Farmers and English county politics 1832-80

Rural History

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 191-207

  Jaggard, Edwin ^a  

^a EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FARMING SYSTEM; POLITICAL HISTORY; RURAL POLITICS;

EASTERN HEMISPHERE; ENGLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD;

EID: 26844538531     PISSN: 09567933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0956793305001470     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Somerset Record Office, Hylton MSS, DD/HY/24/8/23 Philip Rose to Sir William Jolliffe, 29th November 1855. Triscott corresponded with Jolliffe on electoral politics in Devon and Cornwall.
2. S. R. O., Hylton MSS DD/HY/24/9, letters from J. W. Freshfield to Jolliffe, March to December 1855.
3. Cornwall Record Office, KL/22/30, William Geach to Nicholas Kendall, 3rd February 1872.
4. See John A. Phillips and Charles Wetherell, 'The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England', American Historical Review, 100, 2 (April) 1995, 411-36 for a discussion of growing partisanship.
5. K. Theodore Hoppen, The Mid- Victorian Generation 1846-1886 (Oxford 1998), p. 254.
6. Ibid, pp. 254-5.
7. Norman Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel (New York, 1971);
8. H. J. Hanham, Elections And Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (Hassocks, 1978), p. 6,
9. D. C. Moore, The Politics of Deference (Hassocks, 1976, T. J. Nossiter, Influence, Opinion and Political Idioms in Reformed England (Hassocks, 1975).
10. Alun Howkins, 'Types of Rural Communities' in E. J. T. Collins (ed.) The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. VII 1850-1914 (Part II) (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 1376-7.
11. Ibid., p. 1377.
12. David Eastwood, 'Toryism, Reform, and Political Culture in Oxfordshire, 1826-1837', Parliamentary History, 7, 1 (1988), 113.
13. Philip Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work: Local Politics and National Parties 1832-1841 (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 144-5.
14. Ibid., p. 141.
15. Ibid., p. 119.
16. R. J. Olney, Lincolnshire Politics 1832-1885 (Oxford, 1973), p. 243.
17. Salmon, Electoral Reform, p. 243.
18. Edwin Jaggard, Cornwall Politics in the Age of Reform 1790-1885 (Woodbridge, 1999), chapter 2. Farmers' activism in Cornwall emerged post-1815 and continued through the 1820s and 1830s. The leader was John Penhallow Peters of Veryan who was partly instrumental in forming the farmer-reformer alliance in the county prior to 1832.
19. Ibid., chapter 6.
20. David Eastwood, 'Contesting the Politics of Deference: The Rural Electorate, 1820-1860' in Jon Lawrence and Miles Taylor, Party, State and Society: Electoral Behaviour in Britain since 1820 (Aldershot, 1997), p. 31. Eastwood also refers to rural county politics as participatory politics, an argument I agree with.
21. Hanham, Elections and Party Management, p. 6.
22. Nossiter, Influence, Opinion, p. 47.
23. Hanham, Elections and Party Management, p. 8.
24. Frank O'Gorman, Voters, Patrons And Parties: The Unreformed Electorate of Hanoverian England, 1734-1832 (Oxford, 1989), p. 227.
25. Ibid.
26. Also Harold Ellis believes legitimate influence 'resulted not from fear of the power of wealth, but from respect for the friendly offices of neighbourhood and connection'. See his 'Aristocratic Influence and Electoral Independence' (unpublished paper, 1978, Washington University), p. 9.
27. Salmon, Electoral Reform, p. 125.
28. Ibid., p. 128
29. Matthew Cragoe, An Anglican Aristocracy: The Moral Economy of the Landed Estate in Carmarthenshire 1832-1895 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 171-2.
30. Salmon, Electoral Reform, p. 127.
31. Ibid., p. 132.
32. James Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society: South Lindsey 1825-1875 (Oxford, 1976), pp. 10-14,
33. Anne Digby, Pauper Palaces (London, 1978), pp. 89-96, discuss these terms in detail.
34. Howkins, 'Types of Rural Communities', p. 1302.
35. Ibid., p. 1308-10.
36. Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society, p. 13.
37. B. A. Holderness "Open' and 'Close' Parishes in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries', Agricultural History Review xx (1972), 126-39.
38. Salmon calculates a lower figure of 10-15%. Salmon, Electoral Reform p. 131.
39. Olney, Lincolnshire Politics, pp. 32-33, 135.
40. Ibid., p. 135.
41. J. R. Fisher, 'Issues and Influence: Two By-Elections in South Nottinghamshire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', Historical Journal 24, 1 (1981), 158.
42. Ibid.
43. J. R. Fisher, 'The Limits of Deference: Agricultural Communities in a Mid-Nineteenth Century Election Campaign', Journal of British Studies xxi, 1 (Fall 1981), 104.
44. See below for brief details of several of these victories.
45. Travis Crosby in his English Farmers and the Politics of Protection 1815-52 (Hassocks, 1977), in Appendix 4.
46. West Briton, 7th June 1839, p. 2.
47. West Briton, 21st May 1841, p. 2.
48. Olney, Lincolnshire Politics, pp. 120-26, 278.
49. Jaggard, Cornwall Politics, p. 148.
50. Howkins, 'Types of Rural Communities', p. 1372.
51. Ibid.
52. West Briton, 15th February 1852, p. 2.
53. Jaggard, Cornwall Politics, chapter 6.
54. Ibid., chapter 8.
55. Ibid.
56. West Briton, 20th April 1849, p. 2.
57. Ibid., 17th December 1851, p. 2.
58. Royal Cornwall Gazette, 27th April 1872, p. 4.
59. Crosby, English Farmers, p. 174.
60. Ibid., p. 174
61. Moore, The Politics of Deference, pp. 55-6.
62. Moore, The Politics of Deference, p. 56.
63. Ruscombe Foster, The Politics of County Power: Wellington and the Hampshire Gentlemen 1820-52 (Hemel Hempstead, 1990), p. 122.
64. Ibid.
65. The Times, 3rd April 1849, p. 3.
66. Foster, Politics of County Power, p. 122.
67. The Times, 12th July 1865, p. 7.
68. The Times, 17th July 1865, p. 6.
69. The Times, 12th July 1865, p. 7.
70. Fisher (1981) 'Issues and Influence', p. 92.
71. Olney, Lincolnshire Politics, chapter 10.
72. Foster, Politics of County Power, p. 62.
73. R. W. Davis, Political Change and Continuity 1760-1885. A Buckinghamshire Study (Newton Abbot, 1975), p. 199.
74. Ibid.
75. Olney, Lincolnshire Politics, p. 127.
76. Davis, Political Change, p. 224.
77. Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society, p. 33.
78. Earl of Bessborough (ed.), The Diary of Lady Charlotte Guest (London, 1950), p. 276.
79. C. R. O., Kendall MSS, KL/22/28, Deeble Boger to Nicholas Kendall, 5th August 1868.
80. Ibid., D. W. Horndon to Kendall, 14th July 1868.
81. Jaggard, Cornwall Politics, chapter 8.
82. Phillips and Wetherell, 'Great Reform Act', p. 415.
83. Olney, Lincolnshire Politics, p. 249.
84. Poole and South West Herald, 26th March 1857, p. 4.
85. Foster, Politics of County Power, pp. 121-2.
86. West Briton, 23rd July 1852, p. 4.