Bioindicators of contaminant exposure and effect in aquatic and terrestrial monitoring

Handbook of Ecotoxicology, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 257-278

  Melancon, Mark J ^a  

^a PATUXENT WILDLIFE RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 26444609553     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (190)

1. Huggett, R. J., Kimerle, R. A., Mehrle, P. M., Jr., and Bergman, H. L., Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1992.
2. McCarthy, J. F. and Shugart, L. R., Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990.
3. Peakall, D., Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators, Chapman and Hall, London, 1992.
4. Fossi, M. C. and Leonzio, C., Nondestructive Biomarkers in Vertebrates, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
5. Van Gestel, C. A. M. and van Brummelen, T. C., Incorporation of the biomarker concept in ecotoxicology calls for a redefinition of terms, Ecotoxicology, 5, 217, 1996.
6. Peakall, D. B. and Fairbrother, A., Biomarkers for monitoring and measuring effects, in Pollution Risk Assessment and Management, Douben, P. E. T., Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, 1998, 351.
7. Handy, R. D. and DePledge, M. H., Physiological responses: Their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology, 8, 329, 1999.
8. Schlenk, D., Necessity of defining biomarkers for use in ecological risk assessments, Mar. Poll. Bull., 39, 48, 1999.
9. Peakall, D. B. and McBee, K., Biomarkers for contaminant exposure and effects in mammals, in Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals, Shore, R. F. and Rattner, B. A., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, 2001, 551.
10. Ludke, J. L., Hill, E. F., and Dieter, M. P., Cholinesterase (ChE) response and related mortality among birds fed ChE inhibitors, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 3, 1, 1975.
11. Weiss, C. M., The determination of cholinesterase in the brain tissue of three species of fresh water fish and its inactivation in vivo, Ecology, 39, 194, 1958.
12. Weiss, C. M., Physiological effect of organic phosphorus insecticides on several species of fish, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 90, 143, 1961.
13. Gibson, R. F., Ludke, J. L., and Ferguson, D. E., Sources of error in the use of fish-brain acetylcholinesterase as a monitor for pollution, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 4, 17, 1969.
14. Westlake, G. E., Martin, A. D., Stanley, P. I. and Walker, C. H., Control enzyme levels in the plasma, brain and liver from wild birds and mammals in Britain, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 76C, 15, 1983.
15. Smith, G. J., Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate Compounds, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Resour. Publ. 170, 1987.
16. Hill, E. F., Brain cholinesterase activity of apparently normal wild birds, J. Wildl. Dis., 24, 51, 1988.
17. Grue, C. E. and Hunter, C. C., Brain cholinesterase activity in fledgling starlings: Implications for monitoring exposure of songbirds to ChE inhibitors, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 32, 282, 1984.
18. Martin, A. D., Norman, G., Stanley, P. I., and Westlake, G. E., Use of reactivation techniques for the differential diagnosis of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisoning in birds, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 26, 775, 1981.
19. Johnson, G. D., Palmer, D. A., Krueger, H. O. and Fischer, D. L., Stability of residues and brain cholinesterase activity in carcasses of northern bobwhite exposed to three organophosphate insecticides, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 673, 1993.
20. Fairbrother, A., Bennett, R. S. and Bennett, J. K., Sequential sampling of plasma cholinesterase in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) as an indicator of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 8, 117, 1989.
21. Fairbrother, A. and Bennett, J. K., The usefulness of cholinesterase measurement, J. Wildl. Dis., 24, 587, 1988.
22. Hill, E. F., The usefulness of cholinesterase measurement: A response, J. Wildl. Dis., 24, 591, 1988.
23. Mineau, P., Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Insecticides: Their Impact on Wildlife and the Environment, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1991.
24. Thompson, H. M., Esterases as markers of exposure to organophosphates and carbamates, Ecotoxicology, 8, 369, 1999.
25. Trudeau, S. and Sans Cartier, G., Biochemical Methods to Determine Cholinesterase Activity in Wildlife Exposed to Pesticides, Technical Report Series No. 338, Canadian Wildlife Service, Headquarters, Hull, Quebec, Canada, 2000.
26. Nebert, D. W., Nelson, D. R., Adesnik, M., Coon, M. J., Estabrook, R. W., Gonzalez, F. J., Guengerich, F. P., Gunsalus, I. C., Johnson, E. F., Kemper, B., Levin, W., Phillips, I. R., Sato, R., and Waterman, M. R., The P450 superfamily: Updated listing of all genes and recommended nomenclature for the chromosomal loci, DNA, 8, 1, 1989.
27. Van Cantfort, J., De Graeve, J., and Gielen, J. E., Radioactive assay for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Improved method and biological importance, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 79, 505, 1977.
28. Burke, M. D. and Mayer, R. T., Ethoxyresorufin: Direct fluorometric assay of a microsomal Odealkylation which is preferentially inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene, Drug Metab. Disp., 2, 583,1974.
29. Burke, M. D., Thompson, S., Elcombe, C. R., Halpert, J., Haaparanta, T., and Mayer, R. T., Ethoxy, pentoxy- and benzyloxyphenoxazones and homologues: A series of substrates to distinguish between different induced cytochromes P-450, Biochem. Pharmacol., 34, 3337, 1985.
30. Ullrich, V. and Weber, P., The O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin by liver microsomes, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem., 353, 1171, 1972.
31. Melancon, M. J., Binder, R. L., and Lech, J. J., Environmental induction of monooxygenase activity in fish, in Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Health; A Great Lakes Focus, Evans, M. S., Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988, 215.
32. Kloepper-Sams, P. J., Park, S. S., Gelboin, H. V. and Stegeman, J. J., Specificity and cross-reactivity of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against cytochrome P-450E of the marine fish scup, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 253, 268, 1987.
33. Stegeman, J. J., Teng, F. Y., and Snowberger, E. A., Induced cytochrome P450 in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from coastal Massachusetts evaluated by catalytic assay and monoclonal antibody probes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44, 1270, 1987.
34. Van Veld, P. A., Westbrook, D. J., Woodin, B. R., Hale, R. C., Smith, C. L., Huggett, R. J., and Stegeman, J. J., Induced cytochrome P-450 in intestine and liver of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated environment, Aquat. Toxicol., 17, 119, 1990.
35. Ronis, M. J. J., Hansson, T., Borlakoglu, J., and Walker, C. H., Cytochromes P-450 of sea birds: Cross-reactivity studies with purified rat cytochromes, Xenobiotica, 19, 1167, 1989.
36. Goksøyr, A., A semi-quantitative cytochrome P4501A1 ELISA: A simple method for studying the monooxygenase induction response in environmental monitoring and ecotoxicological testing of fish, Sci. Total Environ., 101, 255, 1991.
37. Agradi, E., Baga, R., Cillo, F., Ceradini, S., and Heltai, D., Environmental contaminants and biochemical response in eel exposed to Po river water, Chemosphere, 41, 1555, 2000.
38. Campbell, P. M., Kruzynski, G. M., Birtwell, I. K., and Devlin, R. H., Quantitation of dose-dependent increases in CYP1A1 messenger RNA levels in juvenile chinook salmon exposed to treated bleachedkraft mill effluent using two field sampling techniques, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 1123, 1996.
39. Willett, K. L., McDonald, S. J., Steinberg, M. A., Beatty, K. B., Kennicutt, M. C., and Safe, S. H., Biomarker sensitivity for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in two marine fish species collected in Galveston Bay, Texas, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 1472, 1997.
40. Nagler, J. J. and Cyr, D. G., Exposure of male American Plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) to contaminated marine sediments decreases the hatching success of their progeny, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 1733, 1997.
41. Halbrook, R. S. and Kirkpatrick, R. L., Use of barbiturate-induced sleeping time as an indicator of exposure to environmental contaminants in the wild, in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, McCarthy, J. F. and Shugart, L. R., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 151.
42. Feyk, L. A., Giesy, J. P., and Lambert, G. H., Relationship between polychlorinated biphenyl 126 treatment and cytochrome P4501A activity in chickens, as measured by in vivo caffeine and ex vivo ethoxyresorufin metabolism, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 2013, 1999.
43. Feyk, L. A., Giesy, J. P., Bosveld, A. B. T., and van den Berg, M., Changes in cytochrome P4501A activity during development in common tern chicks fed polychlorinated biphenyls, as measured by the caffeine breath test, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19, 712, 2000.
44. Nacci, D., Coiro, L., Kuhn, A., Champlin, D., Munns, W., Jr., Specker, J., and Cooper, K., Nondestructive indicator of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in embryonic fish, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 2481, 1998.
45. Ronis, M. J. J. and Walker, C. H., The microsomal monooxygenases of birds, Rev. Biochem. Toxicol., 10, 301, 1989.
46. Payne, J. F., Mixed-function oxygenases in biological monitoring programs: Review of potential usage in different phyla of aquatic animals, in Ecological Testing for the Marine Environment, Vol. 1, Persoone, G., Jaspers, E., and Claus, C., Eds., Bredene, Belgium, 1984, 798.
47. Payne, J. F., Fancey, L. L., Rahimtula, A. D., and Porter, E. L., Review and perspective on the use of mixed-function oxygenase enzymes in biological monitoring, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 86C, 233, 1987.
48. Rattner, B. A., Hoffman, D. J., and Marn, C. M., Use of mixed-function oxygenases to monitor contaminant exposure in wildlife, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 8, 1093, 1989.
49. Peakall, D., Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators, Chapman and Hall, London, 1992, 86.
50. Blus, L. J., Heath, R. G., Gish, C. D., Belisle, A. A., and Prouty, R. M., Eggshell thinning in the brown pelican: Implication of DDE, Bioscience, 21, 1213, 1971.
51. Cooke, A. S., Shell thinning in avian eggs by environmental pollutants, Environ. Poll., 4, 85, 1973.
52. Lincer, J. L., DDE-induced eggshell-thinning in the American kestrel: A comparison of the field situation and laboratory results, J. Appl. Ecol., 12, 781, 1975.
53. Cooke, A. S., Changes in eggshell characteristics of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) and peregrine (Falco peregrinus) associated with exposure to environmental pollutants during recent decades, J. Zool., 187, 245, 1979.
54. Wiemeyer, S. N., Lamont, T. G., Bunck, C. M., Sindelar, C. R., Gramlich, F. J., Fraser, J. D., and Byrd, M. A., Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs - 1969-79 - and their relationships to shell thinning and reproduction, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 13, 529, 1984.
55. Lundholm, E., Thinning of eggshells in birds by DDE: Mode of action on the eggshell gland, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 88C, 1, 1987.
56. Wiemeyer, S. N., Bunck, C. M., and Krynitsky, A. J., Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in osprey eggs - 1970-79 - and their relationship to shell thinning and productivity, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 17, 767, 1988.
57. Ratcliffe, D. A., Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey, Nature, 215, 208, 1967.
58. Carlisle, J. C., Lamb, D. W., and Toll, P. A., Breaking strength: An alternative indicator of toxic effects on avian eggshell quality, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 5, 887, 1986.
59. Bennett, J. K., Ringer, R. S., Bennett, R. S., Williams, B. A., and Humphrey, P. E., Comparison of breaking strength and shell thickness as evaluators of eggshell quality, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 7, 351, 1988.
60. Henny, C. J. and Bennett, J. K., Comparison of breaking strength and shell thickness as evaluators of white-faced ibis eggshell quality, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 9, 797, 1990.
61. Custer, T. W., Custer, C. M., Hines, R. K., Stromber, K. L., Allen, P. D., Melancon, M. J., and Henshel, D. S., Organochlorine contaminants and biomarker response in double-crested cormorants nesting in Green Bay and Lake Michigan, WI, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 40, 89, 2001.
62. Hoffman, D. E., Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of environmental contaminants to bird eggs, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 115, 39, 1990.
63. Fox, G. A., Collins, B., Hayakawa, E., Weseloh, D. V., Ludwig, J. P., Kubiak, T. J., and Erdman, T. C., Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains. II. Spatial variation in the occurrence and prevalence of bill defects in young double-crested cormorants in the Great Lakes, 1979-1987, J. Great Lakes Res., 17, 158, 1991.
64. Ohlendorf, H. M., Kilness, A. W., Simmons, J. L., Stroud, R. K., Hoffman, D. J., and Moore, J. F., Selenium toxicosis in wild aquatic birds, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 24, 67, 1988.
65. Hoffman, D. J., Ohlendorf, H. M., and Aldrich, T. W., Selenium toxicosis in natural populations of aquatic birds in central California, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 17, 519, 1988.
66. Heppell, S. A., Denslow, N. D., Folmar, L. C., and Sullivan, C. V., A universal assay of vitellogenin as a biomarker for environmental estrogens, Environ. Health Perspect., 103, 9, 1995.
67. Folmar, L. C., Denslow, N. D., Rao, V., Chow, M., Crain, D. A., Enblom, J., Marcino, J., and Guillette, L. J., Jr., Vitellogenin induction and reduced serum testosterone concentrations in feral male carp (Cyprinus carpio) captured near a major metropolitan sewage treatment plant, Environ. Health Persp., 104, 1096, 1996.
68. Denslow, N. D., Chow, M. M., Folmar, L. C., Bonomelli, S., Heppell, S. A., and Sullivan, C. V., Development of antibodies to teleost vitellogenins: Potential biomarkers for environmental estrogens, in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: 5th Volume, ASTM STP 1306, Bengston, D. A. and Henshel, D. A., Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1997, 23.
69. Harries, J. E., Sheahan, D. A., Jobling, S., Matthiessen, P., Neall, P., Sumpter, J. P., Tylor, T., and Zaman, N., Estrogenic activity in five United Kingdom rivers detected by measurement of vitellogenesis in caged male trout, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 534, 1997.
70. Carlson, D. B. and Williams, D. E., Sex-specific vitellogenin production in immature rainbow trout, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 2361, 1999.
71. Parks, L. G., Cheek, A. O., Denslow, N. B., Heppell, S. A., McLachlan, J. A., LeBlanc, G. A., and Sullivan, C. V., Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) vitellogenin: Purification, characterization and quantitative immunoassay for the detection of estrogenic compounds, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 123, 113, 1999.
72. Denslow, N. D., Chow, M. C., Kroll, K. J., and Green, L., Vitellogenin as a biomarker of exposure for estrogen or estrogen mimics, Ecotoxicology, 8, 385, 1999.
73. Bowman, C. J. and Denslow, N. B., Development and validation of a species- and gene-specific molecular biomarker: Vitellogenin mRNA in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), Ecotoxicology, 8, 399, 1999.
74. Johansson-Sjobeck, M.-L. and Larsson, A., Effects of inorganic lead on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 8, 419, 1979.
75. Scheuhammer, A. M., Erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in birds. I. The effects of lead and other metals in vitro, Toxicology, 45, 155, 1987.
76. Hodson, P. V., Blunt, B. R., Spry, D. J., and Austen, K., Evaluation of erythrocyte-amino levulinic acid dehydratase activity as a short-term indicator in fish of a harmful exposure to lead, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 34, 501, 1977.
77. Hodson, P. V., Blunt, B. R., and Whittle, D. M., Biochemical monitoring of fish blood as an indicator of biologically available lead, Thalassia Jugosl., 1, 389, 1980.
78. Finley, M. T., Dieter, M. P., and Locke, L. N., Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: Inhibition in ducks dosed with lead shot, Environ. Res., 12, 243, 1976.
79. Beyer, W. N., Spann, J. W., Sileo, L., and Franson, J. C., Lead poisoning in six captive avian species, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 17, 121, 1988.
80. Dieter, M. P., Perry, M. C., and Mulhern, B. M., Lead and PCB’s in canvasback ducks: Relationship between enzyme levels and residues in blood, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 5, 1, 1976.
81. Dieter, M. P., Blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) to monitor lead contamination in canvasback ducks (Aythya valisineria), in Animals as Monitors of Environmental Pollutants, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1979, 177.
82. Grue, C. E., Hoffman, D. J., Beyer, W. N., and Franson, L. P., Lead concentrations and reproductive success in European starlings Sturnus vulgaris nesting within highway roadside verges, Environ. Pollut., 42, 157, 1986.
83. Schmitt, C. J., Dwyer, F. J., and Finger, S. E., Bioavailability of Pb and Zn from mine tailings as indicated by erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in suckers (Pisces: Catostomidae), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 41, 1030, 1984.
84. Overmann, S. R. and Krajicek, J. J., Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as biomonitors of lead contamination of the Big River in Missouri’s old lead belt, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 14, 689, 1995.
85. Scheuhammer, A. M., Erythrocyte-δ−aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in birds. II. The effects of lead exposure in vivo, Toxicology, 45, 165, 1987.
86. Goldstein, J. A., Hickman, P., Bergman, H., and Vos, J. G., Hepatic porphyria induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the mouse, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 6, 919, 1973.
87. Strik, J. J. T. W. A., Porphyrins in urine as an indication of exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 320, 308, 1979.
88. Fox, G. A., Kennedy, S. W., Norstrom, R. J., and Wigfield, D. C., Porphyria in herring gulls: A biochemical response to chemical contamination of Great Lakes food chains, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 7, 831, 1988.
89. Kennedy, S. W., Wigfield, D. C., and Fox, G. A., Tissue porphyrin pattern determination by highspeed high-performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Biochem., 157, 1, 1986.
90. Reddy, V. R., Christenson, W. R., and Piper, W. N., Extraction and isolation by high performance liquid chromatography of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin isomers from biological tissues, J. Pharmacol. Methods, 17, 51, 1987.
91. Taylor, C., Durry, L. K., Bowyer, R. T., and Blundell, G. M., Profiles of fecal poryphrins in River Otters following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Mar. Poll. Bull., 40, 1132, 2000.
92. Roscoe, D. E., Nielson, S. W., Lamola, A. A., and Zuckerman, D., A simple, quantitative test for erythrocytic protoporphyrin in lead-poisoned ducks, J. Wildl. Dis., 15, 127, 1979.
93. Srebocan, E. and Rattner, B. A., Heat exposure and the toxicity of one number four lead shot in mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40, 165, 1988.
94. Pain, D. J. and Rattner, B. A., Mortality and hematology associated with the ingestion of one number four lead shot in black ducks, Anas rubripes, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40, 159, 1988.
95. Pain, D. J., Haematological parameters as predictors of blood lead and indicators of lead poisoning in the black duck (Anas rubripes), Environ. Pollut., 60, 67, 1989.
96. Randerath, K., Reddy, M., and Gupta, R. C., 32P-postlabeling analysis for DNA damage, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 78, 6126, 1981.
97. Collier, T. K. and Varanasi, U., Biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure in flatfish from Puget Sound, WA, Proceedings Oceans 87, Vol. 5., IEEE, Washington, D.C., 1987, 1544.
98. Dunn, B., Black, J., and Maccubbin, A., 32P-postlabeling analysis of aromatic DNA adducts in fish from polluted areas, Cancer Res., 47, 6543, 1987.
99. Martineau, D., Legace, A., Beland, P., Higgins, R., Armstrong, D., and Shugart, L. R., Pathology of stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada, J. Comp. Pathol., 98, 287, 1988.
100. Dunn, B. P., Fitzsimmons, J., Stalling, D., McCubbin, A. E., and Black, J. J., Pollution-related aromatic DNA adducts in liver from populations of wild fish, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 31, 1990, 96.
101. Poginsky, B., Blomeke, B., Hewer, A., Phillips, D. H., Karbe, L., and Marquardt, H., 32P-postlabeling analysis of hepatic DNA of benthic fish from European waters, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 31, 1990, 96.
102. Stein, J. E., Reichert, W. L., Nishimote, M., and Varanasi, U., 32P-postlabeling of DNA: A sensitive method for assessing environmentally induced genotoxicity, Proc. Oceans 89, Vol. 7, 1989, 385.
103. Varanasi, U., Reichert, W. L., Eberhart, B.-T., Stein, J., Formation and persistence of benzo(a)pyrenediolepoxide-DNA adducts in liver of English sole (Parophrys vetulus), Chem.-Biol. Interact., 69, 203, 1989.
104. Varanasi, U., Reichert, W. L., and Stein, J., 32P-postlabeling analysis of DNA adducts in liver of wild English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), Cancer Res., 49, 1171, 1989.
105. Shugart, L. R., An alkaline unwinding assay for the detection of DNA damage in aquatic organisms, Marine Environ. Res., 24, 321, 1988.
106. Shugart, L.R., Quantitation of chemically induced damage to DNA of aquatic organisms by alkaline unwinding assay, Aquat. Toxicol., 13, 43, 1988.
107. Meyers-Schone, L., Shugart, L. R., Beauchamp, J. J., and Walton, B. T., Comparison of two freshwater turtle species as monitors of radionuclide and chemical contamination: DNA damage and residue analysis, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 1487, 1993.
108. Bickham, J. W., Flow cytometry as a technique to monitor the effects of environmental genotoxins on wildlife populations, in In situ Evaluation of Biological Hazards of Environmental Pollutants, Sandhu, S., Lower, W. R., DeSerres, F. J., Suk, W. A., and Tice, R. R., Eds., Environmental Research Series, Vol. 38, Plenum Press, New York, 1990, 97.
109. Custer, T. W., Bickham, J. W., Lyne, T. B., Lewis, T., Ruedas, L. A., Custer, C. M., and Melancon, M. J., Flow cytometry for monitoring contaminant exposure in black-crowned night-herons, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 27, 176, 1994.
110. Custer, T. W., Custer, C. M., Hines, R. K., Sparks, D. W., Melancon, M. J., Hoffman, D. J., Bickham, J. W., and Wickliffe, J. K., Mixed-function oxygenases, oxidative stress, and chromosomal damage measured in lesser scaup wintering on the Indiana Harbor Canal, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 38, 522, 2000.
111. Peakall, D., Studies on genetic material, in Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators, Peakall, D., Ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1992, 70.
112. Shugart, L. R., DNA damage as a biomarker of exposure, Ecotoxicology, 9, 329, 2000.
113. Hinton, D. E., Baumann, P. C., Gardner, G. R., Hawkins, W. E., Hendricks, J. D., Murchelano, R. A., and Okihiro, M. S., Histopathologic biomarkers, in Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress, Huggett, R. J., Kimerle, R. A., Mehrle, P. M., Jr., and Bergman, H. L., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1992, 155.
114. Stich, H. F. and Acton, A. B., The possible use of fish tumors in monitoring for carcinogens in the marine environment, Prog. Exp. Tumor Res., 20, 44, 1976.
115. Brown, E. R., Hazdra, J. J., Keith, L., Greenspan, I., and Kwapinski, J. B. G., Frequency of fish tumors found in a polluted watershed as compared to nonpolluted Canadian waters, Cancer Res., 33, 189, 1973.
116. McCain, B. B., Pierce, K. V., Wellings, S. R., and Miller, B. S., Hepatomas in marine fish from an urban estuary, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 18, 1, 1977.
117. Grizzle, J. M., Melius, P., and Strength, D. R., Papillomas on fish exposed to chlorinated wastewater effluent, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 73, 1133, 1984.
118. Fabacher, D. L. and Baumann, P. C., Enlarged livers and hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase components in tumor-bearing brown bullheads from a chemically contaminated river, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 4, 703, 1985.
119. Black, J. J., Evans, E. D., Harshbarger, J. C., and Ziegel, R. F., Epizootic neoplasms in fishes from a lake polluted by copper mining wastes, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 69, 915, 1982.
120. Pinkney, A. E., Harshbarger, J. C., May, E. B., and Melancon, M. J., Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the tidal Potomac River, USA, watershed, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 1196, 2001.
121. Lee, R. F., Sauerheber, R., and Dobbs, G. H., Uptake, metabolism and discharge of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine fish, Mar. Biol., 17, 201, 1972.
122. Statham, C. N., Melancon, M. J., and Lech, J. J., Bioconcentration of xenobiotics in trout bile: A proposed monitoring aid for some waterborne chemicals, Science, 193, 680, 1976.
123. Roubal, W. T., Collier, T. K., and Malins, D. C., Accumulation and metabolism of carbon-14 labeled benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene by young coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 5, 513, 1977.
124. Krahn, M. M., Myers, M. S., Burrows, D. G., and Malins, D. C., Determination of metabolites of xenobiotics in the bile of fish from polluted waterways, Xenobiotica, 14, 633, 1984.
125. Krahn, M. M., Rhodes, L. D., Myers, M. S., Moore, L. K., MacLeod, W. D., Jr., and Malins, D. C., Associations between metabolites of aromatic compounds in bile and the occurrence of hepatic lesions in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound, Washington, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 15, 61, 1986.
126. Krahn, M. M., Burrows, D. G., MacLeod, W. D., Jr., and Malins, D. C., Determination of individual metabolites of aromatic compounds in hydrolyzed bile of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from polluted sites in Puget Sound, Washington, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 16, 511, 1987.
127. Britvic, S., Lucic, D., and Kurelec, B., Bile fluorescence and some early biological effects in fish as indicators of pollution by xenobiotics, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 765, 1993.
128. Leadly, T. A., Arcand-Hoy, L. D., Haffner, G. D., and Metcalfe, C. D., Fluorescent aromatic hydrocarbons in bile as a biomarker of exposure of brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) to contaminated sediments, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 750, 1999.
129. Pointet, K. and Milliet, A., PAHs analysis of fish whole gall bladders and livers from the natural reserve of Camargue by GC/MS, Chemosphere, 40, 293, 2000.
130. Okari, A. O. J., Metabolites of xenobiotics in the bile of fish in waterways polluted by pulpmill effluents, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36, 429, 1986.
131. Melancon, M. J., Alscher, R., Benson, W., Kruzynski, G., Lee, R. F., Sikka, H. C., and Spies, R. B., Metabolic products as biomarkers, in Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress, Huggett, R. J., Kimerle, R. A., Mehrle, P. M., Jr., and Bergman, H. L., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1992, 87.
132. Kehrer, J. P., Mossman, B. T., Sevanian, A., Trush, M. A., and Smith, M. T., Free radical mechanisms in chemical pathogenesis, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 95, 349, 1988.
133. Di Guilio, R. T., Washburn, P. C., Wenning, R. J., Winston, G. W., and Jewell, C. S., Biochemical responses in aquatic animals: A review of determinants of oxidative stress, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 8, 1103, 1989.
134. Hoffman, D. J. and Heinz, G. H., Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of selenium in the diet of mallards, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 24, 477, 1988.
135. Hoffman, D. J., Heinz, G. H., and Krynitsky, A. J., Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 27, 263, 1989.
136. Hoffman, D. J., Heinz, G. H., LeCaptain, L. J., Bunck, C. M., and Green, D. E., Subchronic hepatoxicity of selenomethionine ingestion in mallard ducks, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 32, 449, 1991.
137. Roberts, M. H., Sved, D. W., and Felton, S. P., Temporal changes in AHH and SOD activities in feral spot from the Elizabeth River, a polluted subestuary, Mar. Environ. Res., 23, 89, 1987.
138. Regoli, F., Hummel, H., Amiard-Triquet, C., Larroux, C., and Sukhotin, A., Trace metals and variations of antioxidant enzymes in arctic bivalve populations, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 35, 594, 1998.
139. Rodriguez-Grau, J., Venables, B. J., Fitzpatrick, L. C., Goven, A. J., and Cooper, E. L., Suppression of secretory rosette formation by PCBs in Lumbricus terrestris: An earthworm assay for humoral immunotoxicity of xenobiotics, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 8, 1201, 1989.
140. Sharma, R. P., Immunologic Considerations in Toxicology, Vols. 1 and 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1981.
141. Weeks, B. A., Anderson, D. P., DuFour, A. P., Fairbrother, A., Goven, A. J., Lahvis, G. P., and Peters, G., Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress, Huggett, R. J., Kimerle, R. A., Mehrle, P. M., Jr., and Bergman, H. L., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1992, 211.
142. Wong, S., Fournier, M., Corderre, D., Banska, W., and Krzystyniak, K., Environmental immunotoxicology, in Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators, Peakall, D., Ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1992, 167.
143. Friend, M. and Trainer, D. O., Experimental DDT-duck hepatitis virus interaction studies, J. Wildl. Manage., 38, 887, 1974.
144. Friend, M. and Trainer, D. O., Experimental dieldrin-duck hepatitis virus interaction studies, J. Wildl. Manage., 38, 896, 1974.
145. Weeks, B. A., Huggett, J. E., Warinner, J. E., and Mathews, E. S., Macrophage responses of estuarine fish as bioindicators of toxic contamination, in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, McCarthy, J. F. and Shugart, L. R., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 193.
146. Lahvis, G. P., Wells, R. S., Kuehl, D. W., Stewart, J. L., Rhinehart, H. L., and Via, C. S., Decreased lymphocyte responses in free-ranging Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are associated with increased concentrations of PCBs and DDT in peripheral blood, Environ. Health Persp., 103, 67, 1995.
147. Grasman, K. A., Fox, G. A., Scanlon, P. F., and Ludwig, J. P., Organochlorine-associated immunosuppression in prefledgling Caspian Terns and Herring Gulls from the Great Lakes: An ecoepidemiological study, Environ. Health Persp., 104, 829, 1996.
148. Ross, P. S., DeSwart, R. L., Rejinders, P. J. H., van Loveren, H., Vos, J. G., and Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Contaminant-related suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody responses in Harbor Seals fed herring from the Baltic Sea, Environ. Health Persp., 103, 162, 1995.
149. Chen, S. C., Fitzpatrick, L. C., Goven, A. J., Venables, B. J., and Cooper, E., Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction by earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) coelomocytes: An enzyme assay for nonspecific immunotoxicity of xenobiotics, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 10, 1037, 1991.
150. Venables, B. J., Fitzpatrick, L. C., and Goven, A. J., Earthworms as indicators of ecotoxicity, in Ecotoxicology of Earthworms, Grieg-Smith, P. W., Becker, H., Edwards, P. J., and Heimbach, F., Eds., Intercept Ltd, Andover, U.K., 1992, 197.
151. Ville, P., Roch, P., Cooper, E. L., and Narbonne, J.-F., Immuno-modulator effects of carbaryl and 2,4 D in the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 32, 291, 1997.
152. Svendsen, C. and Weeks, J. M., Relevance and applicability of a simple earthworm biomarker of copper exposure, 1. Links to ecological effects in a laboratory study with Eisenia andrei, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 36, 72, 1997.
153. Nusetti, O., Parejo, E., Esclapès, M. M., Rodiguez-Grau, J., and Marcano, L., Acute-sublethal copper effects on phagocytosis and lysosome activity in the earthworm Amynthas hawayanus, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 63, 350, 1999.
154. Spurgeon, D. J., Svendsen, C., Rimmer, V. R., Hopkin, S. P., and Weeks, J. M., Relative sensitivity of life-cycle and biomarker responses in four earthworm species exposed to zinc, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19, 1800, 2000.
155. Marcano, L., Nusetti, O., Rodiguez-Grau, J, Briceno, J., and Vilas, J., Coelomic fluid lysozyme activity induction in the Polychaete Eurythoe complanata as a biomarker of heavy metal toxicity, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 59, 22, 1997.
156. Cima, F., Marin, M. G., Matozzo, V., Da Ros, L., and Ballarin, L., Immunotoxic effects of organotin compounds in Tapes philippinarum, Chemosphere, 37, 3035, 1998.
157. Anderson, R. S., Mora, L. M., and Thomsom, S. A., Modulation of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocyte immune function by copper, as measured by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 108C, 215, 1994.
158. Trust, K. A., Fairbrother, A., and Hooper, M. J., Effects of 7,1 2-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on immune function and mixed-function oxygenase activity in the European Starling, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 13, 821, 1994.
159. Wu, P. J., Greeley, E. H., Hansen, L. G., and Segre, M., Immunological, hematological, and biochemical responses in immature white-footed mice following maternal Aroclor 1254 exposure: A possible bioindicator, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36, 469, 1999.
160. Bracken, W. M. and Klassen, C. D., Induction of metallothionein in rat primary hepatocytes culture: Evidence for direct and indirect induction, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 22, 163, 1987.
161. Petering, D. H., Goodrich, M., Hodgman, W., Krezowski, S., Weber, D., Shaw, C. F., III, Spieler, R., and Zettergren, L., Metal-binding proteins and peptides for the detection of heavy metals in aquatic organisms, in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, McCarthy, J. F. and Shugart, L. R., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 239.
162. Benson, W. H., Baer, K. N., and Watson, C. F., Metallothionein as a biomarker of environmental metal contamination, in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, McCarthy, J. F. and Shugart, L. R., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 255.
163. Garvey, J. S., Metallothionein: A potential biomonitor of exposure to environmental toxins, in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, McCarthy, J. F. and Shugart, L. R., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 267.
164. Hogstrand, C., Galvez, F., and Wood, C. M., Toxicity, silver accumulation and metallothionein induction in freshwater rainbow trout during exposure to different silver salts, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 1102, 1996.
165. Teigen, S. W., Anderson, R. A., Daae, H. L., and Skaare, J. U., Heavy metal content in liver and kidneys of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in various life stages correlated with metallothionein levels: Some metal-binding characteristics of this protein, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 2364, 1999.
166. Wall, K. L., Jessen-Eller, K., and Crivello, J. F., Assessment of various biomarkers in winter flounder from coastal Massachusetts, USA, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 2504, 1998.
167. Dethloff, G. M., Schlenk, D., Khan, S., and Bailey, H. C., The effects of copper on blood and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36, 415, 1999.
168. Bařsyte, D., White, K. N., and Lovejoy, D. A., Cloning and characterization of metallothionein cDNAs in the mussel Mytilus edulis L. digestive gland, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 122, 287, 1999.
169. Savva, D. and Li, B., Characterization of two metallothionein cDNAs from the shore crab for use as biomarkers of heavy metal pollution, Ecotoxicology, 8, 485, 1999.
170. Gerpe, M., Kling, P., Berg, A. H., and Olsson, P.-E., Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) metallothionein: cDNA sequence, expression, and tissue-specific inhibition of cadmium-mediated metallothionein induction by 17β-estradiol, 4-OH-PCB 30 and PCB 104, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19, 638, 2000.
171. Lindquist, S., The heat shock response, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 55, 1151, 1986.
172. Caltabiano, M. M., Koestler, T. P., Poste, G., and Grieg, R. G., Induction of 32 and 34-kDa stress proteins by sodium arsenite, heavy metals, and thiol-reactive agents, J. Biol. Chem., 261, 13381, 1986.
173. Sanders, B. M., The role of the stress proteins response in physiological adaptation of marine molluscs, Mar. Environ. Res., 24, 207, 1988.
174. Hassanein, H. M. A., Banhawy, M. A., Soliman, F. M., Abdel-Rehim, S. A., Müller, W. E. G., and Schröder, H. C., Induction of Hsp70 by the herbicide Oxyfluorfen (Goal) in the Egyptian Nile fish, Oreochromis niloticus, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 37, 78, 1999.
175. Köhler, H.-R., Knödler, C., and Zanger, M., Divergent kinetics of hsp70 induction in Oniscus asellus (Isopoda) in response to four environmentally relevant organic chemicals (B[a]P, PCB52, γ-HCH, PCP): Suitability and limits of a biomarker, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36, 179, 1999.
176. Sanders, B., Stress proteins: Potential as multitiered biomarkers, in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, McCarthy, J. F. and Shugart, L. R., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 165.
177. Sanders, B. M., Stress proteins in aquatic organisms; An environmental perspective, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 23, 49, 1993.
178. Lewis, S., Handy, R. D., Cordi, B., Billinghurst, Z., and Depledge, M. H., Stress proteins (HSPs): Methods of detection and their use as an environmental biomarker, Ecotoxicology, 8, 351, 1999.
179. Welch, W. J., Mizzen, L. A., and Arrigo, A.-P., Structure and function of mammalian stress proteins, in Stress-Induced Proteins, Pardue, M. L., Feramisco, J. R., and Lindquist, S., Eds., Alan R. Liss, New York, 1989, 187.
180. Bradley, B. P. and Ward, J. B., Detection of a major stress protein using a peptide antibody, Mar. Environ. Res., 28, 471, 1989.
181. Gutierrez, J. A. and Guerriero, V., Jr., Quantitation of hsp70 in tissues using a competitive enzymelinked immunosorbant assay, J. Immunol. Methods, 143, 8, 1991.
182. Hara, I., Sato, N., Matsumura, A., Cho, J.-M., Weimin, Q., Torigoe, T., Shinnick, T. M., Kamidono, S., and Kikuchi, K., Development of monoclonal antibodies reacting against mycobacterial 65 kDa heat shock protein by using recombinant truncated products, Microbiol. Immunol., 35, 995, 1991.
183. Heine, L., Drabent, B., Benecke, B.-J., and Gunther, E., A novel monoclonal antibody directed against the heat-inducible 68kDa heat shock protein, Hybridoma, 10, 721, 1991.
184. Margulis, B. A., Nacharov, P. V., Tsvetkova, O. I., Welsh, M., and Kinev, A. V., The characterization and use of different antibodies against the hsp70 major heat shock protein family for the development of an immunoassay, Electrophoresis, 12, 670, 1991.
185. Williams, J. H., Farag, A. M., Stansbury, M. A., Young, P. A., Bergman, H. L., and Peterson, N. S., Accumulation of HSP70 in juvenile and adult rainbow trout gill exposed to metal-contaminated water and/or diet, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 1324, 1996.
186. Werner, I. and Nagel, R., Stress proteins HSP60 and HSP70 in three species of amphipods exposed to cadmium, diazinon, dieldrin and fluoranthene, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 2393, 1997.
187. Bradley, B. P., Are the stress proteins indicators of exposure or effect?, Mar. Environ. Res., 35, 85, 1993.
188. Köhler, H.-R., Belitz, B., Eckwert, H., Adam, R., Rahman, B., and Trontelj, P., Validation of hsp70 stress gene expression as a marker of metal effects in Deroceras reticulatum (pulmonata): Correlation with demographic parameters, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 2246, 1998.
189. Oberdörster, E., Martin, M., Ide, C. F., and McLachlan, J. A., Benthic community structure and biomarker induction in grass shrimp in an estuarine system, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 37, 512, 1999.
190. Schröder, H. C., Batel, R., Hassanein, H. M. A., Lauenroth, S., Jenke, H.-St., Simat, T., Steinhart, H., and Müller, W.E.G., Correlation between the level of the potential biomarker, heat-shock protein, and the occurrence of DNA damage in the dab Limanda limanda. A field study in the North Sea and the English Channel, Mar. Environ. Res., 49, 201, 1999.