Results of diagnostic investigations and long-term outcome of 33 dogs with brain infarction (2000-2004)

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 725-731

  Garosi, L ^a,f   McConnell, J F ^a   Platt, S R ^a   Barone, G ^b   Baron, J C ^c   De Lahunta, A ^d   Schatzberg, S J ^e  

^a ANIMAL HEALTH TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b Long Island Veterinary Specialists   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^e Animal Critical Care Group of Vancouver   (Canada)

^f DAVIES VETERINARY SPECIALISTS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cerebrovascular; Hypertension; Lacunar; Magnetic resonance imaging; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL EUTHANASIA; ARTICLE; BRAIN INFARCTION; BREEDING; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DOG; DOG DISEASE; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MORTALITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; RADIOGRAPHY; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SURVIVAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; BRAIN INFARCTION; BREEDING; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; EUTHANASIA, ANIMAL; FEMALE; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 26844461081     PISSN: 08916640     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[725:RODIAL]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Kalimo H, Kaste M, Haltia M. Vascular diseases. In: Graham DI, Lantos PL, eds. Greenfield's Neuropathology, 7th ed. London: Arnold; 2002:233-280.
2. Adams RD, Victor M. Cerebrovascular diseases. In: Adams RD, Victor M, eds. Principles of Neurology, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc; 1997;777-873.
3. Thomas WB, Sorjonen DC, Scheuler RO, Kornegay JN. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain infarction in seven dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1996;37:345-350.
4. Patterson JS, Rusley MS, Zachary JE. Neurological manifestations associated with primary hypothyroidism in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985;186:499-503.
5. Bagley RS, Anderson WI, de Lahunta A, et al. Cerebellar infarction caused by arterial thrombosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988;192:785-787.
6. Joseph RJ, Greenlee PG, Carrillo JM, Kay WJ. Canine cerebrovascular disease. Findings in 17 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1988;24:569-576.
7. Kent M, de Lahunta A, Tidwell AS. MR imaging findings in a dog with intravascular lymphoma in the brain. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001;42:504-510.
8. Fankhauser R, Luginbühl H, McGrath JT. Cerebrovascular disease in various animal species. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965;127:817-859.
9. Swayne DE, Tyler DE, Batker J. Cerebral infarction with associated venous thrombosis in a dog. Vet Pathol 1988;25:317-320.
10. Patton CS, Garner FM. Cerebral infarction caused by heart-worms (Dirofilaria immitis) in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1970;156:600-605.
11. Norton F. Cerebral infarction in a dog. Prog Vet Neurol 1992;3:120-125.
12. Berg JM, Joseph RJ. Cerebellar infarcts in two dogs diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003;39:203-207.
13. Platt SR, Garosi L. Canine cerebrovascular disease: Do dogs have strokes? J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003;39:337-342.
14. McConnell JF, Garosi L, Platt SR. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of presumed cerebellar cerebrovascular accident in twelve dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46:1-10.
15. Tidwell AS, Mahony OM, Moore RP, et al. Computed tomography of an acute hemorrhagic cerebral infarct in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1994;35:290-296.
16. Liu S-K, Tilley L, Tappe J, et al. Clinical and pathologic findings in dogs with atherosclerosis: 21 cases (1970-1983). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;189:227-232.
17. Kotani T, Tomimura T, Ogura M, et al. Cerebral infarction caused by Dirofilaria immitis in three dogs. Jpn J Vet Sci 1975;37:379-390.
18. Cachin M, Vandevelde M. Cerebral infarction associated with septic thromboemboli in the dog. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of the Veterinary Medicine Forum, ACVIM 1990;1136.
19. Axlund TW, Isaacs AM, Holland M, O'Brien DP. Fibrocartilaginous embolic encephalomyelopathy of the brainstem and midcervical spinal cord in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2004;18:765-767.
20. Thomas WB. Cerebrovascular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996;26:925-943.
21. Garosi LS, McConnell JF, Platt SR, et al. Clinical and topographical magnetic resonance characteristics of suspected brain infarction in 40 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2005. In press.
22. Vandevelde M, Spano JS. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in canine neurological disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;38:1827-1832.
23. Mcconnell H, Biachine J. Cerebrospinal Fluid in Neurology and Psychiatry. London: Chapman and Hall Medical; 1994:161-165.
24. DeLa Paz RL, Mohr JR. Magnetic resonance scanning. In Barnett JM, Mohr JP, Stein BM, Frank MY, eds. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingston; 1998:227-256.
25. Evans HE. The heart and arteries. In: Evans HE, ed. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:586-681.
26. Anderson WD, Kubicek W. The vertebral-basilar system of dog in relation to man and other mammals. Am J Anat 1971;132:179-188.
27. Nanda BS. Blood supply to the brain. In: Getty R, ed. Sisson and Grossman's. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animal. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1975:1611-1617.
28. Brenowitz G, Yonas H. Selective occlusion of blood supply to the anterior perforated substance of the dog: A highly reproducible stroke model. Surg Neurol 1990;33:247-252.
29. St-Jacques R, Gorczyca W, Mohr G. Microvascular anatomy of striate vessels in dogs: Contribution to an experimental model of forebrain ischaemia. Neurol Res 1996;18:157-162.
30. Inoue T, Kobayashi S, Sugita K. Dye injection method for the demonstration of territories supplied by individual perforating arteries of the posterior communicating artery in the dog. Stroke 1985;16:684-686.
31. Kuwabara S, Uno J, Ishikawa S. A new model of brainstem ischaemia in dogs. Stroke 1988;19:365-371.
32. Gillilan LA. The correlation of the blood supply to the human brain stem with clinical brain stem lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1964;23:78-108.
33. Gillilan LA. Extra- and intra-cranial blood supply to brain of dog and cat. Am J Anat 1976;146:237-254.
34. Weiser MG, Spangler WL, Gribble DH. Blood pressure measurement in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987;171:364-368.
35. Michell AR, Bodey AR. Canine hypertension. Proceedings of the 12th ACVIM Forum, San Francisco, CA, June 1994;502-505.
36. Bovee KC. Current status of hypertension in the dog. Proceedings of the 16th Waltham/OSU Symp, Columbus, OH, October 1992;17-22.
37. Brown SA, Henik RA, Finco DR. Diagnosis of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. In: Kirk RW, ed. Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000:835-837.
38. Stepien RL, Rapoport GS, Henik RA, Wenholz L, Thomas CB. Comparative diagnostic test characteristics of oscillometric and Doppler ultrasonographic methods in the detection of systolic hypertension in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2003;17:65-72.
39. Stepien RL. Blood pressure measurement: Equipment, methodology and clinical recommendation. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Veterinary Medical Forum, Minneapolis, MN, June 2004;605-607.
40. Tarnow I, Kristensen AT, Texel H, et al. Decreased platelet function in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with mitral valve regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2003;17:680-686.
41. Lu D, Lamb CR, Pfeiffer DU, Targett MP. Neurological signs and results of magnetic resonance imaging in 40 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari type 1-like malformations. Vet Rec 2003;153:260-263.
42. Cox RH, Peterson LH, Detweiler DK. Comparison of arterial hemodynamics in the mongrel dog and the racing greyhound. Am J Physiol 1976;230:211-218.
43. Bodey AR, Michell AR. An epidemiologic study of blood pressure in domestic dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1996;37:116-125.
44. Cowgill LD. Systemic hypertension: Overview and importance. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Veterinary Medical Forum, Denver, CO, May 2001;107-108.
45. Cowgill L, Kallet A. Systemic hypertension. In: Kirk RW, ed. Current Veterinary Therapy IX. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1986:360-364.
46. Michell AR, Bodey AR, Gleodhill A. Absence of hypertension in dogs with renal insufficiency. Ren Fail 1997;19:61-68.
47. Jacob F, Polzin DJ, Osborne CA, et al. Association between initial systolic blood pressure and risk of developing a uremic crisis or of dying in dogs with chronic renal failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:322-329.
48. Ortega TM, Feldman EC, Nelson RW, Willits N, Cowgill LD. Systemic arterial blood pressure and urine protein/creatinine ratio in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1724-1729.
49. Dufouil C, de Kersaint Gilly A, Besancon V, et al. Longitudinal study of blood pressure and white matter hyperintensities: The EVA MRI Cohort. Neurology 2000;36:1079-1082.
50. Yatsu FM, Zivin J. Hypertension in acute ischemic stroke: Not to treat. Arch Neurol 1985;42:999-1000.
51. Droste DW, Ritter MA, Dittrich R, et al. Arterial hypertension and ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 2003;107:241-51.
52. Bick RL, Kaplan H. Syndromes of thrombosis and hypercoagulability. Congenital and acquired cases of thrombosis. Med Clin North Am 1998;82:409-458.
53. Coull BM, Clark WM. Abnormalities of hemostasis in ischemic stroke. Med Clin North Am 1993;77:77-94.
54. Nelson OL, Andreasen C. The utility of plasma D-dimer to identify thromboemboic disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 17:830-834.
55. Hess RS, Kass PH, Van Winkle TJV. Association between diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism or hyperadrenocorticism, and atherosclerosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2003;17:489-494.
56. Fox PR, Petrie JP, Suter PF. Peripheral vascular disease. In: Ettinger SJ and Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000:964-981.
57. Suzuki M. Experimental cerebral atherosclerosis in a dog. Am J Pathol 1972;67:387-394.
58. Sacco RL. Classification of stroke. In: Fisher M, ed. Clinical Atlas of Cerebrovascular Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1994:2.2-2.25.
59. Gan R, Sacco RL, Kargman DE. Testing the validity of the lacunar hypothesis: The Northern Manhattan stroke study experience. Neurology 1997;48:1204-1211.
60. Fisher CM. Capsular infarcts. Arch Neurol 1979;36:65-73.
61. Fisher CM. The arterial lesions underlying lacunes. Acta Neuropathol 1969;12:1-15.
62. Schmal M, Marini C, Carolei A, et al. Different vascular risk factor profiles among cortical infarcts, small deep infarcts, and primary intracerebral haemorrhage point to different types of underlying vasculopathy. A study from the L'Aquila Stroke Registry. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8:14-19.