Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by rapid sand filtration with ballasted flocculation-filtration and intermediate downwashes

Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 355-364

  Gitis, Vitaly ^a   Freger, Viatcheslav ^a   Haugth, Roy C ^b   Clark, Robert M ^b  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Deep bed filtration; Hydrodynamic forces; Kaolin; Particle addition; Ripening

Indexed keywords

FILTRATION; FLOCCULATION; HYDRODYNAMICS; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM;

EID: 26944497239     PISSN: 03234320     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/aheh.200200584     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. SDWA: The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. Public Law 93-523. December 16, 1974.
2. EU (The Council of the European Union): Council Directive 75/440/EEC on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. Brussels, Belgium. December 19, 1997.
3. LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, W. D., Lee, R. G.: Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 2617-2621 (1991).
4. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Cryptosporidiosis (Fact Sheet). National Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1995.
5. Soave, R.: Human coccidial infections. In: Mahmoud, A. A. F., Warren, K. S. (Eds.): Tropical and Geographical Medicine. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, Columbus, OH, 1990.
6. Fox, K., Lyttle, D.: The Milwaukee's Cryptosporidium outbreak: investigation and recommendations. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 88, 87-94 (1996).
7. Finch, G. R., Black, E. K., Gyurek, L., Belosevic, M.: Ozone inactivation of Cryptosporidium in demand-free phosphate buffer determined by in-vitro excystation and animal infectivity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 4203-4210 (1993).
8. Owens, J., Miltner, R., Schaefer, F., Rice, E.: Pilot scale inactivation of Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. In: Proc., AWWA WQTC, San Francisco, CA, 1994.
9. Swertfeger, J., Metz, D., DeMarco, J., Braghetta, A., Jacangelo, J.: Effect of filter media on cyst and oocyst removal. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 91, 90-100 (1999).
10. Dugan, N. R., Fox, K. R., Owens, J. H., Miltner, R. J.: Controlling Cryptosporidium oocysts using conventional treatment. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 93, 64-76 (2001).
11. U.S. EPA 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule; Proposed Rule 68 FR 47640, August 11, 2003.
12. Amirtharajah, A.: Some theoretical and conceptual views of filtration. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 80, 36-45 (1988).
13. Monk, R. D. G.: Design options for water filtration. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 79, 93-106 (1987).
14. Francois, R. J., Van Haute, A. A.: Backwashing and conditioning of a deep bed filter. Water Res. 19, 1357-1362 (1985).
15. Rose, J. B.: Environmental ecology of Cryptosporidium and public health implications. Ann. Rev. Public Health 18, 135-161 (1997).
16. Kramer, M. H., Quade, G., Hartemann, P., Exner, M.: Waterborne diseases in Europe - 1986-96. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 93, 48-53 (2001).
17. Fricker, C.: The Sydney water crisis: an independent view. In: Proc., AWWA International Symposium on Waterborne Pathogens, Milwaukee, WI, 1999.
18. Cicmanec, J., Reasoner, D. J.: Enhanced production of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in immunosuppressed mice. In: Proc., AWWA International Symposium on Waterborne Cryptosporidium, Denver, CO, 1997.
19. Yang, S., Healey, M., Du, C.: Infectivity of preserved Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst for immunosuppressed adult mice. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 13, 141-145 (1996).
20. Arrowood, M. J., Donaldson, K.: Improved purification methods for calf-derived Cryptosporidium, parvum oocysts using discontinuous sucrose and cesium chloride gradients. J. Eukaryot Microbiol. 43, S89-S89 (1996).
21. http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/1622ap01.pdf (accessed 9 January 2005).
22. Gitis, V., Haught, R. C., Clark, R. M., Radha Krishnan, E.: Depressed filtration ripening enhances removal of Cryptosporidium parvum. Water Sci. Technol. - Water Supply 2, 159-168 (2002).
23. Amirtharajah, A., Mills, K. M.: Rapid-mix design for mechanisms of alum coagulation. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 74, 210-216 (1982).
24. Gitis, V., Haught, R. C., Clark, R. M., Rothenberg, G.: Assessing the removal of inorganic colloids and Cryptosporidium parvum from drinking water. J. Environ. Monit. 4, 244-248 (2002).
25. Yao, K. M., Habibian, M., O'Melia, C.: Water and wastewater filtration: concepts and applications. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5, 1105-1112 (1971).
26. Iwasaki, T.: Some notes on sand filtration. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 29, 1591-1602 (1937).
27. Ives, K. J.: Theory of filtration. Special Lecture No.7 In: Proceedings of the International Water Supply Association, Eighth Congress, Vienna, 1, K1-K28, 1969.
28. Rajagopalan, R., Tien, C.: Trajectory analysis of deep-bed filtration with the sphere-in-cell porous media model. AlChE J. 22, 523-533 (1976).
29. Ahmad, R., Amirtharajah, A., Al-Shawwa, A., Huck, P.: Effects of backwashing on biological filters. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 90, 62-73 (1998).
30. Tobiason, J. E., O'Melia, C. R.: Physicochemical aspects of particle removal in depth filtration. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 80, 54-64 (1988).
31. Gitis, V.: The Deep-bed Filtration Equation in Light of the Ripening Phenomena. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, 2000.