Trends in inequality in infant mortality in the north of England, 1921-1973, and their association with urban and social structure

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A: Statistics in Society

Volumn 168, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 679-700

  Congdon, P ^a   Southall, H ^b  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Inequality in mortality; Infant mortality; Mortality gradients; Spatial correlation

Indexed keywords

EID: 26844548070     PISSN: 09641998     EISSN: 1467985X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2005.00370.x     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Aaby, P., Bukh, J., Lisse, I. and Smits, A. (1984) Overcrowding and intensive exposure as determinants of measles mortality. Am. J. Epidem., 120, 49-63.
2. Atkinson, A. (1993) What is happening to the distribution of income in the UK? Proc, Br. Acad., 82, 317-351.
3. Bardsley, M. and Morgan, D. (2000) Inequalities in maternal and early child health: priorities for London: measuring inequalities in the health of mothers and children. Briefing Paper 1, Health of Londoners Project Directorate of Public Health East London and City Health Authority, London.
4. Bernardinelli, L. and Montomoli, C. (1992) Empirical Bayes versus fully Bayesian analysis of geographical variation in disease risk. Statist. Med., 11, 983-1007.
5. Bernardinelli. L., Pascutto, C., Montomoli, C., Komakec, J. and Gilks, W. (1999) Ecological regression with errors in covariates: an application. In Disease Mapping and Risk Assessment for Public Health (eds A. Lawson, A. Biggeri, D. Böhning, E. Lesaffre, J. Viel and R. Bertollini), pp. 329-348. Chichester: Wiley.
6. Besag, J. and Newell, J. (1991) The detection of clusters in rare diseases. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 154, 143-155.
7. Besag, J., York, J. and Mollié, A. (1991) Bayesian image restoration with two applications in spatial statistics. Ann. Inst. Statist. Math., 43, 1-21.
8. Brenner, M. (1973) Fetal, infant and maternal mortality during periods of economic instability. Int. J. Hlth Serv., 3, 145-159.
9. Burnett, J. (1967) The provision of hospital accommodation and its effective use in relation to perinatal mortality rates in the North West. Mnthly Bull. Minstry Hlth, 26, 48-50.
10. Cherry, S. (1996) Medical Services and the Hospitals in Britain 1860-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Chib, S. (1993) Bayes estimation of regressions with autoregressive errors: a Gibbs sampling approach. J. Econometr., 58, 275-294.
12. Coates, B. and Rawstron, E. (1971) Regional Variations in Britain. London: Batsford.
13. Congdon, P., Campos, R., Curtis, S., Southall, H., Gregory, I. and Jones, I. (2001) Quantifying and explaining changes in geographical inequality of infant mortality in England and Wales since the 1890s. Int. J. Popln Geogr., 7, 35-51.
14. Cowell, F. (1994) Measuring Inequality, 2nd edn. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
15. Gelfand, A. and Ghosh, S. (1998) Model choice: a minimum posterior predictive loss approach. Biometrika, 85, 1-11.
16. Gelfand, A. and Smith, A. (1990) Sampling based approaches to calculating marginal densities. J. Am. Statist. Ass., 85, 398-409.
17. Gelfand, A. and Vounatsou, P. (2003) Proper multivariate conditional autoregressive models for spatial data analysis. Biostatistics, 4, 11-25.
18. Gelman, A., Carlin, J., Stern, H. and Rubin, D. (1995) Bayesian Data Analysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
19. Ghosh, M., Natarajan, K., Stroud, T. and Carlin, B. (1998) Generalized linear models for small-area estimation. J. Am. Statist. Ass., 93, 273-282.
20. Gregory, I. and Southall, H. (1998) Putting the past in its place: the Great Britain Historical GIS, In Innovations in GIS 5(ed. S. Carver), pp. 210-221. London: Taylor and Francis.
21. Jones, M. (1984) The economic history of the regional problem. J. Hist. Geogr., 10, 385-395.
22. Knox, P. (1981) Convergence and divergence in regional patterns of infant mortality in the United Kingdom from 1949-51 to 1970-72. Socl Sci. Med., 15, 323-328.
23. Lee, C. (1991) Regional inequalities in infant mortality in Britain, 1861-1971: patterns and hypotheses. Popln Stud., 45, 55-65.
24. Leonard, T. and Hsu, J. (1999) Bayesian Methods. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Nygard, F. and Sandstrom, A. (1989) Income inequality measures based on sample-surveys. J. Econometr., 42, 81-95.
26. Openshaw, S. (1984) The modifiable areal unit problem. In Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography, no. 38. Norwich: Geo-abstracts.
27. Pamuk, E. (1985) Social class inequality in mortality from 1921 to 1972 in England and Wales. Popln Stud., 39, 17-31.
28. Robinson, D. and Pinch, S. (1987) A geographical analysis of the relationship between early childhood death and socio-economic environment in an English city. Sod Sci. Med., 25, 9-18.
29. Shaw, M., Gordon, D., Dorling, D., Mitchell, R. and Davey Smith, G. (2000) Increasing mortality differentials by residential area level of poverty: Britain 1981-1997. Sod Sci. Med., 51, 151-153.
30. Sloggett, A. and Joshi, H. (1998) Deprivation indicators as predictors of life events 1981-1992 based on the UK ONS Longitudinal Study. J. Epidem. Commty Hlth, 52, 228-233.
31. Spiegelhalter, D. J., Best, N. G., Carlin, B. P. and van der Linde, A. (2002) Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit (with discussion). J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 64, 583-639.
32. Stevenson, J. (1977) Social Conditions in Britain between the Wars. London: Pelican.
33. Sun, D., Tsutakawa, R., Kim, H. and He, Z. (2000) Spatio-temporal interaction with disease mapping. Statist. Med., 19, 2015-2035.
34. Sun, D., Tsutakawa, R. and Speckman, P. (1999) Posterior distribution of hierarchical models using CAR(1) distributions. Biometrika, 86, 341-350.
35. Wakefield, J., Best, N. and Waller, L. (2000) Bayesian approaches to disease mapping. In Spatial Epidemiology; Methods and Applications (eds P. Elliott, J. Wakefield, N. Best and D. Briggs), eh. 7. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. Webster, C. (1985) Health, welfare and unemployment during the Depression. Past Present, 109, 204-229.
37. Williams, F. and Lloyd, O. (1990) Mortality at early ages in Scottish communities, 1959-83: geographical distributions and associations with selected socioeconomic indices. Publ. Hlth, 104, 227-237.
38. Winter, J. (1983) Unemployment, nutrition and infant mortality in Britain. In The Working Class and Modern British History (ed. J. Winter). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39. Wolleswinkel-van den Bosch, J., van Poppel, F., Looman, C. and Mackenbach, J. (2000) Determinants of infant and early childhood mortality levels and their decline in the Netherlands in the late nineteenth century. Int. J. Epidem., 29, 1031-1040.
40. Woods, R. (1997) Infant mortality in Britain: a survey of current knowledge on historical trends and variations. In Infant and Child Mortality in the Past (eds A. Bideau, B. Dejardins and H. Brigonoli). Oxford: Clarendon.