Mixed states: The most common outpatient presentation of bipolar depressed adolescents?

Psychopathology

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 268-272

  Dilsaver, Steven C ^a,e   Benazzi, Franco ^b,c,d   Akiskal, Hagop S ^b  

^a Rio Grande City Community Mental Health Mental Retardation Clinic   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c University of California at San Diego ^*  (Italy)

^d National Health Service   (Italy)

^e Merced Department of Mental Health   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Affective disorders; Bipolar disorder; Depression; Mania; Mixed states

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AFFECTIVE NEUROSIS; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; CHILD; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPOMANIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANIA; MIXED MANIA AND DEPRESSION; OUTPATIENT CARE; SAMPLE SIZE; SCREENING TEST; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR;

ADOLESCENT; AMBULATORY CARE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 26444609233     PISSN: 02544962     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000088443     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Akiskal HS, Downs J, Jordon P, Watson S, Daugherty D, Pruitt DB: Affective disorders in the referred children of younger siblings of manic-depressives: Mode of onset and prospective course. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:996-1003.
2. Weller RA, Weller EB, Tucker SG, Fristad MA: Mania in prepubertal children: Has it been underdiagnosed? J Affect Disord 1986;11:151-154.
3. Geller B, Luby J: Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: A review of the last 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:1168-1176.
4. Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K, DelBello MP, Williams M, Zimerman B: One-year recovery and relapse rates of children with a prepubertal early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:303-305.
5. Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K, Nickelsburg MJ, Williams M, Zimerman B: Two-year prospective follow-up of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:927-933.
6. Craney JL, Geller B: A prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar I phenotype: Review of phenomenology and longitudinal course. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:243-256.
7. Faedda GL, Baldessarini RL, Glovinsky IP, Austin NB: Pediatric bipolar disorder: Phenomenology and course of illness. Bipolar Disord 2004;6:305-313.
8. Findling RL, Gracious BL, McNamara NK, Youngstrom EA, Demeter-Brinicky LA, Calabrese JR: Rapid continuous cycling and psychiatric comorbidity in pediatric bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 2001;3:202-210.
9. Kafantaris V, Coletti DJ, Dicker R, Padula G, Kane JM: Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents. A large open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42:1038-1045.
10. Strober M, Morrell W, Lambert C, Burroughs J: Relapse following discontinuation of lithium maintenance therapy in adolescents with bipolar I illness: A naturalistic study. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:457-461.
11. Dilsaver SC, Fuller-Henderson S, Akiskal HS: Occult mood disorders in 104 consecutively presenting children referred for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a community mental health clinic. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:1170-1176.
12. Kafantaris V, Coletti DJ, Dicker R, Padula G, Pleak RR, Alvir JMH, Kane JM: Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: A placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:984-993.
13. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RC, Williams JBW, Benjamin LS: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I), Clinician version. American Psychiatric Association Press, Washington, DC, 1997.
14. American Psychiatric Association: Task Force on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, ed 4: Diagnostic Edition. Washington, American Psychiatric Association Press, 1984.
15. Benazzi F: Intra-episode hypomanic symptoms during major depression and their correlates. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;58:289-294.
16. Benazzi F: Depressive mixed state: Dimensional versus categorical definitions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003;27:129-134.
17. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F: Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states. J Affect Disord 2003;73:113-122.
18. Sato T, Bottlender R, Schroeter A, Moller HJ: Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar 'depressive mixed state' as bipolar spectrum. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:268-274.
19. Strober M, Carlson G: Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: Clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacological predictors in a three- to four-year prospective follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:549-555.
20. Strober M: Relevance of early age-of-onset in genetic studies of bipolar affective disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992;31:606-610.
21. Berner P, Gabriel E, Katsching H, Kieffer W, Koehler K, Lenz G, Nutzinger D, Schanda H, Simhandl C: Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Psychoses, ed 2. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
22. Akiskal HS, Bitar AH, Puzantian VR, Rosenthal TL, Walker PW: The nosological status of neurotic depression: A prospective three- to four-year examination in light of the primary-secondary and unipolar-bipolar dichotomies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:756-766.
23. Tillman R, Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K, Williams M, Zimerman B: Relationship of parent and child informants to prevalence of mania symptoms in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar phenotype. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1278-1284.
24. Akiskal HS, Mallya G: Criteria for the 'soft' bipolar spectrum: Treatment implications. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987;23:68-73.
25. Akiskal HS, Pinto O: The evolving bipolar spectrum: Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999;22:517-534.
26. Caligiuri MP, Gentili V, Eberson S, Kelsoe J, Rapoport M, Gillin JC: A quantitative neuromotor predictor of antidepressant non-response in patients with major depression. J Affect Disord 2003;77:135-141.
27. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F: Delineating depressive mixed states: Therapeutic significance. Clin Approach Bipolar Disord 2003;2:41-47.