T-cells in human encephalitis

NeuroMolecular Medicine

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 243-253

  Bien, Christian G ^a   Bauer, Jan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b Medical University of Vienna   (Austria)

Author keywords

Human; Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis; Rasmussen encephalitis; T cells; Virus encephalitis

Indexed keywords

BETA INTERFERON; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CD8 ANTIGEN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; NATALIZUMAB; TACROLIMUS; VIRUS VACCINE;

CLINICAL TRIAL; ENCEPHALITIS; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASMUSSEN SYNDROME; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 27144551999     PISSN: 15351084     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/NMM:7:3:243     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Achim C. L., Morey M. K., and Wiley C. A. (1991) Expression of major histocompatibility complex and HIV antigens within the brains of AIDS patients. AIDS 5, 535-541.
2. Achim C. L. and Wiley C. A. (1992) Expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens in the brains of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 51, 257-263.
3. Alber M. L., Austin L. M., and Darnell R. B. (2000) Detection and treatment of activated T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Ann. Neurol. 47, 9-17.
4. Albert M. L., Darnell J. C., Bender A., Francisco L. M., Bhardwaj N., and Darnell R. B. (1998) Tumor-specific killer cells in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Nat. Med. 4, 1321-1324.
5. An S. F., Ciardi A., Giometto B., Scaravilli T., Gray F., and Scaravilli F. (1996) Investigation on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and cytokines and detection of HIV-1 DNA within brains of asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV-1-positive patients. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 91, 494-503.
6. Anlar B., Soylemezoglu F., Aysun S., Kose G., Belen D., and Yalaz K. (2001) Tissue inflammatory response in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). J. Child Neurol. 16, 895-900.
7. Babbe H., Roers A., Waisman A., et al. (2000) Clonal expansions of CD8(+) T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction. J. Exp. Med. 192, 393-404.
8. Basta S. and Bennink J. R. (2003) A survival game of hide and seek: cytomegaloviruses and MHC class I antigen presentation pathways. Viral Immunol. 16, 231-242.
9. Bataller L. and Dalmau J. O. (2004) Paraneoplastic disorders of the central nervous system: update on diagnostic criteria and treatment. Semin. Neurol. 24, 461-471.
10. Bauer J., Stadelmann C., Bancher C., Jellinger K., and Lassmann H. (1999) Apoptosis of T lymphocytes in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 97, 543-546.
11. Benyahia B., Liblau R., Merle Beral H., Tourani J. M., Dalmau J., and Delattre J. Y. (1999) Cell-mediated autoimmunity in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with anti-Hu antibodies. Ann. Neurol. 45, 162-167.
12. Bergmann C. C., Parra B., Hinton D. R., Chandran R., Morrison M., and Stohlman S. A. (2003) Perforin-mediated effector function within the central nervous system requires IFN-gamma-mediated MHC up-regulation. J. Immunol. 170, 3204-3213.
13. Bergmann C. C., Parra B., Hinton D. R., Ramakrishna C., Dowdell K. C., and Stohlman S. A. (2004) Perform and gamma interferon-mediated control of coronavirus central nervous system infection by CD8 T cells in the absence of CD4 T cells. J. Virol. 78, 1739-1750.
14. Bernal F., Graus F., Pifarre A., Saiz A., Benyahia B., and Ribalta T. (2002) Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 103, 509-515.
15. Bien C. G., Bauer J., Deckwerth T. L., et al. (2002a) Destruction of neurons by cytotoxic T cells: a new pathogenic mechanism in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 51, 311-318.
16. Bien C. G., Gleissner U., Sassen R., Widman G., Urbach H., and Elger C. E. (2004) An open study of tacrolimus therapy in Rasmussen encephalitis. Neurology 62, 2106-2109.
17. Bien C. G., Granata T., Antozzi C., et al. (2005) Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis: a European consensus statement. Brain 128, 454-471.
18. Bien C. G., Widman G., Urbach H., et al. (2002b) The natural history of Rasmussen's encephalitis. Brain 125, 1751-1759.
19. Booss J. and Esiri M. M. (2003) Viral Encephalitis in Humans. Washington DC: ASM Press.
20. Booss J., Esiri M. M., Tourtellotte W. W., and Mason D. Y. (1983) Immunohistological analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 62, 219-232.
21. Brankin B., Hart M. N., Cosby S. L., Fabry Z., and Allen I. V. (1995) Adhesion molecule expression and lymphocyte adhesion to cerebral endothelium: effects of measles virus and herpes simplex 1 virus. J. Neuroimmunol. 56, 1-8.
22. Brierley J. B., Corsellis J. A. N., Hierons R., and Nevin S. (1960) Subacute encephalitis of later adult life mainly affecting the limbic areas. Brain 83, 357-368.
23. Cher L. M., Hochberg F. H., Teruya J., et al. (1995) Therapy for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes in six patients with protein A column immunoadsorption. Cancer 75, 1678-1683.
24. Corradi J. P., Yang C., Darnell J. C., Dalmau J., and Darnell R. B. (1997) A post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism restricts expression of the paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration antigen cdr2 to immune privileged tissues. J. Neurosci. 17, 1406-1415.
25. Corsellis J. A., Goldberg G. J., and Norton A. R. (1968) "Limbic encephalitis" and its association with carcinoma. Brain 91, 481-496.
26. Cunningham J., Graus F., Anderson N., and Posner J. B. (1986) Partial characterization of the Purkinje cell antigens in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Neurology 36, 1163-1168.
27. Dalmau J., Furneaux H. M., Gralla R. J., Kris M. G., and Posner J. B. (1990) Detection of the anti-Hu antibody in the serum of patients with small cell lung cancer - a quantitative western blot analysis. Ann. Neurol. 27, 544-552.
28. Dalmau J., Furneaux H. M., Rosenblum M. K., Graus F., and Posner J. B. (1991) Detection of the anti-Hu antibody in specific regions of the nervous system and tumor from patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. Neurology 41, 1757-1764.
29. Darnell J. C., Albert M. L., and Darnell R. B. (2000) Cdr2, a target antigen of naturally occuring human tumor immunity, is widely expressed in gynecological tumors. Cancer Res. 60, 2136-2139.
30. Du Pasquier R. A., Kuroda M. J., Zheng Y., Jean-Jacques J., Letvin N. L., and Koralnik I. J. (2004a) A prospective study demonstrates an association between JC virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the early control of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Brain 127, 1970-1978.
31. Du Pasquier R. A., Schmitz J. E., Jean-Jacques J., et al. (2004b) Detection of JC virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in healthy individuals. J. Virol. 78, 10,206-10,210.
32. Farrell M. A., Droogan O., Secor D. L., Poukens V., Quinn B., and Vinters H. V. (1995) Chronic encephalitis associated with epilepsy: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Acta Neuropathol. Berl. 89, 313-321.
33. Frei K., Leist T. P., Meager A., et al. (1988) Production of B cell stimulatory factor-2 and interferon gamma in the central nervous system during viral meningitis and encephalitis. Evaluation in a murine model infection and in patients. J. Exp. Med. 168, 449-453.
34. Furneaux H. M., Rosenblum M. K., Dalmau J., et al. (1990) Selective expression of Purkinje-cell antigens in tumor tissue from patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 1844-1851.
35. Gay F. W., Drye T. J., Dick G. W., and Esiri M. M. (1997) The application of multifactorial cluster analysis in the staging of plaques in early multiple sclerosis. Identification and characterization of the primary demyelinating lesion. Brain 120, 1461-1483.
36. Gogate N., Swoveland P., Yamabe T., et al. (1996) Major histocompatibility complex class I expression on neurons in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and experimental subacute measles encephalitis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55, 435-443.
37. Graus F., Abos J., Roquer J., Mazzara R., and Pereira A. (1990a) Effect of plasmapheresis on serum and CSF autoantibody levels in CNS paraneoplastic syndromes. Neurology 40, 1621-1623.
38. Graus F., Elkon K. B., Cordon-Cardo C., and Posner J. B. (1986) Sensory neuronopathy and small cell lung cancer. Antineuronal antibody that also reacts with the tumor. Am. J. Med. 80, 45-52.
39. Graus F., Ribalta T., Campo E., Monforte R., Urbano A., and Rozman C. (1990b) Immunohistochemical analysis of the immune reaction in the nervous system in paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Neurology 40, 219-222.
40. Gultekin S. H., Rosenfeld M. R., Voltz R., Eichen J., Posner J. B., and Dalmau J. (2000) Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain 123, 1481-1494.
41. Hart Y. M., Andermann F., Fish D. R., et al. (1997) Chronic encephalitis and epilepsy in adults and adolescents: a variant of Rasmussen's syndrome? Neurology 48, 418-424.
42. Hayashi T., Morimoto C., Burks J. S., Kerr C., and Hauser S. L. (1988) Dual-label immunocytochemistry of the active multiple sclerosis lesion: major histocompatibility complex and activation antigens. Ann. Neurol. 24, 523-531.
43. Henson R. A., Hoffman H. L., and Urich H. (1965) Encephalomyelitis with carcinoma. Brain 88, 449-464.
44. Hodgson P. D., Grant M. D., and Michalak T. I. (1999) Perforin and Fas/Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity in acute and chronic woodchuck viral hepatitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 118, 63-70.
45. Houtman J. J. and Fleming J. O. (1995) Pathogenesis of mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelination. J. Neurovirol. 2, 361-376.
46. Hudson S. J. and Streilein J. W. (1994) Functional cytotoxic T cells are associated with focal lesions in the brains of SJL mice with experimental herpes simplex encephalitis. J. Immunol. 152, 5540-5547.
47. Jaeckle K. A., Graus F., Houghton A., Cardon-Cardo C., Neilsen S. L., and Posner J. B. (1985) Autoimmune response of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration to a Purkinje cell cytoplasmic protein antigen. Ann. Neurol. 18, 592-600.
48. Keime-Guibert F., Graus F., Broet P., et al. (1999) Clinical outcome of patients with anti-Hu-associated encephalomyelitis after treatment of the tumor. Neurology 53, 1719-1723.
49. Keime-Guibert F., Graus F., Fleury A., et al. (2000) Treatment of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with antineuronal antibodies (Anti-Hu, anti-Yo) with a combination of immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, and methylprednisolone. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 68, 479-482.
50. Kennedy P. G., Barrass J. D., Graham D. I., and Clements G. B. (1990) Studies on the pathogenesis of neurological diseases associated with Varicella-Zoster virus. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 16, 305-316.
51. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B. K. and Tyler K. L. (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. NEJM 353, 369-374.
52. Langer-Gould A., Atlas S. W., Green A. J., et al. (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. NEJM 353, 375-381.
53. Li Y., Uccelli A., Laxer K. D., et al. (1997) Local-clonal expansion of infiltrating T lymphocytes in chronic encephalitis of Rasmussen. J. Immunol. 158, 1428-1437.
54. Lieberman J., Manjunath N., and Shankar P. (2002) Avoiding the kiss of death: how HIV and other chronic viruses survive. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14, 478-486.
55. Liebert U. G. and ter Meulen V. (1987) Virological aspects of measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis in Lewis and BN rats. J. Gen. Virol. 68, 1715-1722.
56. Linda H., Hammarberg H., Cullheim S., Levinovitz A., Khademi M., and Olsson T. (1998) Expression of MHC class I and beta2-microglobulin in rat spinal motoneurons: regulatory influences by IFN-gamma and axotomy. Exp. Neurol. 150, 282-295.
57. Liu T. and Chambers T. J. (2001) Yellow fever virus encephalitis: properties of the brain-associated T-cell response during virus clearance in normal and gamma interferon-deficient mice and requirement for CD4+lymphocytes. J. Virol. 75, 2107-2118.
58. Mantegazza R., Bernasconi P., Baggi F., et al. (2002) Antibodies against GluR3 peptides are not specific for Rasmussen's encephalitis but are also present in epilepsy patients with severe, early onset disease and intractable seizures. J. Neuroimmunol. 131, 179-185.
59. Morris M. M., Dyson H., Baker D., Harbige L. S., Fazakerley J. K., and Amor S. (1997) Characterization of the cellular and cytokine response in the central nervous system following Semliki Forest virus infection. J. Neuroimmunol. 74, 185-197.
60. Murray P. D., McGavern D. B., Lin X., et al. (1998a) Perforin-dependent neurologic injury in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurosci. 18, 7306-7314.
61. Murray P. D., Pavelko K. D., Leibowitz J., Lin X., and Rodriguez M. (1998b) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells make discrete contributions to demyelination and neurologic disease in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J. Virol. 72, 7320-7329.
62. Nagano I., Nakamura S., Yoshioka M., and Kogure K. (1991) Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular infiltrate in brain lesions in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neurology 41, 1639-1642.
63. Nicoll J. A., Love S., and Kinrade E. (1993) Distribution of herpes simplex virus DNA in the brains of human long-term survivors of encephalitis. Neurosci. Lett. 157, 215-218.
64. Nicoll J. A., Maitland N. J., and Love S. (1991a) Autopsy neuropathological findings in burnt out' herpes simplex encephalitis and use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect viral DNA. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 17, 375-382.
65. Nicoll J. A., Maitland N. J., and Love S. (1991b) Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect herpes simplex virus DNA in paraffin sections of human brain at necropsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 54, 167-168.
66. + T cells. J. Virol. 72, 4387-4395.
67. Oguni H., Andermann F., and Rasmussen T. B. (1992) The syndrome of chronic encephalitis and epilepsy. A study based on the MNI series of 48 cases. Adv. Neurol. 57, 419-433.
68. Okano H. J., Park W. Y., Corradi J. P., and Darnell R. B. (1999) The cytoplasmic Purkinje onconeural antigen cdr2 down-regulates c-Myc function: implications for neuronal and tumor cell survival. Genes Dev. 13, 2087-2097.
69. Panegyres P. K., Reading M. C., and Esiri M. M. (1993) The inflammatory reaction of paraneoplastic ganglionitis and encephalitis: an immunohistochemical study. J. Neurol. 240, 93-97.
70. Pardo C. A., Vining E. P., Guo L., Skolasky R. L., Carson B. S., and Freeman J. M. (2004) The pathology of Rasmussen syndrome: stages of cortical involvement and neuropathological studies in 45 hemispherectomies. Epilepsia 45, 516-526.
71. Parra B., Hinton D. R., Marten N. W., et al. (1999) IFN-gamma is required for viral clearance from central nervous system oligodendroglia. J. Immunol. 162, 1641-1647.
72. Pellkofer H., Schubart A. S., Hoftberger R., et al. (2004) Modelling paraneoplastic CNS disease: T-cells specific for the onconeuronal antigen PNMA1 mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rat. Brain 127, 1822-1830.
73. + cells accumulate in the brains of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. J. Neurovirol. 9, 36-44.
74. Pewe L. and Perlman S. (2002) Cutting edge: CD8 T cell-mediated demyelination is IFN-gamma dependent in mice infected with a neurotropic coronavirus. J. Immunol. 168, 1547-1551.
75. Planz O., Bilzer T., and Stitz L. (1995) Immunopathogenic role of T-cell subsets in Borna disease virus-induced progressive encephalitis. J. Virol. 69, 896-903.
76. Ploegh H. L. (1998) Viral strategies of immune evasion. Science 280, 248-253.
77. Pullen L. C., Miller S. D., Dal Canto M. C., and Kim B. S. (1993) Class I-deficient resistant mice intracerebrally inoculated with Theiler's virus show an increased T cell response to viral antigens and susceptibility to demyelination. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 2287-2293.
78. Rasmussen T., Olszewski J., and Lloyd-Smith D. (1958) Focal seizures due to chronic localized encephalitis. Neurology 8, 435-445.
79. Roberts W. K. and Darnell R. B. (2004) Neuroimmunology of the paraneoplastic neurological degenerations. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 16, 616-622.
80. Rodriguez M., Pavelko K. D., Njenga M. K., Logan W. C., and Wettstein P. J. (1996) The balance between persistent virus infection and immune cells determines demyelination. J. Immunol. 157, 5699-5709.
81. Rogers S. W., Andrews P. I., Gahring L. C., et al. (1994) Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Science 265, 648-651.
82. Schneider-Schaulies J., Schneider-Schaulies S., and ter-Meulen V. (1993) Differential induction of cytokines by primary and persistent measles virus infections in human glial cells. Virology 195, 219-228.
83. Sheridan C. (2005) Tysabri raises alarm bells on drug class. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 397-398.
84. + T cells in control of West Nile virus infection. J. Virol. 78, 8312-8321.
85. Sillevis Smitt P. A., Manley G. T., and Posner J. B. (1995) Immunization with the paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen HuD does not cause neurologic disease in mice. Neurology 45, 1873-1878.
86. Soilu-Hanninen M., Roytta M., Salmi, A. A., and Salonen R. (1997) Semliki Forest virus infection leads to increased expression of adhesion molecules on splenic T-cells and on brain vascular endothelium. J. Neurovirol. 3, 350-360.
87. + memory T cells. J. Immunol. 157, 3065-3073.
88. Szabo A., Dalmau J., Manley, G., et al. (1991) HuD, a paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen, contains RNA-binding domains and is homologous to Elav and Sex-lethal. Cell 67, 325-333.
89. Tanaka K., Tanaka M., Inuzuka T., Nakano R., and Tsuji S. (1999) Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated cell death in paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy with anti-Hu antibody. J. Neurol. Sci. 163, 159-162.
90. Tanaka M., Tanaka K., Onodera O., et al. (1995) Trial to establish an animal model of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibody. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 97, 95-100.
91. Tekgul H., Polat M., Kitis O., et al. (2005) T-cell subsets and interleukin-6 response in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Pediatr. Neurol. 33(1), 39-45.
92. van der Most R. G., Murali-Krishna K., and Ahmed R. (2003) Prolonged presence of effector-memory CD8 T cells in the central nervous system after dengue virus encephalitis. Int. Immunol. 15, 119-125.
93. Verschuuren J., Chuang L., Rosenblum M. K., et al. (1996) Inflammatory infiltrates and complete absence of Purkinje cells in anti-Yo-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. Berl. 91, 519-525.
94. Voltz R. (2002) Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: an update on diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy. Lancet Neurol. 1, 294-305.
95. Voltz R., Dalmau J., Posner J. B., and Rosenfeld M. R. (1998) T-cell receptor analysis in anti-Hu associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Neurology 51, 1146-1150.
96. Wang F. I., Stohlman S. A., and Fleming J. O. (1990) Demyelination induced by murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) is immunologically mediated. J. Neuroimmunol. 30, 31-41.
97. Watanabe R., Wege H., and ter Meulen, V. (1987) Comparative analysis of coronavirus JHM-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis in Lewis and Brown Norway rats. Lab. Invest. 57, 375-384.
98. Watson R., Jiang Y., Bermudez I., et al. (2004) Absence of antibodies to glutamate receptor type 3 (GluR3) in Rasmussen encephalitis. Neurology 63, 43-50.
99. Wiendl H., Bien C. G., Bernasconi P., et al. (2001) GluR3 antibodies: Prevalence in focal epilepsy but no specificity for Rasmussen's encephalitis. Neurology 57, 1511-1514.
100. Woodroofe M. N., Bellamy A. S., Feldmann M., Davison A. N., and Cuzner M. L. (1986) Immunocytochemical characterisation of the immune reaction in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Possible role for microglia in lesion growth. J. Neurol. Sci. 74, 135-152.
101. Wu G. F., Dandekar A. A., Pewe L., and Perlman S. (2000) CD4 and CD8 T-cells have redundant but not identical roles in virus-induced demyelination. J. Immunol. 165, 2278-2286.