Calcium hydroxide: A review

International Dental Journal

Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 293-301

  Farhad, Alireza ^a,b   Mohammadi, Zahed ^a  

^a University of Esfahan ^*  (Iran)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ISFAHAN   (Iran)

Author keywords

Calcium hydroxide; Clinical applications; Properties

Indexed keywords

EID: 26444574216     PISSN: 00206539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2005.tb00326.x     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Hermann BW. Calcium hydroxyd als Mittelzurn, Behandeln und Fullen von Wurzelkanalen [thesis] Wurzburg, 1920.
2. Fava LRG, Saunders WP. Calcium hydroxide pastes: classification and clinical indications. Int Endod J 1999 32: 257-282.
3. Estrela C. Analise quimica de pastas de hidroxido de calcio frente a liberacao de ions calcio, de ions hidroxila efomacao de carbonato de calico na presenca de tecido coni untivo de cao. [thesis] Sao Paulo, 1994.
4. Rehman K, Saunders WP, Foye RH et al. Calcium ion diffusion from calcium hydroxide-containing materials in endodontically treated teeth: An in vitro study. Int Endod J 1996 29: 271-279.
5. Wang JD, Hume WR. Diffusion of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions from various sources through dentine J Endodont 1988 21: 17-26.
6. Tronstad L, Andreasen JO, Hasselgren G et al. pH changes in dental tissue after root canal filling with calcium hydroxide. J Endodont 1981 7: 17-21.
7. Fuss A, Szajkis S, Tagger M. Tubular permeability to calcium hydroxide and to bleaching agent. J Endodont 1989 15: 362-364.
8. Nerwich A, Figdor D, Messer HH. PH changes in the root dentine over a 4-week period following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide. J Endodont 1993 19: 302-306.
9. Pashley DH. Dentine permeability: theory and practice. In Spangberg LSW(ed) Experimental endodontics. 1st ed.pp 19-49. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press, 1990.
10. Maisto OA, Capurro MA. Obtureacion de conductos radiculares con hidroxido, de calcio-iodoformo. Revista de la Asociacion Odontologica Argentina 1964 52: 167-73.
11. Berbert A. Comportamento dos tecidos apicais e periapicais apos biopulpectomia e obturacao canal com AH-26. hidroxido de calcio oumistura de ambos. Estudo histological em dentes de caes [thesis]. Bauru, 1978.
12. Holland R, Souza V, Nery MJ, et al. A histological study of the effect of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of pulpless teeth of dogs. J Endod B Soc 1979 12: 15-23.
13. Maisto OA. Endodoncia. 3rd ed. Buenos Aires: Mundi, 1975.
14. Estrela C, Pesce HF. Chemical analysis of the liberation of calcium and hydroxyl ions from calcium hydroxide pastes in connective tissue in the dog. Part I. Brazilian Dent J 1996 7: 41-46.
15. Barbosa SV, Spangberg LSW, Almedia D. Low surface tension calcium hydroxide solution is an effective antiseptic. Int Endod J 1994 27: 6-10.
16. Ozcelik B, Tasman F, Ogan C. A comparison of the surface tension of calcium hydroxide mixed with different vehicles. J Endod 2000 26: 500-502.
17. Stamos DG, Haasch GC, Gerstein H. The pH of local anaesthetic/calcium hydroxide solutions. J Endod 1985 11: 264-265.
18. Bystrom A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriological evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scand J Dent Res 1981 89: 321-328.
19. Reit C, Dahlen G. Decision making analysis of endodontic treatment strategies in teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endodo J 1988 21: 291-299.
20. Ørstavik D, Kerekes K, Molven O. Effect of extensive apical reaming and calcium hydroxide dressing on bacterial infection during treatment of apical periodontitis: a pilot study. Int Endod J 1991 24: 1-7.
21. 2. J Endod 1992 18: 367-370.
22. Staehle HJ, Thoma C, Muller HP. Comparative in vitro investigation of different methods for temporary root canal filling with aqueous suspensions of calcium hydroxide. Endod Dent Traumatol 1997 13: 106-112.
23. Heithersay GS. Calcium hydroxide in the treatment of pulpless teeth with associated pathology. J Brit Endod Soc 1975 8: 74-92.
24. Bystrom A, Claesson R, Sundqvist G. The antibacterial effect of camphorated paramonochlorophenol, camphorated phenol and calcium hydroxide in the treatment of infected root canals. Endod Dent Traumatol 1985 1: 170-175.
25. Siqueira Jr JF, Lopes HP. Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide: a critical review. Int Endod J 1999 32: 361-369.
26. Stevens RH, Grossman LI. Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament. J Endod 1983 9: 372-374.
27. Difiore PM, Peters DD, Setterstrom JA. The antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide apexification pastes on streptococcus sanguis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983 55: 91-94.
28. Siqueira JF Jr, Lopes HP, Uzeda M. Recontamination of coronally unsealed root canals medicated with camphorated paramonochlorophenol or calcium hydroxide pastes after saliva challenge. J Endod 1998 24: 11-14.
29. Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D. In vitro infection and disinfection of dentinal tubules. J Dent Res 1987 66: 1375-1379.
30. Safavi KE, Spangberg LSW, Langelang K. Root canal dentinal tubule disinfection. J Endod 1990 16: 207-210.
31. Ørstavik D, Haapasalo M. Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990 6: 142-149.
32. Siqueira JFJr, Uzeda M. Disinfection by calcium hydroxide pastes of dentinal tubules infected with two obligate and one facultative anaerobic bacteria. J Endod 1996 22: 674-676.
33. Sjogren U, Figdor, Spangberg, et al. The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing. Int Endod J 1991 24: 119-125.
34. Barbosa CAM, Goncalves RB, Siqueira JFJr, et al. Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine and camphorated paramonochlorophenol as intracanal medicament. A clinical and laboratory study. J Endod 1997 23: 297-300.
35. Schein B, Schilder H. Endotoxin content in endodontically involved teeth. J Endod 1975 1: 19-21.
36. Safavi KE, Nichols FC. Effect of calcium hydroxide on bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Endod 1993 19: 76-78.
37. Safavi KE, Nichols FC. Alteration of biological properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by calcium hydroxide treatment. J Endod 1994 20: 127-129.
38. Morrison DC, Ryan JL. Endotoxins and disease mechanisms. Ann Rev Med 1987 38: 417-432.
39. Barthel CR, Levin LG, Reisner HM, et al. TNF-alpha in monocytes after exposure to calcium hydroxide treated Escherichia coli LPS. Int Endod J 1997 30: 155-159.
40. Olsen M, Difiore PM, Dixit SN, et al. The effects of calcium hydroxide inhibition on LPS induced release of IL-1β from human monocytes in whole blood [Abstract]. J Endodon 1999 25: 289.
41. Silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P, Leonardo MR, et al. Effect of calcium ydroxide on bacterial endotoxin in vivo. J Endod 2002 28: 94-98.
42. Huang T-JG, Schilder H, Nathanson D. Effects of moisture content and endodontic treatment on some mechanical properties of human dentine. J Endod 1992 18: 209-215.
43. Kontakiotis E,Nakou M, Georgopoulou M. In vitro study of the indirect action of calcium hydroxide on the anaerobic flora of the root canal. Int Endod J 1995 28: 285-289.
44. Evans M, Davies JK, Sundqvist G, et al. Mechanisms involved in the resistance of Enterococcus faecalis to calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J 2002 35: 221-228.
45. Pitt Ford TR. Apexification and Apexogenesis. In Walton RE. Torabinejad M (eds) Principles and practices of Endodontics. 2nd ed, pp 373-384. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2002.
46. Grossman LI. Endodontic practice. 11th ed, pp 102-115. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988.
47. Gutmann JL, Heaton JF. Management of the open (immature) apex. 2. Non-vital teeth. Int Endod J 1981 14: 173-177.
48. Franks AL. Therapy for the divergent pulpless tooth by continued apical formation. J Am Dent Assoc 1966 72: 87-92.
49. England MC, Best E. Non-induced apical closure in immature roots of dog's teeth. J Endod 1977 3: 411-415.
50. Kleier DJ, Barr ES. A study of endodontically apexified teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1991 7: 112-118.
51. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed. pp 797-844. Mosby, 2002.
52. Chosack A, Cleaton-Jones P. A histological and quantitative histomorphometric study of apexification of nonvital permanent incisors of vervet monkeys after repeated root filling with a calcium hydroxide paste. Endod Dent Traumatol 1997 13: 211-216.
53. Ham JW, Patterson SS, Mitchell DF. Induced apical closure of immature pulpless teeth in monkeys. Oral Surg 1972 33: 438-442.
54. Sciaky I, Pisanti S. Localization of calcium hydroxide placed over amputated pulps in dogs teeth. J Dent Res 1960 39: 1128-1133.
55. Schroder U, Granath LE. Early reaction of intact human teeth to calcium hydroxide following experimental pulpotomy and its significance to the development of hard tissue barrier. Odont Rev 1971 22: 379-385.
56. Seltzer S, Bender IB. The dental pulp. 2nd ed, p 260. Philadelphia: J.B Lippincott, 1975.
57. Schroder U, Granath LE. Scanning electron microscopy of hard tissue barrier following experimental pulpotomy of intact human teeth and capping with calcium hydroxide. Odont Revy 1972 23: 211-216.
58. Chivian N. Root resorption. In Cohen S, Burns RC (eds) Pathways of the pulp. 5th ed. pp 504-547. St. Louis: Mosby, 1991.
59. Frank AL, Weine FS. Non-surgical therapy for the perforating defect of internal resorption. J Am Dent Assoc 1973 87: 863-868.
60. Stewart GG. Calcium hydroxide-induced root healing. J Am Dent Assoc 1975 90: 793-797.
61. Cvek M. Clinical procedures promoting apical closure and arrest of external root resorption in non-vital permanent incisors, In Transactions of 5th international conference on endodontics. 1973; University of Pennsylvania.
62. Gholston LR, Mattison GD. An endodontic-orthodontic technique for aesthetic stabilization of externally resorbed teeth. Am J Orthod 1983 83: 435-439.
63. Andreasen JO. Treatment of fractured and avulsed teeth. J Dent Child 1971 38: 29-32.
64. Trope M, Chivian N, Sigurdsson A, et al. Traumatic injuries. In Cohen S, Burns RC (eds) Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed. pp: 603-650. St.Louis: Mosby, 2002.
65. Cvek M, Granath LE, Hollenbder L. Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. III. Variations of occurrence of ankylosis of reimplanted teeth with duration of extra-alveolar period and storage environment. Odontol Rev 1974 25: 43-56.
66. Hammarstrom L, Blomlof L, Feiglin B, et al. Replantation of teeth and antibiotic treatment. Endod Dent Traumatol 1986 2: 51-57.
67. Lengheden A, Blomlof L, Lindskog S. Effect of delayed calcium hydroxide treatment on periodontal healing in contaminated replanted teeth. Scand J Dent Res 1991 99: 147-153.
68. Trope M, Yesilsoy C, Koren L, et al. Effect of different endodontic treatment protocols on periodontal repair and root resorption of replanted dog teeth. J Endod 1992 18: 492-496.
69. Andreasen JO, Farik B, Munksgaard EC. Long-term calcium hydroxide as a root canal dressing may increase the risk of root fracture. Dent Traumatol 2002 18: 134-137.
70. Warfving J, et al. Effect of calcium hydroxide treated dentine on pulpal responses. Int Endod J 1987 20: 183-190.
71. Stanley HR, Pameijer CH. Pulp capping with a new visible light-curring calcium hydroxide composition (Prisma VLC Dycal). Oper Dent 1985 10: 159-163.
72. Meadow D, Needleman H, Lindner G. Oral trauma in children. Pediatr Dent 1984 6: 248-255.
73. Schroder U. Reaction of human dental pulp to experimental pulpotomy and capping with calcium hydroxide. Odont Rev 1973 24: 97-105.
74. Stanley HR, Lundy T. Dycal therapy for pulp exposure. Oral Surg 1972 34: 818-825.
75. Cox CF, Bergenholtz G, Heys DR, et al. Pulp capping of dental pulp mechanically exposed to oral microflora: a 1-2 year observation of wound healing in the minkey. J Oral Pathol 1985 14: 156-168.
76. Olmez A, Oztas N, Basak F, et al. A histopathologic study of direct pulp capping with adhesive resins. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endod 1998 86: 98-103.
77. Pameijer CH, Stanley HR. The disastrous effects of the "total etch" technique in vital pulp capping in primates. Am J Dent 1998 11: S45-54.