Petrologic constraints on the thermal structure of the Cascades arc

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

Volumn 140, Issue 1-3, 2005, Pages 67-105

  Leeman, William P ^a   Lewis, Jared F ^a   Evarts, Russell C ^b   Conrey, Richard M ^c   Streck, Martin J ^d  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cascades arc; Mantle thermal structure; Primitive arc magma; Subduction zone

Indexed keywords

BASALT; COMPOSITION; CRYSTALLIZATION; IGNEOUS ROCKS; MELTING; NIOBIUM; TECTONICS; THERMAL EFFECTS; TRACE ELEMENTS; VOLCANOES;

CASCADES ARC; MANTLE THERMAL STRUCTURE; PRIMITIVE ARC MAGMA; SUBDUCTION ZONE;

PETROLOGY;

BASALT; CENOZOIC; LAVA FLOW; MANTLE SOURCE; PETROLOGY; SUBDUCTION ZONE;

CASCADE RANGE; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 26844468561     PISSN: 03770273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.07.016     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. F. Albarède How deep do common basaltic magmas form and differentiate? J. Geophys. Res. 97 1992 10997-11009
2. C.R. Bacon S.H. Gunn M.A. Lanphere J.L. Wooden Multiple isotopic components in Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Cascade arc near Crater Lake, Oregon J. Petrol. 35 1994 1521-1556
3. C.R. Bacon P.E. Bruggman R.I. Christiansen M.A. Clynne J.M. Donnelly-Nolan W. Hildreth Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle Can. Mineral. 35 1997 397-423
4. M.B. Baker T.L. Grove R. Price Primitive basalts and andesites from Mt. Shasta, N. California: Products of varying melt fraction and water content Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 118 1994 111-129
5. S. Barker W.P. Leeman Early High Cascade magmatism related to intra-arc extension in the Cascadia subduction zone Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am. 29 5 1997 3
6. K.S. Bartels R.J. Kinzler T.L. Grove High pressure phase relations of primitive high-alumina basalts from Medicine Lake volcano, northern California Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 108 1991 253-270
7. P. Beattie Olivine-melt and orthopyroxene-melt equilibria Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 115 1993 103-111
8. P. Beattie C. Ford D. Russell Partition coefficients for olivine-melt and orthopyroxene-melt systems Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 109 1991 212-224
9. G.E. Bebout J.G. Ryan W.P. Leeman AE. Bebout Fractionation of trace elements by subduction zone metamorphism - effect of convergent margin thermal evolution Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 171 1999 63-82
10. M.E. Beck R.F. Burmester D.E. Craig C.S. Gromme R.E. Wells Paleomagnetism of middle Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Western Cascade Series, northern California J. Geophys. Res. 91 1986 8219-8230
11. L.D. Benton J.G. Ryan F. Tera Boron isotope systematics of slab fluids as inferred from a serpentine seamount, Mariana forearc Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 187 2001 273-282
12. H.M. Benz G. Zandt D.H. Oppenheimer Lithospheric structure of northern California from teleseismic images of the upper mantle J. Geophys. Res. 97 1992 4791-4807
13. D.D. Blackwell J.L. Steele M.K. Frohme C.F. Murphey G.R. Priest G.L. Black Heat flow in the Oregon Cascade Range and its correlation with regional gravity, Curie point depths, and geology J. Geophys. Res. 95 1990 19475-19493
14. R.J. Blakely T.M. Brocher R.E. Wells Subduction zone magnetic anomalies: implications for mapping hydrated forearc mantle beneath Cascadia Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am. 35 2003 308
15. Blundy, J.D., Brooker, R.A., Annen, C., Sparks, R.S.J., 2003. Ascent and crystallization of silicic and intermediate calc-alkaline magmas. URL, http://terra.rice.edu/sota/sotaabstracts.html
16. L.E. Borg M.A. Clynne T.D. Bullen The variable role of slab-derived fluids in the generation of a suite of primitive calc-alkaline lavas from the southernmost Cascades, California Can. Mineral. 35 1997 425-452
17. L.E. Borg A.D. Brandon M.A. Clynne R.J. Walker Re-Os isotopic systematics of primitive lavas from the Lassen region of the Cascade arc, California Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 177 2000 301-317
18. M.G. Bostock R.D. Hyndman S. Rondenay S.M. Peacock An inverted continental Moho and serpentinization of the forearc mantle Nature 417 2002 536-538
19. J.G. Brophy C.S. Whittington Y.-R. Park Sector-zoned augite megacrysts in Aleutian high alumina basalts: Implications for the conditions of basalt crystallization and the generation of calc-alkaline series magmas Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 135 1999 277-290
20. M.A. Clynne L.E. Borg Olivine and spinel in primitive calc-alkaline and tholeiitic lavas from the southernmost Cascade Range, California: A reflection of relative fertility of the source Can. Mineral. 35 1997 453-472
21. R.M. Conrey D.R. Sherrod K. Uto S. Uchiumi Potassium-argon ages from Mount Hood area of Cascade Range Isochron-West 63 1996 10-20
22. R.M. Conrey K. Uto S. Uchiumi M.H. Beeson I.P. Madin T.P. Tolan D.A. Swanson Potassium-argon ages of Boring Lava, northwest Oregon and southwest Washington Isochron-West 63 1996 3-9
23. R.M. Conrey D.R. Sherrod P.R. Hooper D.A. Swanson Diverse primitive magmas in the Cascade arc, northern Oregon and southern Washington Can. Mineral. 35 1997 367-396
24. R.M. Conrey P.R. Hooper P.B. Larson J. Chesley J. Ruiz Trace element and isotopic evidence for two types of crustal melting beneath a High Cascade volcanic center, Mt. Jefferson, Oregon Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 141 2001 710-732
25. K.M. Cooper M.R. Reid Re-examination of crystal ages in recent Mount St. Helens lavas: Implications for magma reservoir processes Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 213 2003 149-167
26. R.S. Crosson T.J. Owens Slab geometry of the Cascadia subduction zone beneath Washington from earthquake hypocenters and teleseismic converted waves Geophys. Res. Lett. 14 1987 824-827
27. C.A. Currie K. Wang R.D. Hyndman J. He A hot mantle wedge and backarc at the Cascadia subduction zone: Numerical tests using a model of slab-driven wedge flow Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am. 35 2003 644
28. M.J. Defant M.S. Drummond Mount St. Helens: Potential example of the partial melting of the subducted lithosphere in a volcanic arc Geology 21 1993 547-550
29. R.A. Duncan A captured island chain in the Coast Range of Oregon and Washington J. Geophys. Res. 87 1982 10827-10837
30. R.A. Duncan L.D. Kulm Plate tectonic evolution of the Cascades arc-subduction complex in: E.L. Winterer D.M. Hussong R.W. Decker (Eds) The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii: Geol. Soc. Am., Boulder, CO, The Geology of North America vol. N 1989 413-438
31. J.P. Eaton K.J. Murata How volcanoes grow Science 132 1960 925-928
32. L.T. Elkins-Tanton T.L. Grove Evidence for deep melting of hydrous metasomatized mantle: Pliocene high-potassium magmas from the Sierra Nevada J. Geophys. Res. 108 2003 2350
33. L.T. Elkins-Tanton T.L. Grove J. Donnelly-Nolan Hot, shallow mantle melting under the Cascades volcanic arc Geology 29 2001 631-634
34. 2O-undersaturated conditions: Implications for the petrogenesis of high-Ca boninites and the influence of subduction components on mantle melting J. Petrol. 41 2000 257-283
35. T.J. Falloon D.H. Green Anhydrous partial melting of peridotite from 8 to 35 kb and the petrogenesis of MORB J. Petrol. 1988 379-414 (Suppl., Vol.)
36. R.J. Fleck R.C. Evarts J.T. Hagstrum M.J. Valentine The Boring volcanic field of the Portland, Oregon area; geochronology and neotectonic significance Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am. 33 5 2002 33-34
37. 2O release from the slab Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 214 2003 187-201
38. G.A. Gaetani T.L. Grove The influence of water on melting of mantle peridotite Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 131 1998 323-346
39. G.A. Gaetani T.L. Grove Experimental constraints on melt generation in the mantle wedge in: J. Eiler (Eds) Inside the Subduction Factory, Geophysical Monograph vol. 138 2003 Amer. Geophys. Union Washington, DC 107-134
40. N.L. Green D.L. Harry On the relationship between subducted slab age and arc basalt petrogenesis, Cascadia subduction system, North America Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 171 1999 367-381
41. N.L. Green A.K. Sinha Consequences of varied slab age and thermal structure on enrichment processes and melting regimes in the sub-arc mantle of the northern Cascadia subduction system J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 140 2005 107-132 (this volume) doi:10.1016/j.volgeores.2004.07.017
42. 2O-rich fluid component in the generation of primitive basaltic andesites and andesites from the Mt. Shasta region, N California Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 142 2002 375-396
43. T.L. Grove L.T. Elkins-Tanton S.W. Parman N. Chatterjee O. Müntener G.A. Gaetani Fractional crystallization and mantle-melting controls on calc-alkaline differentiation trends Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 145 2003 515-533
44. G.H. Gudfinnsson D.C. Presnall A pressure-independent geothermometer for primitive mantle melts J. Geophys. Res. 106 2001 16205-16211
45. M. Guffanti C.S. Weaver Distribution of late Cenozoic volcanic vents in the Cascade Range: Volcanic arc segmentation and regional tectonic considerations J. Geophys. Res. 93 1988 6513-6529
46. M.A. Gutscher S.M. Peacock Thermal models of flat subduction and the rupture zone of great subduction earthquakes J. Geophys. Res. 108 B1 2003 2009
47. 2O contents J. Geophys. Res. 108 B1 2003 2029
48. P.S. Hall C. Kincaid Diapiric flow at subduction zones: A recipe for rapid transport Science 292 2001 2472-2475
49. A.N. Halliday A.E. Fallick A.P. Dickin A.B. Mackenzie W.E. Stephens W. Hildreth The isotopic and chemical evolution of Mount St. Helens Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 63 1983 241-256
50. Hammond, P.E., Korosec, M.A., 1983. Geochemical analyses, age dates, and flow-volume estimates for Quaternary volcanic rocks, southern Cascades Mountains, Washington. Washington State Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Open File Report 83-13, 36 pp.
51. R.A. Harris H.M. Iyer P.B. Dawson Imaging the Juan de Fuca plate beneath southern Oregon using teleseismic P-wave residuals J. Geophys. Res. 96 1991 19879-19889
52. D.L. Harry N.L. Green Slab dehydration and basalt petrogenesis in subduction systems involving very young oceanic lithosphere Chem. Geol. 160 1999 309-333
53. D.L. Harry W.P. Leeman Partial melting of melt metasomatized subcontinental mantle and the magma source potential of the lower lithosphere J. Geophys. Res. 100 1995 10255-10269
54. G.L. Hart C.M. Johnson W. Hildreth S.B. Shirey New osmium isotope evidence for intracrustal recycling of crustal domains with discrete ages Geology 31 2003 427-430
55. C.J. Hawkesworth K. Gallagher J.M. Hergt F. McDermott Destructive plate margin magmatism - geochemistry and melt generation Lithos 33 1994 169-188
56. W. Hildreth J. Fierstein Recent eruptions of Mount Adams, Washington Cascades, USA Bull. Volcanol. 58 1997 472-490
57. W. Hildreth M.A. Lanphere Potassium-argon geochronology of a basalt-andesite-dacite arc system: The Mount Adams volcanic field, Cascade Range of southern Washington Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 106 1994 1413-1429
58. M.M. Hirschmann Mantle solidus: Experimental constraints and the effects of peridotite composition Geochem. Geophys. 2000 1
59. M.M. Hirschmann M.B. Baker E.M. Stolper The effect of alkalis on the silica content of mantle-derived melts Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 1998 883-902
60. T.B. Housh J.F. Luhr Plagioclase-melt equilibria in hydrous systems Am. Mineral. 76 1991 477-492
61. S. Huang W.P. Leeman V.B. Sisson Comparative thermal structures of circum-Pacific subduction zones EOS 82 2001 1292
62. R.D. Hyndman K. Wang Thermal constraints on the zone of major thrust earthquake failure: The Cascadia subduction zone J. Geophys. Res. 98 1993 2039-2060
63. M.C. Johnson T. Plank Dehydration and melting experiments constrain the fate of subducted sediments Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 1999 1
64. A.J.G. Jurewicz E.B. Watson Cations in olivine: 1. Calcium partitioning and calcium-magnesium distribution between olivines and coexisting melts, with petrologic applications Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 99 1988 176-185
65. D.M. Kerrick J.A.D. Connolly Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted oceanic metabasalts: Implications for seismicity, arc magmatism, and volatile recycling Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 189 2001 19-29
66. Korosec, M.A., 1989. New K-Ar age dates, geochemistry, and stratigraphic data for the Indian Heaven Quaternary volcanic field, south Cascades Range, Washington. Washington Div. Geol. Earth Res. Open-File Rept. 89-3, 42 p.
67. R.Y. Koyanagi E.T. Endo J.S. Ebisu Reawakening of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii: A preliminary evaluation of seismic evidence Geophys. Res. Lett. 2 1975 405-408
68. I. Kushiro Walter Mg-Fe partitioning between olivine and mafic-ultramafic melts Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 1998 2337-2340
69. C.H. Langmuir E.M. Klein T. Plank Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: Constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges Am. Geophys. Union, Geophys. Monogr. 71 1992 183-280
70. D.S. Leaver W.D. Mooney W.M. Kohler A seismic refraction study of the Oregon Cascades J. Geophys. Res. 89 1984 3121-3134
71. W.P. Leeman Boron and other fluid-mobile elements in volcanic arc lavas: implications for subduction processes in: G.E. Bebout D. Scholl S. Kirby J.P. Platt (Eds) Subduction Top to Bottom vol. 96 1996 American Geophysical Union Monograph 269-276
72. W.P. Leeman The control of subduction zone thermal structure on arc magma chemistry: B and fluid-mobile elements EOS 82 2001 1292
73. W.P. Leeman K.F. Scheidegger Olivine/liquid distribution coefficients and a test for crystal-liquid equilibrium Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 35 1977 247-257
74. W.P. Leeman D.R. Smith W. Hildreth Z.A. Palacz N.W. Rogers Compositional diversity of late Cenozoic basaltic magmas of the southern Washington Cascades J. Geophys. Res. 95 1990 19561-19582
75. W.P. Leeman V.B. Sisson M.R. Reid Boron geochemistry of the lower crust: evidence from granulite terranes and deep crustal xenoliths Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 1992 775-788
76. W.P. Leeman M.J. Carr J.D. Morris Boron geochemistry of the Central American volcanic arc: Constraints on the genesis of subduction-related magmas Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 1994 149-168
77. W.P. Leeman S. Huang S. Tonarini Comparative thermal models for subduction zones: Evaluation of slab contributions to volcanic arc magmas Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 2002 A444
78. W.P. Leeman S. Tonarini L.H. Chan Boron and lithium isotopic variations in a hot subduction zone-the southern Washington Cascades Chem. Geol. 212 2004 101-124
79. G. Libourel Systematics of calcium partitioning between olivine and silicate melt: Implications for melt structure and calcium content of magmatic olivines Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 136 1999 63-80
80. Luedke, R.G., Smith, R.L., 1981. Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Oregon and Washington. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser. Map I-1091-D.
81. J. Magill A. Cox Tectonic rotation of the Oregon Western Cascades Spec. Pap.-Or. Dep. Geol. Miner. Ind. 10 1980 1-67
82. S. Mazzotti H. Dragert R.D. Hyndman M.M. Miller J.A. Henton GPS deformation in a region of high crustal seismicity: N. Cascadia forearc Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 198 2002 41-48
83. A.R. McBirney Volcanic evolution of the Cascade Range Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 6 1978 437-456
84. A.R. McBirney C.S. White The Cascade Province in: R.S. Thorpe (eds) Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks 1982 John Wiley New York 115-135
85. E.H. McKee W.A. Duffield R.J. Stern Late Miocene and early Pliocene basaltic rocks and their implications for crustal structure, northeastern California and south-central Oregon Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 94 1983 292-304
86. C.A. Michaelson C.S. Weaver Upper mantle structure from teleseismic P wave arrivals in Washington and northern Oregon J. Geophys. Res. 91 1986 2077-2094
87. W.D. Mooney C.S. Weaver Regional crustal structure and tectonics of the Pacific coastal states: California, Oregon, and Washington in; L.C. Pakiser W.D. Mooney (Eds) Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. 172 1989 129-161
88. 9Be in mineral separates and whole rocks from volcanic arcs: Implications for sediment subduction Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 1989 3197-3206
89. J.D. Morris W.P. Leeman F. Tera The subducted component in island arc lavas; constraints from B-Be isotopes and Be systematics Nature 344 1990 31-36
90. 238U disequilibrium at Mt. Shasta, California, and in the Cascades Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 93 1986 195-206
91. P.D. Noll H. Newsom W.P. Leeman J.G. Ryan The role of hydrothermal fluids in the production of subduction zone magmas: Evidence from siderophile and chalcophile trace elements and boron Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 1996 587-611
92. D.S. Ormerod N.W. Rogers C.J. Hawkesworth Melting in the lithospheric mantle: Inverse modeling of alkalineolivine basalts from the Big Pine volcanic field, California Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 108 1991 305-317
93. Ort, K.M., Tabor, R.W., Frizzell Jr., V.A., 1983. Chemical analyses of selected Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks, Cascade Range, Washington. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Report 83-1, 14 pp.
94. K. Ozawa Melting and melt segregation in the mantle wedge above a subduction zone: Evidence from the chromite-bearing peridotites of the Miyamori Ophiolite Complex, northeastern Japan J. Petrol. 35 1994 647-678
95. T. Parsons A.M. Trehu J.H. Luetgert K. Miller F. Kilbride R.E. Wells M.A. Fisher E. Flueh U.S. ten Brink N.I. Christensen A new view into the Cascadia subduction zone and volcanic arc: Implications for earthquake hazards along the Washington margin Geology 26 1998 199-202
96. S.M. Peacock K. Wang Seismic consequences of warm versus cool subduction metamorphism; examples from Southwest and Northeast Japan Science 286 1999 937-939
97. S.M. Peacock T. Rushmer A.B. Thompson Partial melting of subducting oceanic crust Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 121 1994 227-244
98. J.A. Pearce Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries in: R.S. Thorpe (Eds) Andesites 1982 John Wiley New York 525-548
99. J.A. Pearce D.W. Peate Tectonic implications of volcanic arc magmas Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23 1995 251-285
100. A.J. Pietruszka M.O. Garcia A rapid fluctuation in the mantle source and melting history of Kilauea volcano inferred from the geochemistry of its historic summit lavas, 1790-1982 J. Petrol. 40 1999 1321-1342
101. T. Plank C.H. Langmuir The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle Chem. Geol. 145 1998 325-394
102. K. Putirka M. Johnson R. Kinzler J. Longhi D. Walker Thermobarometry of mafic igneous rocks based on clinopyroxene-liquid equilibria, 0-30 kbar Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 123 1996 92-108
103. K.D. Putirka H. Mikaelian F. Ryerson H. Shaw New clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometers for mafic, evolved, and volatile-bearing lava compositions, with applications to lavas from Tibet and the Snake River Plain, Idaho Am. Mineral. 88 2003 1542-1554
104. J. Rasmussen E. Humphreys Tomographic image of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath Washington and western Oregon using teleseismic P-wave travel times Geophys. Res. Lett. 15 1988 1417-1420
105. P.W. Reiners P.E. Hammond J.M. McKenna R.A. Duncan Young basalts of the central Washington Cascades, flux melting of the mantle, and trace element signatures of primary arc magmas Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 138 2000 249-264
106. R.P. Riddihough Recent movements of the Juan de Fuca Plate system J. Geophys. Res. 89 1984 6980-6994
107. K. Righter A comparison of basaltic volcanism in the Cascades and western Mexico: Compositional diversity in continental arcs Tectonophysics 318 2000 99-117
108. P.L. Roeder R.F. Emslie Olivine-liquid equilibrium Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 29 1970 275-289
109. G.C. Rogers Variation in Cascade volcanism with margin orientation Geology 13 1985 495-498
110. T.V. Romanyuk R. Blakely W.D. Mooney The Cascadia subduction zone; two contrasting models of lithospheric structure Phys. Chem. Earth 23 1998 297-301
111. E.F. Rose N. Shimizu G.D. Layne T.L. Grove Melt production beneath Mt. Shasta from boron data in primitive melt inclusions Science 293 2001 281-283
112. J.G. Ryan J. Morris F. Tera W.P. Leeman A. Tsvetkof Cross-arc geochemical variations in the Kurile arc as a function of slab depth Science 270 1995 625-628
113. H. Sato Nickel content of basaltic magmas: Identification of primary magmas and a measure of the degree of olivine fractionation Lithos 10 1977 112-120
114. D.R. Sherrod J.G. Smith Quaternary extrusion rates of the Cascade Range, northwestern United States and southern British Columbia J. Geophys. Res. 95 1990 19465-19474
115. Sherrod, D.R., Smith, J.G., 2000. Geologic map of upper Eocene to Holocene volcanic and related rocks of the Cascade Range, Oregon. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Inv. Map I-2569.
116. K.W.W. Sims D.J. DePaolo Inferences about mantle magma sources from incompatible element concentration ratios in oceanic basalts Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 1997 763-784
117. T.W. Sisson S. Bronto Evidence for pressure-release melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Indonesia Nature 391 1998 883-886
118. 2O in calc-alkaline differentiation and subduction zone magmatism Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 113 1993 143-166
119. 2O contents of low-MgO high-alumina basalts Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 113 1993 167-184
120. 2O in basalt and basaltic andesite glass inclusions from four subduction-related volcanoes Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 117 1993 619-635
121. Smith, J.G., 1993. Geologic map of upper Eocene to Holocene volcanic and related rocks in the Cascade Range, Washington. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Inv. Map I-2005.
122. D.R. Smith W.P. Leeman The origin of Mount St. Helens andesites J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 55 1993 271-303
123. D.R. Smith W.P. Leeman Chromian spinel-olivine phase chemistry and the origin of primitive basalts of the southern Washington Cascades J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 140 2005 49-66 (this volume) doi:10.1016/ j.jvolgeores.2004.07.015
124. E. Stolper S. Newman The role of water in the petrogenesis of Mariana Trough magmas Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 121 1994 293-325
125. T. Sugawara Empirical relationships between temperature, pressure, and MgO content in olivine and pyroxene saturated liquid J. Geophys. Res. 105 2000 8457-8472
126. Y. Tamura M. Yuhara T. Ishii Primary arc basalts from Daisen volcano, Japan: Equilibrium crystal fractionation versus disequilibrium fractionation during supercooling J. Petrol. 41 2000 431-448
127. Y. Tamura Y. Tatsumi D. Zhao Y. Kido H. Shukuno Hot fingers in the mantle wedge; new insights into magma genesis in subduction zones Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 197 2002 105-116
128. Y. Tatsumi M. Sakuyama H. Fukuyama I. Kushiro Generation of arc basalt magmas and thermal structure of the mantle wedge in subduction zones J. Geophys. Res. 88 1983 5815-5825
129. A.M. Trehu L. Asudeh T.M. Brocher J. Leutgert W.D. Mooney J.N. Nabelek Y. Nakamura Crustal architecture of the Cascadia forearc Science 265 1994 237-243
130. D.E. Trimble Geology of Portland, Oregon and adjacent areas U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1119 1963 119 pp.
131. 2+-Mg cation partitioning between olivine and basaltic liquid on pressure, temperature, and composition Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 101 1989 261-273
132. 2 O in the genesis of mantle-derived 'arc related' magmas Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 127 2001 215-232
133. K. Uto W. Hildreth M.A. Lanphere Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the southern half of the Simcoe Mountains volcanic field, Washington EOS 72 1991 521
134. P.E. Van Keken B. Kiefer S.M. Peacock High-resolution models of subduction zones: Implications for mineral dehydration reactions and the transport of water into the deep mantle Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 3 1 2002 10.1029/2001GC000256
135. E.P. Verplanck R.A. Duncan Temporal variations in plate convergence and eruption rates in the Western Cascades, Oregon Tectonics 6 1987 197-209
136. 226Ra disequilibria in young Mt. Shasta andesites and dacites J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 53 1992 227-238
137. P.J. Wallace I.S.E. Carmichael Quaternary volcanism near the Valley of Mexico: Implications for subduction zone magmatism and the effects of crustal thickness variations on primitive magma compositions Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 135 1999 291-314
138. K. Wang T. Plank J.D. Walker E.I. Smith A mantle melting profile across the Basin and Range, SW USA J. Geophys. 107 2002 doi:10.1029/2001JB000209
139. K. Wang R. Wells S. Mazzotti R.D. Hyndman T. Sagiya A revised dislocation model of interseismic deformation of the Cascadia subduction zone J. Geophys. Res. 108 2003 2026
140. L.E. Wasylenki M.B. Baker A.J.R. Kent E.M. Stolper Near-solidus melting of the shallow upper mantle: Partial melting experiments on depleted peridotite J. Petrol. 44 2003 1163-1191
141. C.S. Weaver G.E. Baker Geometry of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath Washington and Oregon from seismicity Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 78 1988 264-275
142. R.E. Wells Paleomagnetic rotations and the Cenozoic tectonics of the Cascade arc, Washington, Oregon, and California J. Geophys. Res. 95 1990 19409-19417
143. R.E. Wells C.S. Weaver R.J. Blakely Forearc migration in Cascadia and its neotectonic significance Geology 26 1998 759-762