Ukrainian nation-building under Kuchma

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 52, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 32-47

  Shulman, Stephen ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27144432655     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2005.11052211     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. This survey was written by the author and implemented by the Razumkov Center to 1,500 respondents in interviews in May-June 2001. The oblasts included in the sample were Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv, Odessa, Poltava, Rivne, Transcarpathia, and Vynnitysa. The sample also surveyed the city of Kyiv and Republic of Crimea.
2. The oblasts in the sample were grouped into regions as follows: west: Rivne, Lviv, and Transcarpathia; center: Kyiv, Vynnytsya, and Poltava; and southeast: Donetsk, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrivsk, and Odessa.
3. Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians are those who identified themselves as ethnically Ukrainian and speak only or mostly Ukrainian at home. Russian-speaking Russians are those who identified themselves as ethnically Russian and speak only or mostly Russian at home. Russian-speaking Ukrainians are those who identified themselves as ethnically Ukrainian or both Ukrainian and Russian, and who speak only or mostly Russian at home or both Russian and Ukrainian equally.
4. Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies, "Ukraine's Domestic and Foreign Policy in the Focus of Public Opinion," National Security and Defense, no. 3 (2003): 16, available at www.uceps.org/eng/ section/National_Security_and_Defense/?cur_nomer=39/.
5. The question in the European Values Survey was: "How proud are you to be a _ [e.g., Polish] citizen? Very Proud, Quite Proud, Not Very Proud, Not at All Proud."
6. The table is adapted from data in "Dynamika stavlennia hromadian Ukrainy do problem Ukraino-rosiysyikh vidnosyn" [Dynamics of Ukrainian Public Opinion on the Issue of Ukrainian-Russian Relations], Kyiv International Institute of Sociology; and unpublished survey data from KIIS.
7. In years with two or more polls, the lowest and highest figures were averaged to obtain the percentage of support for that year.
8. In Belarus, too, less than three-fourths of the population favors independence, according to a December 2002 poll. Natalia Leshchenko, "A Fine Instrument: Two Nation-Building Strategies in Belarus," Nations and Nationalism 10, no. 3 (October 2004): 345.
9. Ludmila Shangina, "On Total Independence and Queen Victoria's Advice," Zerkalo nedeli/tyzhnia (August 21-27, 2004).
10. See Stephen Shulman, "The Role of Economic Performance in Ukrainian Nationalism," Europe-Asia Studies 55, no. 2 (March 2003): 217-39.
11. Oxana Shevel, "Citizenship and Nation-building in Ukraine" (paper presented at the workshop "Understanding the Transformation of Ukraine: Assessing What Has Been Learned, Devising a Research Agenda," University of Ottawa, October, 15-16, 2005).
12. "Freedom in the World, 2004: Ukraine," Freedom House, available at www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2004/countryratings/ukraine.htm.
13. "Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2004," Transparency International, available at www.transparency.org/ pressreleases_archive/2004/2004.10.20.cpi.en.html.
14. Blue Ribbon Commission for Ukraine, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Proposals for the New President: A New Wave of Reform, 2004, available at www.carnegiendowment.org/files/BRCReport 121204Eng2.pdf;
15. United Nations Development Programme, Ukraine, available at www.un.kiev.ua/brc/index.php?page=report/.
16. Stephen Shulman, "The Contours of Civic and Ethnic National Identification in Ukraine," Europe-Asia Studies 56, no. 1 (January 2004): 35-56.
17. "Demokratiia v ukraini: otsinky, problemy i perspektyvy" [Democracy in Ukraine: Opinions, Issues, and Perspectives], Politychnyi portret ukrainy, no. 31 (Kyiv: Democratic Initiatives Foundation, 2004), available at www.dif.org.ua/publics/doc.php?action=9/11/.
18. Nataliya Panina, ed., Ukrainske suspilstvo 1994-2004: sotsiolohichnyi monitorynh [Ukrainian Society 1994-2004: Sociological Monitoring] (Kyiv: Institute of Sociology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 2004), 18-22.
19. For details on the Ethnic Ukrainian and Eastern Slavic national identities, see Shulman, "The Contours of Civic and Ethnic National Identification in Ukraine,"
20. and idem, "Sources of Civic and Ethnic Nationalism in Ukraine," Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 18, no. 4 (December 2002): 1-30.
21. See Taras Kuzio, "History, Memory, and Nation Building in the Post-Soviet Colonial Space," Nationalities Papers 30, no. 2 (June 2002): 241-64
22. and idem, "Nation-State Building and the Re-Writing of History in Ukraine: The Legacy of Kyiv Rus," Nationalities Papers 33, no. 1 (March 2005): 30-58.
23. Nancy Popson, "The Ukrainian History Textbook: Introducing Children to the Ukrainian Nation," Nationalities Papers 29, no. 2 (June 2001): 342-43.
24. Kataryna Wolczuk, "History, Europe, and the 'National Idea': The 'Official' Narrative of National Identity in Ukraine," Nationalities Papers 28, no. 4 (December 2000): 671-94.
25. Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies, "The System of Education in Ukraine: Prospects and Developments," National Security and Defense, no. 4 (2002): 5, 8, available at www.uceps.org/eng/show/582/.
26. For example, in Dnipropetrivsk oblast the percentage increased from 31 percent to 68 percent, in Kharkiv from 28 percent to 55 percent, and in Zaporizhzhia from 23 percent to 45 percent. "Chastka uchniv dennykh zahalnoosvitnikh navchalnykh zakladiv, iaki navchaiutsia ukrainskoiu movoiu" (Proportion of School Students Studying in the Ukrainian Election), Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, available at http:// education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html.
27. Oleksii M. Kuts, Movna polityka v derzhavotvorchykh protsessakh ukrainy (Language Policy in the Ukrainian State-Building Process) (Kharkiv: Kharkiv National University, 2004), p. 182.
28. Ukrainian Center for Political and Economic Studies, "The System of Education in Ukraine," p. 14.
29. "Ivan Drach, "Izvestiya v Ukraine? Let It Come Out in Ukrainian!" The Day Weekly Digest (March 21, 2000).
30. "Ukrainian Leaders Move Against Moscow Press, TV, and Radio," World News Connection (December 8, 2000).
31. Dmitrii Kotliar, "Kniga v zalozhnitsakh yuridicheskoi kazuistiki" (Books as a Hostage of Legal Casuistry), Zerkalo nedeli/tyzhnia (January 31-February 6, 2004).
32. Askold Krushelnycky, "Will Advertising in Ukrainian Promote Language?" Ukrainian Weekly (December 14, 2003).
33. Jan Maksymiuk, "The End of Russian-language Broadcasting in Ukraine?" RFE/RL Media Matters 4, no. 8 (April 22, 2004).
34. "Shevchenko Scientific Society Gathering Focuses on Ukrainian Language Situation," Ukrainian Weekly (August 3, 2003).
35. Kuts, Movna polityka v derzhavotvorchykh protsessakh ukrainy, p. 119.
36. Roman Solchanyk, Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), p. 92.
37. Taras Kuzio, "Census: Ukraine, More Ukrainian," Jamestown Foundation: Russia and Eurasian Review (February 4, 2003).
38. To determine language of convenience, interviewers asked which language is easiest for the respondent to converse in, Ukrainian or Russian. Those who replied that Ukrainian and Russian were equally easy were asked which they speak more.
39. V.Ye. Khmelko, Lingo-ethnichna struktura ukraini: regional'ni osoblyvosti ta tendentsi zmin za roky nezalezhnosti (Lingo-ethnic Structure of Ukraine: Regional Characteristics and Tendencies for Change During Independence) (Kyiv: Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, 2004), available at www.kiis.com.ua/index.php?id=4&sp=1&num=15/.
40. Shulman, "The Contours of Civic and Ethnic National Identification in Ukraine."
41. "Composer's Death in Lviv Incites Anti-Russian Sentiment," RFE/ RL Poland, Belarus, and Ukraine Report 2, no. 21 (June 6, 2000).
42. Roman Woronowycz, "Lviv City and Oblast Resolutions Limit Use of Russian Language," The Ukrainian Weekly (July 2, 2000).
43. Taras Kuzio, "Russian Nationalism Comes Under Attack in Ukraine," RFE/RL Newsline (February 7, 2002).
44. Ludmila Shanghina, "The Demographic Situation in Ukraine: Present State, Tendencies, and Predictions" (Kyiv: Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies, April 6, 2004), available at www.uceps.org/ eng/show/641/.
45. Panina, Ukrainske suspilstvo 1994-2004, p. 36.
46. Quoted in Gwendolyn Sasse, "Conflict Prevention in a Transition State: The Crimean Issue in Post-Soviet Ukraine," Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 8, no. 2 (Summer 2002): 1-26.
47. On this last point, see Taras Kuzio, "Russians and Russophones in the Former USSR and Serbs in Yugoslavia, A Comparative Study of Passivity and Mobilization," East European Perspectives 5, nos. 13-15 (June 25, July 9, July 23, July 2003).
48. Oleksandr Lytvynenko, "Ukraine's Regions on the Eve of the 2004 Presidential Elections," National Security and Defense, no. 10 (2004), p. 36.
49. Oleksandr Lytvynenko, "Idea of Strengthening Regional Independence in the Context of the Election Campaign," National Security and Defense, no. 11 (2004): 20-21.
50. Valerii Khmel'ko, "Dynamika reityngiv i sotsial'nyi sklad elektorativ v.v. yushchenka ta v.v. yanukovicha u vyborchii kampanii 2004 roku" (Regional and Social dynamics of Yoshchenko and Yanukovych Voters in the 2004 Electoral Campaign) (www.kiis.com.ua/index.php?id=4 &sp=1&num =19).