101. C[alendar of] L[iberate] R[olls], 1267-72, nos. 1500-1;
102. CPR, 1266-72, pp. 554. 543-6.
103. RI, 1198-1272, nos. 5476-5483.
104. CR, 1268-72, pp. 397-8.
105. Rolandi Palatini Chronicon, MGH Scriptores, xix, p. 127,
106. Annales St lustinae Patavini, MGH Scriptorcs, xix, p. 169.
107. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5301.
108. Erwin Jacob, Untersuchungen uber Herkunft und Aufstieg des Reichsministerialengeschlechtes Bolanden (Geißen, 1936), pp. 32-5.
109. MP, CM, v. 641;
110. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5309.
111. Henry S. Lucas, 'John of Avesnes and Richard of Cornwall', Speculum xxiii (1948), 81-7.
112. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5381.
113. CLR, 1251-60, pp. 210, 228, 280, 307, for the period between April 1255 and April 1256, preceding Richard's election.
114. Acta Imperii, I, nos. 563-4;
115. RI, 1198-1272, nos. 4885c, 5005,5187,5258.
116. Foedera, I, p. 384.
117. Calendar of Charter Rolls, 1257-1300, pp. 24-5;
118. CR, 1259-61, p. 399;
119. CPR, 1258-66, p. 496.
120. Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.), U[rkunden] B[uch für die Geschichte des] Niederrheins (4 vols., Dusseldorf, 1846, repr. Aalen, 1966), II, no. 489.
121. Acta Imperii, I, no. 568.
122. CPR, 1258-66, p. 148.
123. The election of a new Archbishop of Cologne was also dealt with: Lacomblet (ed.), UB Niederrhein, II, no. 509;
124. Acta Imperii, I, no. 570.
125. Weiland (ed., Constitutiones, 1198-1272, no. 383.
126. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5314.
127. Karl Wand, 'Die Englandpolitik der Stadt Köln und ihrer Erzbischöfe im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert', in Josef Engels and Hans Martin Klinkenberg (ed.), Aus Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Festschrift Gerhard Kallen (Bonn, 1957), 77-95. However, it is worth noting that Richard's election marked the Archbishop's first active involvement in relations with England since the marriage between Frederick II and Henry Ill's sister Isabella in 1235.
128. Lacomblet (ed.), UB Niederrhein, II, no. 438.
129. Acta Imperii, II, no. 572.
130. Leonhard Ennen and Gottfried Eckertz (ed.), Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln (6 vols., Cologne, 1863), II, no. 372.
131. Johann Friedrich Böhmer (ed.), Acta Imperii Selecta (Innsbruck, 1870), nos. 385-6.
132. Johann Friedrich Böhmer (ed.), Acta Imperii Selecta (Innsbruck, 1870), nos. 386-7.
133. Johann Friedrich Bohmer and Friedrich Lau (ed.), [Codex Diplomatics Moenofrancofurtanus] U[rkunden]b[uch der Reichsstadt Frankfurt] (2 vols., Frankfurt, 1901-5], I, no. 217. Richard guaranteed that none of the imperial cities in the Wetterau region would be alienated from the royal domain.
134. Bappen, Richard von Cornwall, pp 11-12
135. Lacomblet (ed.), UB Niederrhein, II, no. 438;
136. Friedrich Battenberg (ed.), Die GerichtsstandsPrivilegien der deutschen Könige und Kaiser bis zum Jahre 1451 (2 vols., Cologne/Weimar/Vienna, 1983), I, no. 51.
137. RI, 1198-1272, no. 4890.
138. Günther Rauch, Die Bündnisse deutscher Herrscher mit Reichsangehongen vom Regierungsantritt Friedrich Barbarossas bis zum Tod Rudolfs von Habsburg (Aalen, 1966), p. 125.
139. Numbers based on royal itineraries as presented in Zeit der Staufer (Exhibition Catalogue, 5 vols., Stuttgart, 1977-9), III (maps).
140. Numbers based on entries in RI, 1198-1272
141. MP, CM, v. 697-8 There is some circumstantial evidence for this.
142. Richard guaranteed to pay off the debt for which Hagenau had been consigned as security, after he promised the town that it would not be pawned. Certain clauses in the document imply that Richard had already taken Hagenau back into possession of the Empire The payment referred to had probably been incurred by William of Holland: RI, 1198-1272, no. 5377.
143. Acta Imperii, I, no. 560;
144. RI, 1198-1272, no. 4897 (for William's grant).
145. Bohmer (ed.), Acta Imperii Selecta, no. 380.
146. Bohmer and Lau, UB Frankfurt, I, no. 242
147. Julius Ficker, 'Fürstliche Willebriefe und Mitbesiegelungen', MIÖG, iii (1882), 1-62, at 54-6.
148. Frank R. Lewis, 'Ottokar of Bohemia and the Double Election of 1257', Speculum, xii (1937), 512-15.
149. Rodenberg (ed.), Epistolae, iii, no. 520.
150. Jindnch Sebanek and Sasa Duskova (ed.), Codex Dilpomaticus et Epistolaris Regni Bohemiae, Vol. V, i (Prague, 1974), no. 345.
151. Friedrich Battenberg, Herrschaft und Verfahren Politische Prozesse tm mittelalterlichen Romisch-deutschen Reich (Darmstadt, 1995), p. 39, cites earlier verdicts.
152. Annales Hamburgenses, MGH Scriptores, xvi, p. 384.
153. Heinrich Lathwesen and Brigitte Poschmann (ed.), Urkundenbuch des Stiftes Fischbeck. Teil I: 955-1470 (Rinteln, 1978), no. 36
154. Weiland (ed.), Constitutiones, 1198-1272, no. 446;
155. Karl-Friedrich Krieger, Die Habsburger im Mittelalter. Von Rudolf I bis Friedrich III. (Stuttgart, 1994), p. 34.
156. Bappcrt, Richard von Cornwall, pp. 33-4, suggests that he may have followed English administrative practice.
157. After the Bishop's demise in 1262, the scultetus of Hagenau was entrusted with the office, until the new Bishop took it over again in 1270: H. Kaiser, 'Ein unbekanntes Mandat König Richards und die Anfänge der Landvogtei im Elsass', Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, xix (1903), 337-9.
158. Annales Wormatienses, MGH Scripcores, xvii, p. 60.
159. Bellum Waltherianum, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. iii.
160. Monumenta Boica (Munich, 1834), xxx, no. 802.
161. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5435.
162. For the difficulties involved cf Fred Schwind, Die Landvogtei in der Wetterau. Studien zu Herrschaft und Politik der staufischen und spätmittelalterlichen Könige (Marburg, 1972), pp. 92-4.
163. This is exemplified by Alois Gerlich, 'Rheinische Kurfürsten und deutsches Königtum im Interregnum', in Geschichtliche Landeskunde, III, 2: Festschrift Johannes Bärmann (Wiesbaden, 1967), 44-126, at 107.
164. Bellum Waltherianum, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 113;
165. Johann Daniel Schoepflin (ed.), Alsatia [aevi Merovingici, Carolingici, Saxonici, Salici, Suevia] Diplomatica (2 vols., Mannheim, 1772), I, no. 593.
166. Schoepflin (ed.), Alsatia Diplomatica, I, nos. 613-4.
167. Acta Imperii, I, nos. 559,561, 569.
168. H. Boos (ed.), Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Worms (3 vols., Berlin, 1886-93), I, nos. 288-9.
169. Similar efforts were undertaken during a struggle between the citizens of Oppenheim and Worms in 1260;
170. cf. Konrad Ruser (ed.), Die Urkunden und Akten der oberdeutschen Städtebiinde vom i. Jahrhundert bis 1549 (2 vols., Göttingen, 1979-88), I, no. 177.
171. Otto Meinardus (ed.), Urkundenbuch des Stiftes und der Stadt Hameln bis zum Jahre 1407 (2 vols., Hanover, 1887-1903), I, no. 51.
172. Ludwig Bauer (ed.), Hessische Urkunden aus dem Grossherzoghch Hessischem Haus- und Staatsarchiv (6 vols., Darmstadt, 1860-73), I, no. 229.
173. Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch, II, p. 824.
174. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5483.
175. Acta Imperii, I, no. 576;
176. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5439.
177. Gesta Trevensum Continuata, MGH Scriptores, xxiv, pp. 412-13;
178. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5493.
179. Bohmer and Lau (ed.), UB Frankfurt, I, no. 216
180. Bohmer and Lau (ed.), UB Frankfurt, no. 242.
181. Annales Wormatienses, MGH Scriptores, xvii, pp. 59-60.
182. Annales Wormatienses, MGH Scriptores, p. 61. Within six months, Richard had made Oppenheim one of his favourite stopping-places in Germany.
183. Criticism, though, was still voiced. When Richard appointed the Bishop of Strasbourg as his proctor for Alsace, he did so 'plus ex favore quam ex lustitia': MGH Scriptores, p. 60.
184. Annales Wormatienses, MGH Scriptores, xvii, pp. 60,62.
185. In the MGH edition, two chronicles have been printed together-one a roughly annalistic history of the town, written continuously from c. 1200, the other a history of the bishops, composed c. 1297: Wilhelm Wattenbach and Franz-Joseph Schmale, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter Vom Tode Kaiser Heinrichs V bis zum Ende des Interregnums Erster Band (Darmstadt, 1976), pp. 129-30.
186. Annales Wormatienses, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 65.
187. Denholm-Young, Richard of Cornwall, p. 154.
188. Denholm-Young, Richard of Cornwall, pp. 41, 47, 76, for examples.
189. Denholm-Young, Richard of Cornwall, pp. 58-71.
190. This is illustrated by his first trip to Germany. Almost six months elapsed between his election in January 1257 and his arrival in Germany in May During this period there was a regular flow of messengers to and from Germany, an English embassy was sent, and Richard tried hard to raise additional finds.
191. Emonss et Menkonis Werumensium Chronica, MGH Scriptores, xxiii, p. 546.
192. Balduini Ninovensis Chronicon, MGH Scriptores, xxv, p. 544.
193. Catalogus Archiepiscoporum Coloniensum, MGH Scriptores, xxiv, p. 356.
194. Wattenbach and Schmale, Geschichtsquellen, pp. 426-7.
195. Annales Hamburgenses, MGH Scriptores, xvi, pp. 383-4
196. Bellum Waltherianum, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 113.
197. Annales Saxonia, MGH Scripcores, xvi, pp. 430-1.
198. Catalogus Pontificium et Imperatorum, MGH Scriptores, xxii, p. 366.
199. Similarly a later (c. 1300) life of Archbishop Henry of Trier 'Posteum [William of Holland] Richardus, dux Cornubie, frater regis Anglie, eligitur, et deinde quidam alii, qui omnes in pane regni vix suscepti paucis diebus regnant.': Vitae Henna Episcopi, MGH Scriptores, xxiv, p. 457;
200. Annales Blandinienses, MGH Scriptores, v, pp. 31-2.
201. Ellenhardi Chronicon, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 122.
202. Annales Breves Wormatienses, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p 76.
203. Annales Zwifaltenses, MGH Scriptores, x, p. 60, Eberhard von Niederaltaich, Annales, in Johann Friedrich Böhmer (ed.), F[ontes] R[erumJ G[ermanicarum Geschichtsquellen Deutschlands] (4 vols., Stuttgart, 1843-68), II, p. 529.
204. Annales Breves Wormatienses, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 76;
205. Annales Suevici, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 283;
206. Magni Presbyteri Annales Reiches bergens es, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 532;
207. Matthias of Neuenburg, Cronica, MGH Scriptores, Nova Series iv, pp. 8-9.
208. Monumenta Erphesfurtensta saec XII, XIII, XIV, MGH In Usum Scholarum Separating Editi (Hanover, 1899), p. 263.
209. Ellenhardi Chronicon, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 122.
210. Chronicon Colmariense, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 241.
211. Die Katserchronik eines Regensburger Geistlichen, MGH Deutsche Chroniken, i, p. 411, 11. 1-28.
212. Die Katserchronik eines Regensburger Geistlichen, MGH Deutsche Chroniken, pp. 412-3, II. 81,156-72.
213. For the wider background: Timothy Reuter, 'Die Unsicherheit auf den Straßen im europäischen Früh- und Hochmittelalter Täter, Opfer und ihre mittelalterlichen und modernen Betrachter', in Johannes Fried (ed.), Träger und Instrumenartien des Friedens im hohen und späten Mittelalter (Sigmaringen, 1996), pp. 169-202.
214. Monumenta Erphesfurtensia p. 263; Judges, 21.24.
215. Annales Suevici, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 283.
216. Monachi Furstenfeldensis (vulgo Volcman) Chronica, FRG, I, pp. 2-3.
217. Jacob Schwalm (ed.), Constitution's [et Acta Publica Imperatorum et Regum], 1273-1298, MGH Leges iv, 3 (Hanover, 1904-6), no. 618.
218. Burkhard Roberg, 'Die Abdankung Alfons X von Kastilien als deutscher König', Historisches Jahrbuch, lxxxiv (1964), 334-51, at 342-6.
219. Oswald Redlich (ed.), Eine Wiener Briefsammlung zur Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches und der österreichischen Länder (Vienna, 1894), no. 39.
220. Chronica Monastertt Sancti Bertini Auctore Iohanne Longo de Tyra, MGH Scriptores, xxv, p. 857
221. Redlich. 'Die Anfänge Konigs Rudolf I', 364.
222. Schwalm (ed.), Constitutiones, 1273-98, no. 16.
223. Schwalm (ed.), Constitutiones, no. 620.
224. Schwalm (ed.), Constitutiones, no. 621.
225. Oswald Redlich (ed.), R[egesta] I[mperit VI, 1. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Rudolf, Adolf Albrecht, Heinrich VII], 1273-1313 (Innsbruck, 1898), no. 48a.
226. Battenberg, Herrschaft und Verfahren, pp. 38-52.
227. Schwalm (ed.), Constitutiones, 1273-98, no. 72.
228. Roland Pauler, 'Dum esset catholicos - Zur Frage der Gültigkeit von Regierungshandlungen exkommunizierter und abgesetzter Kaiser', Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fiir Rechtsgeschichte (Germanistische Abteilung), cxii (1995), 545-65, at 360-65, puts this into a wider context.
229. Battenberg, Herrschaft und Verfahren, p. 44.
230. Schwalm (ed.), Constitutiones, 1275-98, no. 26
231. Redlich (ed.), Eine Wiener Briefsammlung, no. 54.
232. Schwalm (ed), Constitutiones, 1275-98, nos. 28-33.
233. Redlich 'Die Anfänge Konigs Rudolf I.', p. 433.
234. Krieger, Habsburger, p 22
235. Chronicon Colmariense, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 241.
236. RI, 1273-1323, no. 107.
237. RI, 1273-1323, no. 116.
238. Battenberg, Herrschaft unä Verfahren, pp. 38-40
239. Schwalm (ed.), Constituttones, 1273-98, no. 284. Translation mine.
240. Ficker, 'Fürstliche Willebriefe', pp. 7-19.
241. Schwalm (ed.), Constituttones, 1273-98, nos. 270,339-45. Great care was taken that each of the electors should put his consent in writing.
242. Landvogteien were loosely defined areas in which royal officials guarded and administrated lands and rights belonging to the royal domain. Their development was gradual, beginning with Frederick II's Mainzer Reichslandfrieden of 1235, but they were firmly in place by the time of Rudolf's death in 1290. The main difference between Richard's and Rudolf's institutions was that Rudolfs extended over a wider area: Felix Schwind, 'Reichslandvogtet', Handwörterbuch der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, IV (Berlin, 1985), cols. 699-703.
243. Krieger, Habsburger, p. 84.
244. Schwalm (ed.), Constitutiones, 1273-98, nos. 20,52-5.
245. Günther, Codex Diplomaticus Rheno-Mosellanus, II, tables 1-3.
246. Hans-Eberhard Hilpert, Kaiser- und Papstbriefe in den Chronica majora des Matthaeus Pans (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 125-7, 209.
247. Acta Imperii, I, no. 573;
248. RI, 1273-1313, no. 53.
249. Wiegand (ed.), UB Straßburg, I, no. 507.
250. Wiegand (ed.), UB Straßburg, no. 246.
251. Wiegand (ed.), UB Straßburg, II, no. 47.
252. Böhmer (ed), Acta Imperii Selecto, nos. 387, 390.
253. RI, 1273-1313, no. 30;
254. D. Gladiss et al (ed.), Diplomata Henrici IV Imperatoris (3 vols., MGH Diplomata, Hanover, 1942-78), II, no. 394.
255. A similar grant had been made by Frederick in 1232: J.-L-A. Huillard-Brèholles (ed.), Historia diplomatica Friderici secundi (7 vols., Paris, 1852-61), IV, 411-14.
256. RI, 1198-1272, no. 5448;
257. Gerold Meyer v. Knonau, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich IV und Heinrich V (7 vols., Munich, 1890-1909), VII, p. 93 n. 2.
258. W. Sauer and K. Menzel (ed), Codex Diplomaticus Nassoicus, (3 vols., Wiesbaden, 1885-7), I, 2, no. 917. Rudolf confirms and extends grants made to the abbey of Thron by his predecessor William and Richard.
259. Willi Treichler, Mittelalterliche Erzählungen und Anekdoten um Rudolf von Habsburg (Bem/Frankfurt, 1971), pp. 50-9.
260. The following draws on the argument of Frantisek Graus, 'Premysl Otakar II. - Sein Ruhm und sein Nachleben. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte politischer Propaganda und Chronistik', MIÖG, lxxix (1971), 57-no, at 64-83.
261. For a comparative overview: Robert Brentano, 'Western Civilization: The Middle Ages', in Harold D. Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and Hans Speier (ed.), Propaganda and Communication in World History (3 vols., Honolulu, 1974), i. 552-95.
262. John B. Freed, The Friars and German Society in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1977). pp. 62-7.
263. Heinrich Finke (ed.), Ungedruckte Dominikanerbriefe des 13. Jahrhunderts (Paderborn, 1891), no. 59.
264. Heinrich Finke (ed.), Ungedruckte Dominikanerbriefe des 13. no. 20.
265. Graus, 'Premysl Otakar II', 74-7.
266. Annales Colmarienses maiores, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p 206.
267. Oswald Redlich, Rudolf von Habsburg (Innsbruck, 1903), p. 757.
268. Continuatio Vindobonensis, MGH Scriptores, ix, p. 708.
269. The excommunication had, in fact, been issued by the Archbishop of Mainz: Redlich (ed.), Eine Wiener Briefsammlung, no. 64.
270. Graus, 'Premysl Otakar II.', 75.
271. Continuatio Magni Presbiteri, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 534.
272. For more informtion on the general typology of exempla: D. L. Avray, The Preaching of the Friars: Sermons Diffused from Paris before 1300 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 72, 77;
273. Frederic Tubach, Index Exemplorum. A Handbook of Medieval Religious Tales (Helsinki, 1969);
274. J. T. Walter, L 'Exemplum dans la litterature religieuse et didactique du Mayen Age (Paris, 1927).
275. Andreas Kusternig, Erzählende Quellen des Mittelalters. Die Problematik mittelalterlicher Historiographie am Beispiel der Schlacht bei Dürnkrut und Jedenspeigen 1278 (Cologne/Vienna, 1982), pp. 69, 91-3,132,142-4.
276. Graus, 'Premysl Otakar II.', 72-3;
277. österreichische Chronik von den 95 Herrschaften, MGH Deutsche Chroniken vi (Hanover, 1906-9), p. 126.
278. Chronicon Colmariense, MGH Scriptores, xvii, pp. 245, 252.
279. Matthias von Neuenberg, Chronica, MGH Scriptores, Nova Series iv, I, 92-109.
280. Braunschweigische Reimchronik, MGH Deutsche Chroniken ii, p. 567,11. 8742-58.
281. Chronica Principium Saxoniae Ampliata, MGH Scriptores, xxx, I, p. 30.
282. Chronica Imperatorum et Pontificum, MGH Scriptores, xxiv, p. 224.
283. Magni Presbyteri Annales Reichesbergenses, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 532.
284. Chronica minor auctore minorita Erpbordensie, MGH Scriptores, xxiv, pp. 202-9;
285. Monumenta Erphesfutrtensia, p. 263.
286. Redlich (ed.), Eine Wiener Briefsammlung, nos. 55-6.
287. Ellenhardi Chronicon, MGH Scriptores, xvii, p. 122.
288. Die Sächsiche Weltchronik und ihre Fortsetzungen, MGH Deutsche Chroniken ii, pp. 300-1.
289. Die Sächsiche Weltchronik und ihre Fortsetzungen, MGH Deutsche Chroniken ii, pp. 297, 300. The word used in the episode on Henry of Almain was 'von', which in the context employed could denote either that Richard was king of or from England.
290. Die Sächsiche Weltchronik und ihre Fortsetzungen, MGH Deutsche Chroniken ii, pp. 284-7.