Textual portrayals of female athletes: Liberation or nuanced forms of patriarchy?

Frontiers

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 132-155

  Carty, Victoria ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 26444581287     PISSN: 01609009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/fro.2005.0020     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Mariah Nelson, The Stronger Women Get, The More Men Love Football: Sexism and the American Culture of Sports (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1994), 2.
2. Wilson Sporting Goods Company and the Women's Sports Foundation, The Wilson Report: Men, Dads, Daughters and Sports (East Meadow, NY: Women's Sports Foundation, 1988).
3. Susan Cahn, Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women's Sports (New York: Free Press, 1994).
4. Nancy Theberge, "The Construction of Gender in Sport: Women, Coaching and the Naturalization of Difference," Social Problems 40, no. 3 (1993): 301-313.
5. Robert Goldman, Deborah Heath, and Sharon Smith, "Commodity Fetishism," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 13 (1991): 349.
6. Robert Goldman, Deborah Heath, and Sharon Smith, Critical Studies in Mass Communication Ibid., 341.
7. Margaret Andersen, Thinking about Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender, 6th ed. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2003).
8. Margaret Andersen, Thinking about Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender, 6th ed. (2003), Ibid.
9. Margaret Andersen, Thinking about Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender, 6th ed. Ibid., 406.
10. Santa Cruz Sentinel, "The U.S. Team Keeping Dreams Alive," sec. B5, February 6, 2000.
11. Ann Gerhart, "Cashing In on the World Cups," Washington Post, sec. C10-11, July 4, 1999.
12. Ann Gerhart, "Cashing In on the World Cups," Washington Post, 1999. Ibid.
13. WNBA, "WNBA and Players Association Sign Labor Agreement," http://www.wnba.com/news/labor_agreement_030425.html (accessed August 1, 2003).
14. Michael McCarthy, "Advertisers Shift Focus to Female Athletes," USA Today, December 12, 2000.
15. Darren Rovell, "Are Venus and Serena Bad for Tennis?" ESPN Sports Business, http://www.espn.go.com/sportsbusiness/s/2003/0202/1503084.html (accessed August 1, 2003).
16. McCarthy, "Advertisers Shift Focus."
17. Goldman, Heath, and Smith, "Commodity Fetishism," 349.
18. See Erving Goffman, Gender Advertisements, rev. ed. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1988).
19. See Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty are Used against Women (New York: Morrow, 1991).
20. Holly Bruback, "The Athletic Aesthetic," New York Times Magazine, June 23, 1996.
21. Robert Sullivan, "Goodbye to Heroin Chic: Now It's Sexy to be Strong," Time, July 19, 1999, 62.
22. Goldman, Heath, and Smith, "Commodity Fetishism," 349.
23. Bruback, "Athletic Aesthetic," 119.
24. Maureen Dowd, "Nymphet at the Net," New York Times, June 4, 2000, 24.
25. Nelson, The Stronger Women Get, 215.
26. Ruth Ferla, "Bringing Home Lots of More Gold," New York Times, January 27, 2002.
27. Ruth Ferla, "Bringing Home Lots of More Gold," New York Times, 2002. Ibid.
28. Goldman, Heath, and Smith, "Commodity Fetishism," 333-351.
29. Anne Russo, "Conflicts and Contradictions among Feminists over Issues of Pornography and Sexual Freedom," Women's Studies International Forum 10 (1987): 103-11.
30. Anne du Cille, "The Occult of True Black Womanhood: Critical Demeanor and Black Feminist Studies," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 19, no. 3 (1994): 591-629.
31. Nelson, The Stronger Women Get, 206.
32. Sohaila Shakib and Michele Dunbar, "The Social Construction of Female and Male High School Basketball Participation," Sociology Perspectives 45, no. 4 (2002): 353-371.
33. Sohaila Shakib and Michele Dunbar, "The Social Construction of Female and Male High School Basketball Participation," Sociology Perspectives 45, no. 4 (2002): 353-371. Ibid.
34. Mary Kane, "Resistance/Transformation of the Oppositional Binary: Exposing Sport as a Continuum," Journal of Sport and Social Issues 19 (1995): 191-218.
35. Jane Ollenberger and Helen Moore, A Sociology of Women: Intersection of Patriarchy, Capitalism, and Colonization (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1998).
36. See Bruback, "Athletic Aesthetic,"
37. and Cahn, Coming on Strong, for a thorough historical account of the evolution of stereotypes about female athletes in the first half of the twentieth century.
38. Elizabeth Etue and Megan K. Williams, On the Edge: Women Making Hockey History (Toronto: Second Story Press, 1996).
39. Elizabeth Etue and Megan K. Williams, On the Edge: Women Making Hockey History, 1996. Ibid.
40. Shakib and Dunbar, "Social Construction," 34.
41. Nelson, The Stronger Women Get, 215.
42. Michael Messner and Faye Wachs, "The Gender of Audience Building: Televised Coverage of Women's and Men's NCAA Basketball," Sociological Inquiry 66, no. 4 (1996): 422-439.
43. Michael Messner and Faye Wachs, Sociological Inquiry Ibid., 431.
44. Delia Douglas, "To Be Young, Gifted, Black and Female," Sociology of Sport Online 5, no. 2 (2002), http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v5i2/ v5i2.html (accessed August 4, 2003).
45. Delia Douglas, "To Be Young, Gifted, Black and Female," Sociology of Sport Online 5, no. 2 (2002), http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v5i2/ v5i2.html Ibid.
46. Kevin B. Wamsley, "The Public Importance of Men and the Importance of Public Men: Sport and Masculinities in 19th Century Canada," in Sport and Gender in Canada, ed. Paul White and Kevin Young (Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 1999), 24-39.