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Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 400-421

Prosecuting international crimes in Belgium

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EID: 26944480446     PISSN: 14781387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jicj/mqi041     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 26944446457 scopus 로고
    • 'Droit belge'
    • This law came into force on 15 August The universal jurisdiction of the Belgian judge over war crimes differs from the usual conditions of extraterritorial jurisdiction See A. Cassese and M. Delmas-Marty (eds), (Paris: PUF, 2002), at
    • This law came into force on 15 August 1993. The universal jurisdiction of the Belgian judge over war crimes differs from the usual conditions of extraterritorial jurisdiction. See D. Vandermeersch, 'Droit belge', in A. Cassese and M. Delmas-Marty (eds), Juridictions nationales et crimes internationaux (Paris: PUF, 2002), at 89-97;
    • (1993) Juridictions Nationales Et Crimes Internationaux , pp. 89-97
    • Vandermeersch, D.1
  • 3
    • 26944450417 scopus 로고
    • 'Commentaire de la loi du 16 juin 1993 relative à la répression des infractions graves au droit international humanitaire'
    • A. Andries, E. David, C. Van Den Wyngaert and J. Verhaegen, 'Commentaire de la loi du 16 juin 1993 relative à la répression des infractions graves au droit international humanitaire', Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie (1994), at 1133.
    • (1994) Revue De Droit Pénal Et De Criminologie , pp. 1133
    • Andries, A.1    David, E.2    Van Den Wyngaert, C.3    Verhaegen, J.4
  • 4
    • 26944483750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aside from the Statute of the ICC, no international agreement concerns crimes against humanity as such
    • Aside from the Statute of the ICC, no international agreement concerns crimes against humanity as such.
  • 5
    • 84881794088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'La loi du 10 février 1999 relative à la répression des violations graves du droit international humanitaire'
    • See, on this topic
    • See, on this topic, P. d'Argent, 'La loi du 10 février 1999 relative à la répression des violations graves du droit international humanitaire', Journal des Tribunaux (1999), at 554-555;
    • (1999) Journal Des Tribunaux , pp. 554-555
    • d'Argent, P.1
  • 6
    • 84920436911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'M. Pinochet, la coutume internationale et la cómpetence universelle'
    • note under Corr. Bruxelles, 6 November 1998
    • J. Verhoeven, 'M. Pinochet, la coutume internationale et la cómpetence universelle', note under Corr. Bruxelles, 6 November 1998, Journal des Tribunaux, 1999, at 311-315;
    • (1999) Journal Des Tribunaux , pp. 311-315
    • Verhoeven, J.1
  • 7
    • 84856372993 scopus 로고
    • 'Y-a-t-il un conflit insurmontable entre souverainete des Etats et justice pénale internationale'
    • A. Cassese and M. Delmas-Marty (eds), supra note 1
    • A. Cassese, 'Y-a-t-il un conflit insurmontable entre souverainete des Etats et justice pénale internationale', in A. Cassese and M. Delmas-Marty (eds), Crimes internationaux et juridictions internationales, supra note 1, at 22-29.
    • (1993) Crimes Internationaux Et Juridictions Internationales , pp. 22-29
    • Cassese, A.1
  • 8
    • 26944474699 scopus 로고
    • 'La compétence universelle en droit beige'
    • See. supra note 1
    • See D. Vandermeersch, 'La compétence universelle en droit beige', supra note 1, at 56-57.
    • (1993) 'Droit Belge' , pp. 56-57
    • Vandermeersch, D.1
  • 9
    • 26944466038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'La loi du 10 février 1999 relative à la répression des violations graves du droit international humanitaire'
    • Moniteur beige, 23 March This Law came into force on 2 April 1999. See P. d'Argent, 1999
    • Moniteur beige, 23 March 1999. This Law came into force on 2 April 1999. See P. d'Argent, 'La loi du 10 février 1999 relative à la répression des violations graves du droit international humanitaire', Journal des Tribunaux (1999), at 550.
    • (1999) Journal Des Tribunaux , pp. 550
  • 10
    • 26944475850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Any person who claims to have been the victim of a crime or délit is allowed to report it and become the partie civile (a private party who either institutes a prosecution independently or joins himself to the public prosecution) in proceedings before a judge'
    • In Belgium, in M. Delmas-Marty and J.R. Spencer (eds), European Criminal Procedure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • In Belgium, 'Any person who claims to have been the victim of a crime or délit is allowed to report it and become the partie civile (a private party who either institutes a prosecution independently or joins himself to the public prosecution) in proceedings before a judge' (B. Pesquié and Y. Cartuiyvels, 'The Belgian System, in M. Delmas-Marty and J.R. Spencer (eds), European Criminal Procedure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), at 94).
    • (2002) 'The Belgian System' , pp. 94
    • Pesquié, B.1    Cartuiyvels, Y.2
  • 11
    • 26944468944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moniteur belge, 7 May
    • Moniteur belge, 7 May 2003.
    • (2003)
  • 12
    • 26444612702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Belgium's First Application of Universal Jurisdiction: The Butare Four Case'
    • Moniteur belge, 7 August 2003. See
    • Moniteur belge, 7 August 2003. See L. Reydams, 'Belgium's First Application of Universal Jurisdiction: The Butare Four Case', 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice (2003) 428-436.
    • (2003) Journal of International Criminal Justice , vol.2 , pp. 428-436
    • Reydams, L.1
  • 13
    • 26944445705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • During the parliamentary debates, reference was made several times to the substantial deterioration of relations with the United States and namely to the latter's threat to remove the headquarters of NATO from Brussels Chambre, S.E. doc. 51/0103/003, at 14, 27, 28, 30 and
    • During the parliamentary debates, reference was made several times to the substantial deterioration of relations with the United States and namely to the latter's threat to remove the headquarters of NATO from Brussels (Report of the Justice Commission of the Chamber of Representatives, Documents parlementaires, Chambre, S.E. 2003, doc. 51/ 0103/003, at 14, 27, 28, 30 and 50).
    • (2003) (Report of the Justice Commission of the Chamber of Representatives, Documents Parlementaires) , pp. 50
  • 14
    • 26944456863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The necessity of fighting against impunity regarding violations of international humanitarian law remains the government's starting point. Although one must admit: The new law will be much less ambitious. It does, in effect, constitute a step backwards.
    • The law of 5 August 2003 was adopted during an extraordinary session of the House of Representatives. Departure on leave was postponed in order to allow voting for three laws, one of which concerns international humanitarian law. Realism prevailed in the law of 5 August. This is reflected in the Justice Minister's statement: 'The necessity of fighting against impunity regarding violations of international humanitarian law remains the government's starting point. Although one must admit: The new law will be much less ambitious. It does, in effect, constitute a step backwards. Although this is regrettable, one must not forget that, on the one hand, Belgium could not avoid this reform, and on the other, that the new law is more realistic and puts an end to a highly criticised procedure introduced by the law of 23 April 2003, in §4, article 7 of the 1993 law', Report of the Justice Commission of the Chamber of Representatives, Documents parlementaires, Chambre, S.E. 2003, doc. 51/0103/003, at 11.
    • (2003) Report of the Justice Commission of the Chamber of Representatives, Documents Parlementaires , pp. 11
  • 15
    • 26944466037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Détentions et poursuites judiciaires en Belgique'
    • W. Bourdon et al., Paris: Karthala
    • M.A. Swartenbroeckx, 'Détentions et poursuites judiciaires en Belgique', in W. Bourdon et al., La justice internationale face au drame rwandais (Paris: Karthala, 1996), at 143.
    • (1996) La Justice Internationale Face Au Drame Rwandais , pp. 143
    • Swartenbroeckx, M.A.1
  • 16
    • 26944443760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Belgian law, the prosecutor is independent of the executive. The Justice Minister does not have any right of negative interference to prevent prosecution but may order the initiation of prosecution (Art. 151 of the Belgian Constitution)
    • In Belgian law, the prosecutor is independent of the executive. The Justice Minister does not have any right of negative interference to prevent prosecution but may order the initiation of prosecution (Art. 151 of the Belgian Constitution).
  • 17
    • 26944488594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, Summary Report of Auditions'
    • Sénat, COM-R 1-43
    • 'Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, Summary Report of Auditions', Documents parlementaires, Sénat, 1996-1997, COM-R 1-43, at 414.
    • (1996) Documents Parlementaires , pp. 414
  • 18
    • 26944488594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, Summary Report of Auditions'
    • For more detail on the process of these investigations, see Sénat, COM-R 1-43, at and under
    • For more detail on the process of these investigations, see 'Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, Summary Report of Auditions', Documents parlementaires, Sénat, 1996-1997, COM-R 1-43, at 414 and under.
    • (1996) Documents Parlementaires , pp. 414
  • 20
    • 26944450808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Belgium, members of government are granted privilege from jurisdiction
    • In Belgium, members of government are granted privilege from jurisdiction.
  • 21
    • 26944467460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corr. Bruxelles (ch. cons.), 22 July 1996, 20 September
    • Corr. Bruxelles (ch. cons.), 22 July 1996, Journal des Procès, no. 310, 20 September 1996, at 28-31.
    • (1996) Journal Des Procès , Issue.310 , pp. 28-31
  • 22
    • 26944444949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brussels (indictment), 27 June arrêt no. 1939
    • Brussels (indictment), 27 June 2000, arrêt no. 1939.
    • (2000)
  • 23
    • 26944501511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Cass., 9 October 1996, Bull., 1996, at 962, at and the note by H.D. Bosly
    • See Cass., 9 October 1996, Bull., 1996, at 962, 77 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie (1997), at 1076 and the note by H.D. Bosly.
    • (1997) Revue De Droit Pénal Et De Criminologie , vol.77 , pp. 1076
  • 24
    • 26944468556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • After the law of 22 March 1996 came into effect, and following the divestment of the Belgian investigating judge by the Court of Cassation (Cass.), these three persons were temporarily arrested under the provisions of the law for their transfer to the ICC. Two of them were transferred to Arusha, and the indictment has not yet been confirmed for the third individual.
  • 25
    • 26944470664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gand (indictment), 22 January in the case of N
    • Gand (indictment), 22 January 2000, in the case of N.
    • (2000)
  • 26
    • 26944475851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two other Rwandan nationals residing in Belgium, having been indicted by the ICTR, were arrested in Belgium and transferred to the International Tribunal. See Cass., 7 August 2001
    • Two other Rwandan nationals residing in Belgium, having been indicted by the ICTR, were arrested in Belgium and transferred to the International Tribunal. See Cass., 7 August 2001, 82 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie (2002), at 681;
    • (2002) Revue De Droit Pénal Et De Criminologie , vol.82 , pp. 681
  • 27
    • 26944433329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bruxelles (indictment), 8 August 2001
    • Bruxelles (indictment), 8 August 2001, 82 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie (2002), at 277,
    • (2002) Revue De Droit Pénal Et De Criminologie , vol.82 , pp. 277
  • 29
    • 26944464495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This trial will start on 9 May 2005 before the Court of Assizes in Brussels
    • This trial will start on 9 May 2005 before the Court of Assizes in Brussels.
  • 30
    • 26944456232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In conjunction with this case, another Rwandan accused has been held in Tanzania for several years pending extradition procedures in Rwanda and Belgium
    • In conjunction with this case, another Rwandan accused has been held in Tanzania for several years pending extradition procedures in Rwanda and Belgium.
  • 31
    • 26944449203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Les décisions Pinochet au Royaume-Uni'
    • See
    • See J. Verhoeven, 'Les décisions Pinochet au Royaume-Uni', Journal des Tribunaux (2000), at 226-228;
    • (2000) Journal Des Tribunaux , pp. 226-228
    • Verhoeven, J.1
  • 32
    • 26944470266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Sur l'ordonnance du juge d'instruction Vandermeersch rendue dans l'affaire Pinochet le 6 novembre 1998'
    • A. Weyembergh, 'Sur l'ordonnance du juge d'instruction Vandermeersch rendue dans l'affaire Pinochet le 6 novembre 1998', 32 Revue Belge de droit international (1999), at 178-204;
    • (1999) Revue Belge De Droit International , vol.32 , pp. 178-204
    • Weyembergh, A.1
  • 33
    • 26944501113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Ordonnance du juge d'instruction de Bruxelles du 6 novembre 1998'
    • and under, with observations by H.-D. Bosly and J. Burneo Labrin, Journal des Tribunaux (1999) at 308 and observations by J. Verhoeven
    • 'Ordonnance du juge d'instruction de Bruxelles du 6 novembre 1998', 79 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie (1999) at 282 and under, with observations by H.-D. Bosly and J. Burneo Labrin, Journal des Tribunaux (1999) at 308 and observations by J. Verhoeven.
    • (1999) Revue De Droit Pénal Et De Criminologie , vol.79 , pp. 282
  • 34
    • 26944463004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See newspaper articles in Le Soir, 24 January 2000 and 24 January
    • See newspaper articles in Le Soir, 24 January 2000 and La libre Belgique, 24 January 2000.
    • (2000) La Libre Belgique
  • 35
    • 26944487155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICJ, (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium) 14 February 2002, available online at www.icj-cij.org (docket) (last visited 16 March
    • ICJ, Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium) 14 February 2002, available online at www.icj-cij.org (docket) (last visited 16 March 2005).
    • (2005) Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000
  • 36
    • 26944488595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To this date, the Court of Appeals has not reached a decision
    • To this date, the Court of Appeals has not reached a decision.
  • 37
    • 26944487879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See (Belgian House of Representatives bulletin), 50th legislature, no. 020, 17 March
    • See Informations parlementaires (Belgian House of Representatives bulletin), 50th legislature, no. 020, 17 March 2000, at 9.
    • (2000) Informations Parlementaires , pp. 9
  • 38
    • 26944486526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cass., 24 September ref. P.03.1217.F
    • Cass., 24 September 2003, ref. P.03.1217.F.
    • (2003)
  • 39
    • 26944478473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cass., 24 September 2003, ref. P.03.1216.F
    • Cass., 24 September 2003, ref. P.03.1216.F, Journal des Tribunaux (2003), at 369.
    • (2003) Journal Des Tribunaux , pp. 369
  • 40
    • 26944441926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cass., 10 December Ref. P.03.1506.F
    • Cass., 10 December 2003, Ref. P.03.1506.F.
    • (2003)
  • 41
    • 26944467460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • During the hearing before the Council Chamber at the end of the investigation, the Brussels Crown Prosecutor's assistant bravely pleaded against the previous pleadings for divestment which the Prosecutor General had ordered him to sign (see Corr. Bruxelles (ch. cons), 22 July 20 September 1996, at On the subsequent delays in procedure, see the Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, Compte rendu analytique, Sénat, 6 May 1997, COM-R 1-43, at 417-418
    • During the hearing before the Council Chamber at the end of the investigation, the Brussels Crown Prosecutor's assistant bravely pleaded against the previous pleadings for divestment which the Prosecutor General had ordered him to sign (see Corr. Bruxelles (ch. cons), 22 July 1996, Journal des Procès, no. 310, 20 September 1996, at 28-31). On the subsequent delays in procedure, see the Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, Compte rendu analytique, Sénat, 6 May 1997, COM-R 1-43, at 417-418.
    • (1996) Journal Des Procès , Issue.310 , pp. 28-31
  • 42
    • 26944501510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Le parquet fédéral est arrivé: Plus-value pour le ministère public?'
    • See, on this topic
    • See, on this topic, A. Masset, 'Le parquet fédéral est arrivé: plus-value pour le ministère public?', Journal des Tribunaux (2002), at 121-129;
    • (2002) Journal Des Tribunaux , pp. 121-129
    • Masset, A.1
  • 43
    • 26944457246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'La loi modifiant diverses dispositions en ce qui concerne le parquet fédéral'
    • J.C. Paye, 'La loi modifiant diverses dispositions en ce qui concerne le parquet fédéral', Journal des Procès (2001), no. 427, at 17-19;
    • (2001) Journal Des Procès , Issue.427 , pp. 17-19
    • Paye, J.C.1
  • 44
    • 26944502614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opinion of the Superior Council for Justice concerning the proposed legislation for the Federal Prosecutor
    • Opinion of the Superior Council for Justice concerning the proposed legislation for the Federal Prosecutor, Journal des Procès (2001), no. 407, at 16-19.
    • (2001) Journal Des Procès , Issue.407 , pp. 16-19
  • 45
    • 26944469886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concerning the private petition against Mr Bush et al., several plaintiffs declared that they were filing such complaints preventively, in light of the build-up to the new war in Iraq
    • Concerning the private petition against Mr Bush et al., several plaintiffs declared that they were filing such complaints preventively, in light of the build-up to the new war in Iraq.
  • 46
    • 26944436948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Belgium, trial by jury is held before the Court of Assizes, which has jurisdiction over such crimes
    • In Belgium, trial by jury is held before the Court of Assizes, which has jurisdiction over such crimes.
  • 47
    • 26944449202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, on this topic, Art. 38 of the organic law of 30 November 1998 concerning intelligence and security services
    • See, on this topic, Art. 38 of the organic law of 30 November 1998 concerning intelligence and security services.
  • 48
    • 26944435088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assistance from the local police proved to be highly valuable when taking statements from witnesses in their language (kinyarwanda)
    • Assistance from the local police proved to be highly valuable when taking statements from witnesses in their language (kinyarwanda).
  • 49
    • 26944500092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Compte rendu analytique des auditions'
    • See, on this topic, Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, Sénat, COM-R 1-43
    • See, on this topic, Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, 'Compte rendu analytique des auditions', Documents parlementaires, Sénat, 1996-1997, COM-R 1-43, at 414-415.
    • (1996) Documents Parlementaires , pp. 414-415
  • 50
    • 26944503363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 93.1 of the Rome Statute addresses requests for judicial assistance made by national authorities to the ICC
    • Article 93.1 of the Rome Statute addresses requests for judicial assistance made by national authorities to the ICC.
  • 51
    • 26944441535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'La loi du 22 mars 1996 relative à la reconnaissance du Tribunal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie et du Tribunal international pour le Rwanda et à la coopération avec ces Tribunaux'
    • Law of 22 March 1996 concerning the recognition of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and cooperation with these Tribunals (Moniteur belge of 27 April 1996, at 10.260). The law entered into force on the day of its publication (Art. 15). For a more detailed analysis of this law, see 76
    • Law of 22 March 1996 concerning the recognition of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and cooperation with these Tribunals (Moniteur belge of 27 April 1996, at 10.260). The law entered into force on the day of its publication (Art. 15). For a more detailed analysis of this law, see D. Vandermeersch, 'La loi du 22 mars 1996 relative à la reconnaissance du Tribunal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie et du Tribunal international pour le Rwanda et à la coopération avec ces Tribunaux', 76 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie (1996), at 855-888.
    • (1996) Revue De Droit Pénal Et De Criminologie , pp. 855-888
    • Vandermeersch, D.1
  • 52
    • 26944459918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Concerning cooperation with the International Criminal Court and the International Criminal Tribunals'
    • A legislative proposal was introduced before Parliament Chambre, SO, 2450/001)
    • A legislative proposal 'concerning cooperation with the International Criminal Court and the International Criminal Tribunals' was introduced before Parliament (Documents parlementaires, Chambre, SO, 2002-2003, 2450/001).
    • (2002) Documents Parlementaires
  • 53
    • 26944448841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Compte rendu analytique des auditions'
    • This mainly concerns the Bagosora case and those involving the RTLM (Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, Sénat, COM-R 1-43
    • This mainly concerns the Bagosora case and those involving the RTLM (Parliamentary Investigation Commission for Rwanda, 'Compte rendu analytique des auditions', Documents parlementaires, Sénat, 1996-1997, COM-R 1-43, at 415).
    • (1996) Documents Parlementaires , pp. 415
  • 54
    • 26944483911 scopus 로고
    • See also ICTR, Decision on the Application by the Prosecutor for Transfer and Detention, Bagosora (ICTR-96-7), Trial Chamber, 17 May 1996 in and Cass., 12 April 2000, ref. No. P.00.0537.F
    • See also ICTR, Decision on the Application by the Prosecutor for Transfer and Detention, Bagosora (ICTR-96-7), Trial Chamber, 17 May 1996 in Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda - Recueil des ordonnances, décisions et arrêts, 1995-1997, at 87, and Cass., 12 April 2000, ref. No. P.00.0537.F.
    • (1995) Tribunal Pénal International Pour Le Rwanda - Recueil Des Ordonnances, Décisions Et Arrêts , pp. 87
  • 55
    • 26944477676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 10 of the law of 22 March
    • Article 10 of the law of 22 March 1996.
    • (1996)
  • 56
    • 26944460287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Certain defence investigators prolonged such confusion by introducing themselves in Belgium as investigators for the ICTR
    • Certain defence investigators prolonged such confusion by introducing themselves in Belgium as investigators for the ICTR.
  • 57
    • 26944456864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A number of witnesses have been questioned over 10 times
    • A number of witnesses have been questioned over 10 times.
  • 58
    • 26944499686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Differences in treatment between individuals accused and tried in Rwanda before the International Tribunal or in a third country (such as a European state) have been underscored by several non-governmental organizations.
  • 59
    • 26944496713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICJ, 14 February 2002 note by in Journal des Procès (2002), at 28. On this issue, see D. Vandermeersch, 'La compétence universelle en droit belge', supra, note 1, at 65-74
    • ICJ, 14 February 2002, Journal des Tribunaux (2002), at 282, note by J. d'Aspremont Lynden and F. Dopagne, in Journal des Procès (2002), at 28. On this issue, see D. Vandermeersch, 'La compétence universelle en droit belge', supra, note 1, at 65-74
    • (2002) Journal Des Tribunaux , pp. 282
    • d'Aspremont Lynden, J.1    Dopagne, F.2
  • 60
    • 26944434224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Quelques considérations sur le statut pénal des gouvernants étrangers d'après l'arrêt de la Cour internationale de Justice du 14 février 2002'
    • P. Morlet, 'Quelques considérations sur le statut pénal des gouvernants étrangers d'après l'arrêt de la Cour internationale de Justice du 14 février 2002', 82 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie (2002), at 979-1003.
    • (2002) Revue De Droit Pénal Et De Criminologie , vol.82 , pp. 979-1003
    • Morlet, P.1
  • 61
    • 26944446857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, in the same vein, Cass. fr., 13 March 2001 note by
    • See, in the same vein, Cass. fr., 13 March 2001, Journal des Tribunaux (2002), at 430, note by O. Corten and A. Weyembergh.
    • (2002) Journal Des Tribunaux , pp. 430
    • Corten, O.1    Weyembergh, A.2
  • 62
    • 26944492106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cass., 12 February ref. P.021139.F/1
    • Cass., 12 February 2003, ref. P.021139.F/1.
    • (2003)
  • 63
    • 4344658597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On this obiter dictum, see (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
    • On this obiter dictum, see A. Cassese, International Criminal Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), at 266-273.
    • (2003) International Criminal Law , pp. 266-273
    • Cassese, A.1
  • 64
    • 26944447405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This includes the issuance of an international arrest warrant
    • This includes the issuance of an international arrest warrant.
  • 65
    • 84855675205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On this question, see (Bruxelles: Bruylant)
    • On this question, see J. Salmon, Manuel de droit diplomatique (Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1996), at 481ff.
    • (1996) Manuel De Droit Diplomatique
    • Salmon, J.1
  • 66
    • 26944448117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'L'impunité est-elle soluble dans le droit pénal international?'
    • C. Deman, 'L'impunité est-elle soluble dans le droit pénal international?', in 23 Politique-Revue de débats (2002), at 31.
    • (2002) Politique-Revue De Débats , vol.23 , pp. 31
    • Deman, C.1
  • 67
    • 26944436565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Jurisdiction is universal when it is shared by states, and not when one of them, in the name of universal principles, leaves its judges to exercise jurisdiction over crimes committed in supposedly undemocratic countries'
    • As Pierre d'Argent has pointedly stated, 'Jurisdiction is universal when it is shared by states, and not when one of them, in the name of universal principles, leaves its judges to exercise jurisdiction over crimes committed in supposedly undemocratic countries'; 'Report of the Justice Commission of the Chamber of Representatives', Documents parlementaires, Chambre, SE 2003, doc. 51/0103/003, at 22-23.
    • (2003) Documents Parlementaires , pp. 22-23


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.