How healthy is school PE? A review of the effectiveness of health-related physical education programmes in schools

Health Education Journal

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 84-104

  Harris, Jo ^a   Cale, Lorraine ^a  

^a LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Education; Exercise and fitness; Health promotion; Schools

Indexed keywords

EID: 26644436072     PISSN: 00178969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/001789699705600109     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Kirk D. Daily physical education research: a review and critique. Physical Education Review 1989: 12(1): 21-30.
2. Sharman K. A health focus in physical education: results of the recent survey. HEA/PEA Health and Physical. Education Project Newsletter 1988: 14: 6.
3. Simons-Morton BG, Parcel CS, O'Hara NM, Blair SN, Pate RR. Health-related physical fitness in childhood: status and recommendations. Annual Review of Public Health 1988: 9: 403-25.
4. Tinning R, Kirk D. Daily physical education. Collected papers on health based physical education in Australia. Geelong, Australia: Deakin University Press, 1991.
5. Sleap M. Promoting health in primary school physical education. In: Armstrong, N. (ed), New Directions in Physical Education, pp. 17-36. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1990.
6. Department of Health. The Health of the Nation. A Strategy for Health in England. London: HMSO, 1992.
7. Bar-Or O. A commentary on children and fitness: a public health perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1987: 58: 3044.
8. Fox K. Education for exercise and the National Curriculum proposals: a step forward or backwards? British Journal of Physical Education 1992: 23(1): 8-11.
9. Killoran AJ, Fentem P, Caspersen C. Moving On. International Perspectives on Promoting Physical Activity. London: Health Education Authority, 1994.
10. Almond L. A rationale for health related fitness in schools. Bulletin of Physical Education 1983: 19(2): 5-10.
11. Fox K. Exercise and the promotion of public health: more messages for the mission. British Journal of Physical Education 1993: 24(3): 36-7.
12. Green K. Meeting the challenge: health related exercise and the encouragement of lifelong participation. Bulletin of Physical Education 1994: 30(3): 27-34.
13. Department for Education and the Welsh Office. Physical Education in the National Curriculum. London: HMSO, 1995.
14. National Curriculum Council. Curriculum Guidance 5: Health Education. York: NCC, 1990.
15. Harris J. Physical education - a picture of health? British Journal of Physical Education 1995: 26(4): 25-32.
16. Puhl J, Greaves K, Hoyt M, Baranowski T. Children's activity rating scale (CARS): description and calibration. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1990: 61(1): 26-36.
17. Armstrong N. Children are fit but not active! Education and Health 1989: 7(2): 28-32.
18. Armstrong N, Williams J, Balding J, Gentle P, Kirby B. Cardiopulmonary fitness, physical activity patterns and selected coronary risk factor variables in 11- to 16-year olds. Pediatric Exercise Science 1991: 3: 219-28.
19. Armstrong N, McManus A. Children's fitness and physical activity - a challenge for physical education. British Journal of Physical Education 1994: 25(2): 20-26.
20. Armstrong N, McManus A. Physical activity patterns and aerobic fitness among prepubescents. European Physical Education Review 1996: 2(1): 19-29.
21. Armstrong N, Welsman J. Today's children: fitness, fatness and physical activity. Education and Health 1994: 12(5): 1-5.
22. Cale L, Almond L. Children's activity levels: a review of studies conducted on British children. Physical Education Review 1992: 15(2): 111-18.
23. Corbin CB, Pangrazi RB. Are American children and youth fit? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1992: 63(2): 96-106.
24. Gilliam TB, Freedson PS, Geenen DL, Shahraray B. Physical activity patterns determined by heart rate monitoring in six to seven year old children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1981: 13(1): 65-7.
25. Gilliam TB, MacConnie SE, Geenan DL, Pels AE III, Freedson PS. Exercise programs for children: a way to prevent heart disease? The Physician and Sportsmedicine 1982: 10(9): 96-108.
26. McGinnis JM. The National Children and Youth Fitness Study II. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 1987: 50-102.
27. Riddoch C, Savage JM, Cran GW, Boreham C. Long term health implications of fitness and physical activity patterns. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1991: 66: 1426-33.
28. Riddoch C, Mahoney C, Murphy N, Boreham C, Cran G. The physical activity patterns of Northern Irish school children ages 11-16 years. Pediatric Exercise Science 1991: 3: 300-309.
29. Douthitt VL, Harvey ML. Exercise counseling - how physical educators can help. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 1995: 66(5): 31-5.
30. MacDonald A. Experiments at Vanves and Brussels. Australian Journal of Physical Education 1961: 21: 25-30.
31. Shephard RJ, Jequier J-C, Lavallee H, La Barre R, Rajic M. Habitual physical activity: effects of sex, milieu, season and required activity. Journal of Sports Medicine 1980: 20: 55-66.
32. Geenen DL, Gilliam TB, Crowley D, Moorehead-Steffens C, Rosenthal A. Echocardiographic measures in 6 to 7 year old children after an 8 month exercise program. American Journal of Cardiology 1982: 49: 1990-95.
33. MacConnie SE, Gilliam DL, Geenen DL, Pels AE III. Daily physical activity patterns of prepubertal children involved in a vigorous exercise program. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1982: 3: 202-7.
34. Duncan B, Boyce WT, Itami R, Puffenbarger N. A controlled trial of a physical fitness program for fifth grade students. Journal of School Health 1983: 53(8): 467-71.
35. Dwyer T, Coonan WE, Leitch DR, Hetzel BS, Baghurst RA. An investigation of the effects of daily physical activity on the health of primary school students in South Australia. International Journal of Epidemiology 1983: 12(3): 308-13.
36. Siegel JA, Manfredi TG. Effects of a ten-month fitness program on children. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 1984: 12(5): 91-7.
37. Worsley A, Coonan W. Ten year olds' acquisition of body knowledge - the Body Owner's programme 1980, 1981. Health Education Journal 1984: 42(4): 114-20.
38. Taggart AC, Taggart J, Siedentop D. Effects of a home-based activity program. A study with low fitness elementary school children. Behaviour Modification 1986: 19(4): 487-507.
39. Simons-Morton BG, Parcel GS, O'Hara, NM. Implementing organizational changes to promote healthful diet and physical activity at school. Health Education Quarterly 1988: 15(1): 115-30.
40. Walter HJ, Hofman A, Vaughan RD, Wynder EL. Modification of risk factors for coronary heart disease. Five year results of a school-based intervention trial. The New England Journal of Medicine 1988: 318(17): 1093-1100.
41. Werner P, Durham R. Health related fitness benefits in upper elementary school children in a daily physical education program. The Physical Educator 1988 45(2): 89-93.
42. Abbott J, Farrell J. A health-related exercise project in primary schools. Education and Health 1989: 7(2): 33-7.
43. Pollatschek JL, O'Hagan FJO. An investigation of the psycho-physical influences of a quality physical education programme. Health Education Research, Theory and Practice 1989: 4(3): 341-50.
44. Birthwhistle GE, Brodie DA. Cross-curricular health-related fitness in the primary school: a case study approach. British Journal of Physical Education Research Supplement 1991: 10: 8-13.
45. Hansen HS, Froberg K, Hyldebrandt N, Rokkedal Nielsen J. A controlled study of eight months of physical training and reduction of blood pressure in children: the Odense schooldchild study. British Medical Journal 1991: 303: 682-5.
46. Gleave W, Stratton G. Implementing 6 min of continuous physical activity in primary school lessons. Journal of Sports Sciences 1992: Conference Communications: 581-2.
47. McGuinness M, Coleman SGS. The effects of daily physical education on the fitness levels of Scottish schoolchildren. Journal of Sports Sciences 1992: Conference Communications: 576.
48. Ignico AA, Mahon AD. Health related physical fitness and blood lipid levels in children: the effects of an intervention program. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1993: March Supplement: A-41.
49. Ignico AA, Mahon AD. The effects of a physical fitness program on low-fit children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1995: 66(1): 85-90.
50. Mahon AD, Ignico AA, Marsh ML. The effects of daily physical education on health related physical fitness in first-grade children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1993: March Supplement: A-43.
51. McKenzie TL, Sallis JF, Faucette N, Roby JJ, Kolody B. Effects of a curriculum and inservice program on the quantity and quality of elementary physical education classes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1993: 64(2): 178-87.
52. Sander AN, Harageones M, Ratliffe T, Pizarro D. Florida's fit to achieve program. JOPERD 1993: September: 26-8.
53. Shephard RJ, Lavallee H. Impact of enhanced physical education in the prepubescent child: Trois Rivieres revisited. Pediatric Exercise Science 1993: 5: 177-89.
54. Shephard RJ, Lavallee H. Impact of enhanced physical education on muscle strength of the prepubescent child. Pediatric Exercise Science 1994: 6: 75-87.
55. Pieron M, Delfosse C, Cloes M. Effects of daily physical education programmes on the attitude of elementary school pupils. In: FI Bell, GH Ghyn. Access to Active Living. Proceedings of the 10th Commonwealth and International Scientific Congress. Canada, 1994: 440-44.
56. Westcott WL, Tolken J, Wessner B. School-based conditioning programs for physically unfit children. Strength and Conditioning 1995: 54(5): 5-9.
57. Cooper KH, Purdy, JG, Friedman A, Bohannon RL, Harris RA, Arends JA. An aerobics conditioning program for the Fort Worth, Texas school district. Research Quarterly 1975: 46(3): 345-50.
58. Lynch CJ. Is a daily fifteen minute fitness programme worthwhile? New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1981: 14(1): 18-21.
59. Green BN, Farrally MR. Teaching health-related physical fitness (HRPF) in schools - some practical problems. Proceedings of the Commonwealth and International Conference, Trends and Developments in Physical Education 1986: 191-99.
60. Dragicevick AR & McN, Hill P, Hopkins WG, Walker NP (1987). The effects of a year of physical education on physical fitness in two Auckland schools. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1987: 20(1): 7-11.
61. Caldecott S. Health related fitness - a justification? Bulletin of Physical Education 1988: 24(2): 19-23.
62. Youldon DK. Children's attitudes to health and physical education. HEA/PEA Health and Physical Education Project Newsletter 1988: 15: March.
63. Phillipp A, Piland NF, Seidenwurm J, Smith HL. Improving physical fitness in high school students: implications from an experimental course. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 1989: 9(1): 58-73.
64. Jones BA. Assessing the effect of a course in health-related fitness in changing the stated attitudes of pupils towards curriculum physical education. British Journal of Physical Education Research Supplement 1990: 8: 24-9.
65. Birthwhistle GE, Brodie DA. Children's subjective self-ratings of health-related fitness status before and after a health-related fitness measurement programme. British Journal of Physical Education Research Supplement 1991: 9: 8-12.
66. Goldfine BD, Nahas MV. Incorporating health-fitness concepts in secondary physical education curricula. Journal of School Health 1993: 63(3): 142-6.
67. Jun Li X, Dunham P Jr. Fitness load and exercise time in secondary physical education classes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 1993: 12(2): 180-87.
68. Williams AC, Whitehead JR, Delmore T. Fitness tests as opportunities for cognitive learning: teaching body fatness concepts while skinfold testing. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1993, March Supplement: A-47-8.
69. Biddle S, Biddle G. Health-related fitness for the primary school. In: Williams A (ed), Issues in Physical Education for the Primary Years, pp 54-75. East Sussex: Falmer Press, 1989.
70. Bray S. Health-related physical activity in the primary school. In: N Armstrong, Sparkes A (eds), Issues in Physical Education, pp 170-89. London: Cassell, 1991.
71. Royal College of Physicians. Medical Aspects of Exercise. Benefits and Risks. London: RCP, 1991.
72. Caspersen CJ. What are the lessons from the US approach for setting targets? In: Killoran AJ, Fentem P, Caspersen C (eds), Moving On. International Perspectives on Promoting Physical Activity, pp. 35-55. London: Health Education Authority, 1994.
73. Rowland TW. 'The Horse is Dead; Let's Dismount.' Pediatric Exercise Science 1995: 7: 117-20.
74. Safrit M. The validity and reliability of fitness tests for children: a review. Pediatric Exercise Science 1990: 2: 9-28.
75. Seefeldt V, Vogel P. Physical fitness testing of children: a 30-year history of misguided efforts. Pediatric Exercise Science 1989: 1: 295-302.
76. Freedson PS, Rowland TW. Youth activity versus youth fitness: let's redirect our efforts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1992: 63: 133-6.
77. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Physical Education Outcomes. Reston, VA: NASPE, 1991.
78. Hopple C, Graham G. What children think, feel and know about physical fitness testing. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 1995: 14(4): 408-17.
79. Corbin CB, Pangrazi RP, Welk, G. Toward an understanding of appropriate physical activity levels for youth. Physical Activity and Fitness Research Digest Series 1(8): 1-8. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, 1994.
80. Sallis JF, Patrick K. Physical activity guidelines for adolescents: consensus statement. British Journal of Physical Education Research Supplement 1994: 15: 2-7.
81. American College of Sports Medicine, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary statement: workshop on physical activity and public health. Sports Medicine Bulletin 1993: 28(4): 7.
82. Owen N. Shaping public policies and programmes to promote physical activity. In: Killoran, AJ, Fentem, P, Caspersen, C (eds), Moving On. International Perspectives on Promoting Physical Acticity, pp 194-212. London: Health Education Authority, 1994.
83. Colquhoun D, Kirk D. Investigating the problematic relationship between health and physical education: an Australian study. Physical Education Review 1987: 10: 100-109.
84. Harris J, Elbourn J. Highlighting health related exercise within the National Curriculum-Part Two. British Journal of Physical Education 1992: 23(2): 5-9.
85. Tinning R. Improving Teaching in Physical Education. Geelong, Australia: Deakin University Press, 1987.
86. Smith, RA, Biddle SJH. Psychological factors in the promotion of physical activity. In: Biddle SJH (ed), European Perspectives on Exercise and Sport Psychology, pp 85-108. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995.
87. Harris J. Physical education in the National Curriculum: is there enough time to be effective? British Journal of Physical Education 1994: 25(4): 34-8.
88. Dearing R. The National Curriculum and its Assessment. Interim Report. London: School Curriculum and Assessment, 1993.
89. Dearing R. The National Curriculum and its Assessment. Final Report. London: School Curriculum and Assessment Authority, 1993.
90. Health Education Authority. Active for Life. London: HEA, 1995.