Linchpin for democracy: The critical role of civil society in Iraq

Journal of Third World Studies

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 197-225

  Stanski, Victoria ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY;

EID: 27144499167     PISSN: 87553449     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.) pp. 15-16.
2. Giuseppe di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990.) p. 145.
3. Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, Franz Rosenthal translation. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967.)
4. Mehran Kamrava, Democracy in the Balance: Culture and Society in the Middle East. (New York, NY: Chatham House Publishers, 1998.) p. 34.
5. Saad Eddin Ibrahim. "Civil Society and Prospects for Democratization in the Arab World," Civil Society in the Middle East, Ed. Augustus Richard Norton. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1995.) pp. 28-30.
6. Michael S. Lund, "Early Warning and Preventive Diplomacy," Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict. Ed. Chester Crocker, Fen Oslen Hampson with Pamela Aall. (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1996.) p. 379.
7. Hugh Maill, Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse, Contemporary Conflict Resolution. (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 1999.) p. 95.
8. Carnegie Commission Report on Deadly Conflict, Executive Summary, 1999. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rept97/finfr.htm.
9. Hugh Maill, Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse, Contemporary Conflict Resolution, pp. 111-113.
10. Peter W. Lewis, "Nigeria: The Challenge of Preventive Action," Cases and Strategies for Preventive Action, ed. Barnett R. Rubin. (New York, NY: The Century Foundation Press, 1998.) p. 109.
11. "Sharing Best Practices on Conflict Prevention: The UN, Regional and Sub-regional Organizations, National and Local Actors," Workshop report held by International Peace Academy and Swedish Institute in Alexandria. Rapporteur, Sara Lodge, April 8-10, 2002. http:/ /www.ipacademy.org/PDF_Reports/SHARING_II.pdf.
12. "The Role of Civil Society in the Prevention of Armed Conflict," Overview of Global Programme organized by the European Centre for Conflict Prevention. July 2003. http://www.xs4all.nl /~conflic1/PR/Flyer.pdf.
13. Mehran Kamrava, Democracy in the Balance: Culture and Society in the Middle East. (New York, NY: Chatham House Publishers, 1988.) p. 2.
14. London School of Economics, Center for Civil Society, March 22, 2004. http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/introduction.htm.
15. Heather Deegan, The Middle East and Problems of Democracy. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1994.) p. 1.
16. Ibid.
17. William Zartman, "Democracy and Islam: A Cultural Dialectic," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Academic Science, Vol. 524, November 1992, p. 181. http://www.aapss.org/uploads/ zartman.pdf.
18. Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay. (London, UK: Thoemmes Press, 1903.) p. 10.
19. D.G. Pruitt, S.H. Kim. Social Conflict: Escalation Stalemate, and Settlement. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995.) p. 34.
20. Daniel Katz, "Nationalism and Strategies of International Conflict Resolution," International Behavior: A Social Psychological Analysis. (New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965.) pp. 356-390.
21. P.T. Coleman, "Intractable Conflict," The Handbook of Conflict Resolution. (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc, 2000.) p. 431
22. David Hamburg, No More Killing Fields: Preventing Deadly Conflict. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, 2003.) p. 157.
23. R.J. Rummel, "Democracies are Less Warlike than Other Regimes." European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1, December 1995. pp. 457-479;
24. Zeev Maoz and Nasrin Abdolali, "Regime Types and International Conflict, 1816-1976." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1989. pp. 3-35;
25. and Ted Robert Gurr, "Persistence and Change in Political Systems 1800-1971." American Political Science Review, Vol. 68, 1974. pp. 1482-1504.
26. Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Erikkson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Havar Strand, "Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset" Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 39 No. 5, 2002. p. 616.
27. Speech by William J. Burns, Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, US Department of State, Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy-Fourth Annual Conference, Washington DC, May 16, 2003. http://www.islam-democracy.org/4th_Annual_Conference-Burns_address.asp
28. Speech by President George Bush, National Endowment for Democracy, Washington DC, November 6, 2003.
29. Interactions include, but not limited to: Lina Abood, Iraqi Women's League; Zainab Al-Suwaji, American Islamic Congress; Nesreen Berwari, Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works; Songul Chapouk, Iraqi Governing Council; Hanna Edwar, Al-Amal Association; Siham Hamdan, Baghdad City Council; Zakia Hakki, Iraqi Ministry of Justice; Rajaa Khuzai, Iraqi Governing Council; Hind Makiya, Baghdad Women's Foundation; Manal Omar, Women for Women International; Tamara Quinn, Women's Alliance for Democratic Iraq; Nazaneen Rashid, Kurdish Women Action Against Honour Killing; Zainab Salbi, Women for Women International; Neeran Saraf, SARAF Software Inc.; Ala Talabani, Iraqi Women's Higher Council; Pascale Warda, Assyrian Women's Union in Iraq.
30. Panel presentation "The Role of Women In The Emerging Government and Society of Iraq." United Nations Information Center, Washington DC, March 10, 2004. Press release from presentation available a http:// www.iraqcoalition.org/pressreleases/20040310_constitution_barwari.html.
31. Nikki Katz, "Women in Iraq: Information and History of Women's Rights in Iraq." April 2003. http://womensissues.about.com/cs/ iraq/a/iraqi_women.htm
32. Amal Rassam. "Political Ideology and Women in Iraq: Legislations and Cultural Constraints," Women and Development in the Middle East and North Africa. New York, NY: Brill Academic Publishers, 1992. p. 82.
33. Phebe Marr, Modern History of Iraq. (Oxford, UK: Westview Press, 2004.) p. 22.
34. E-mail correspondence with Amal Rassam, March 2004
35. Gonaz Esfandiari, "Women in Northern Regions Could Serve as Models for Rest of Country," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, April 2, 2004. http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/ 6686f45896f15dbc852567ae00530132/ bb75d3458f86a85249256e6e0002d1d4?OpenDocument>
36. Overview of the Iraq Coalition Provisional Authority, January 2004. http://www.cpa-iraq.org/bremerbio.html
37. Sami Zubaida, "Understanding the Insurgencies," Open Democracy, March 16, 2004. http://www.opendemocracy.net/debates/ article-2-95-1852.jsp.
38. Telephone call to unidentified member of Baghdad City Council, October 21, 2004. Anonymity due to security concerns.
39. Gallup Poll "What Form of Government in Iraq?," September 2003. http://www.cpa-iraq.org/audio/20031109a_Gallup-Form-Government.pdf
40. Public briefing with Judy Van Rest, International Republican Institute, Washington DC, April 15, 2004.
41. "OMB Report on Iraq Reconstruction: Alone and On-the-Fly," Center for American Process, January 8, 2004. http:/ /www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=19078
42. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483, May 22, 2004. http:// ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/368/53/PDF/N0336853.pdf?OpenElement;
43. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, October 331, 2002. http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/720/18/PDF/ N0072018.pdf?OpenElement
44. Presentation by Minister Nesreen Berwari, Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works of Iraq, Director's Forum, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC, February 26, 2004. http:// wwics.si.edu/events/docs/berwarisp.doc
45. Ashraf Khalil, "Women Call for Equal Representation in Iraq." WeNews, February 6, 2004. http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/ aid/1703/context/archive
46. "US-Appointed Council Abolishes Rights of Iraqi Women," MADRE, January 30, 2004. http://www.madre.org/art_iraq_resolution137.html
47. Interview with Judge Zakia Hakki, Washington DC, February 2004.
48. Presentation by Minister Nesreen Berwari, Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works of Iraq, Director's Forum, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC, February 26, 2004. http:// wwics.si.edu/events/docs/berwarisp.doc
49. Interview with unidentified member of Iraqi Governing Council, Amman, Jordan, December 2003.
50. Weekly Governance Reports, Coalition Provisional Authorities Iraq, January - April 2004. http://www.iraqcoalition.org/government/ weekly_updates/conso/index.html;
51. E-mail correspondence with representative of Democracy Division, Coalition Provisional Authorities Iraq, April 2004.
52. Telephone interview with Lesley Abdella, Washington DC, March 2004.
53. Interview with Tamara Quinn, Women's Alliance for Democratic Iraq, Washington DC, April 2004.
54. Profile on Iraqi Women, Portal on Women, Peace, and Security. United Nations Development Fund for Women. http://www.womenwarpeace.org/iraq/ iraq.htm
55. "Iraqi Women Leaders Come to Washington November 13-20," November 16, 2003. http://www.state.gov/g/wi/cal/26563.htm;
56. "President Bush Meets with Iraqi Women Leaders," November 17, 2003. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031117-4.html
57. Participant observation at conference, Amman Jordan, December 2003;
58. Cyrille Cartier, "Iraqi Women Realize New Rights Amid Security Concerns." WeNews, March 4, 2004. http://www.womenfreedomforum.org/ News_Iraq.htm;
59. Lauren Sandler, "Women Under Siege." Nation Magazine, December 29, 2003. http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml%3Fi=20031229&s=sandler
60. Interview with unidentified Kurdish activist, New York, March 2004. Anonymity due to security concerns.
61. Initiatives to Address Women's Active Participations in Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. March 2004. http://www.peacewomen.org/resources/ Initiativeslist.html
62. Toma Hamid, "The Governing Council Abolishes its Own Resolution 137," February 28, 2004. http://www.wpiraq.org/English/2004/ toma010304.htm
63. AshrafKhalil, "Iraqi Women See Victory in Constitution," WeNews, March 4, 2004. http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/ aid/1737/context/archive
64. "Reconstructing Iraq: A Guide to the Issues," Joint Publication of the Open Society Institute and United Nations Foundation. Open Society Institute and UN Foundation, May 2004. p. 22. http:/ /www.soros.org/initiatives/washington/news/iraqreport_20030530
65. David Hamburg, No More Killing Fields: Preventing Deadly Conflict. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, 2003.) p. 157.