메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2004, Pages

Challenges in regulating pesticide mixtures

Author keywords

Additive toxicity; Concentration addition; EPA; Independent action; Mixtures; Pesticides; Regulations; Risk cup; Toxicity; Toxicity assessment

Indexed keywords

NONTARGET ORGANISM; PESTICIDE; TOXICITY;

EID: 26444551993     PISSN: 17083087     EISSN: 17083087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/ES-00694-090601     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (155)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0033635575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictability of the toxicity of multiple chemical mixtures to Vibrio fischeri: Mixtures composed of similarly acting chemicals
    • Altenburger, R., T. Backhaus, W. Boedeker, M. Faust, M. Scholze, and L. H. Grimme. 2000. Predictability of the toxicity of multiple chemical mixtures to Vibrio fischeri: mixtures composed of similarly acting chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19:2341-2347.
    • (2000) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.19 , pp. 2341-2347
    • Altenburger, R.1    Backhaus, T.2    Boedeker, W.3    Faust, M.4    Scholze, M.5    Grimme, L.H.6
  • 2
    • 0142088796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixture toxicity and its modeling by quantitative structure-activity relationships
    • Altenburger, R., M. Nendza, and G. Schuurmann. 2003. Mixture toxicity and its modeling by quantitative structure-activity relationships. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:1900-1915.
    • (2003) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.22 , pp. 1900-1915
    • Altenburger, R.1    Nendza, M.2    Schuurmann, G.3
  • 3
    • 0035985221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased toxicity to invertebrates associated with a mixture of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides
    • Anderson, T. D., and M. J. Lydy. 2002. Increased toxicity to invertebrates associated with a mixture of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:1507-1514.
    • (2002) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.21 , pp. 1507-1514
    • Anderson, T.D.1    Lydy, M.J.2
  • 4
    • 0008202713 scopus 로고
    • 3-(3-Dihalo-2-propenyl) analogues of allethrin and related pyrethroids: Synthesis, biological activity, and photostability
    • Ando, T., L. O. Ruzo, J. L. Engel, and J. Casida. 1983. 3-(3-Dihalo-2-propenyl) analogues of allethrin and related pyrethroids: synthesis, biological activity, and photostability. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 31:250-253.
    • (1983) Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry , vol.31 , pp. 250-253
    • Ando, T.1    Ruzo, L.O.2    Engel, J.L.3    Casida, J.4
  • 6
    • 0029928991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of procedures for identifying pesticide toxicity in ambient waters: Carbofuran, diazinon, chlorpyrifos
    • Bailey, H., C. DiGiorgio, K. Kroll, J. Miller, D. Hinton, and G. Starrett. 1996. Development of procedures for identifying pesticide toxicity in ambient waters: carbofuran, diazinon, chlorpyrifos. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:837-845.
    • (1996) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.15 , pp. 837-845
    • Bailey, H.1    DiGiorgio, C.2    Kroll, K.3    Miller, J.4    Hinton, D.5    Starrett, G.6
  • 10
    • 0001155307 scopus 로고
    • Carbamate insecticides
    • W. J. Hayes and E. R. Laws, editors. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • Baron, R. L. 1991. Carbamate insecticides. Pages 1125-1190 in W. J. Hayes and E. R. Laws, editors. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (1991) Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology , pp. 1125-1190
    • Baron, R.L.1
  • 11
    • 0029415568 scopus 로고
    • Effect of algal food concentration on toxicity of two agricultural pesticides to Daphnia carinata
    • Barry, M. J., D. C. Logan, J. T. Ahokas, and D. A. Holdway. 1995. Effect of algal food concentration on toxicity of two agricultural pesticides to Daphnia carinata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 32:273-279.
    • (1995) Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , vol.32 , pp. 273-279
    • Barry, M.J.1    Logan, D.C.2    Ahokas, J.T.3    Holdway, D.A.4
  • 12
    • 0033637061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of atrazine on organophosphate insecticide toxicity
    • Belden, J. B., and M. J. Lydy. 2000. Impact of atrazine on organophosphate insecticide toxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19:2266-2274.
    • (2000) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.19 , pp. 2266-2274
    • Belden, J.B.1    Lydy, M.J.2
  • 13
    • 0025921538 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of humic-pesticide interactions on the acute toxicity of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
    • Benson, W. H., and S. F. Long. 1991. Evaluation of humic-pesticide interactions on the acute toxicity of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Ecotoxicoly and Environmental Safety 21:301-307.
    • (1991) Ecotoxicoly and Environmental Safety , vol.21 , pp. 301-307
    • Benson, W.H.1    Long, S.F.2
  • 14
    • 0022398019 scopus 로고
    • The expected effect of a combination of agents: The general solution
    • Berenbaum, M. 1985. The expected effect of a combination of agents: the general solution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 114:413-431.
    • (1985) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.114 , pp. 413-431
    • Berenbaum, M.1
  • 15
    • 84946384873 scopus 로고
    • The toxicity of poisons applied jointly
    • Bliss, C. 1939. The toxicity of poisons applied jointly. Annuals of Applied Biology 26:585-615.
    • (1939) Annuals of Applied Biology , vol.26 , pp. 585-615
    • Bliss, C.1
  • 16
    • 0025397971 scopus 로고
    • Determining chemical toxicity to aquatic species: The use of QSARS and surrogate organisms
    • Blum, D. J. W., and R. E. Speece. 1990. Determining chemical toxicity to aquatic species: the use of QSARS and surrogate organisms. Environmental Science and Technology 24:284-293.
    • (1990) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.24 , pp. 284-293
    • Blum, D.J.W.1    Speece, R.E.2
  • 17
    • 0142089677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of data and conceptual approaches for derivation of quantitative structure-activity relationships for ecotoxicological effects of organic chemicals
    • Bradbury, S. P., C. L. Russom, G. T. Ankley, T. W. Schultz, and J. D. Walker. 2003. Overview of data and conceptual approaches for derivation of quantitative structure-activity relationships for ecotoxicological effects of organic chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:1789-1798.
    • (2003) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.22 , pp. 1789-1798
    • Bradbury, S.P.1    Russom, C.L.2    Ankley, G.T.3    Schultz, T.W.4    Walker, J.D.5
  • 18
    • 0022348173 scopus 로고
    • Acute toxicity of organic chemical mixtures to the fathead minnow
    • Broderius, S., and M. Kahl. 1985. Acute toxicity of organic chemical mixtures to the fathead minnow. Aquatic Toxicology 6:307-322.
    • (1985) Aquatic Toxicology , vol.6 , pp. 307-322
    • Broderius, S.1    Kahl, M.2
  • 20
    • 0014853596 scopus 로고
    • Mixed function oxidase involvement in the biochemistry of insecticide synergists
    • Casida, J. 1970. Mixed function oxidase involvement in the biochemistry of insecticide synergists. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 18:753-772.
    • (1970) Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry , vol.18 , pp. 753-772
    • Casida, J.1
  • 21
    • 0142026010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting potential ecological hazard of organic chemicals for use in regulatory risk assessments
    • Comber, M. H., J. D. Walker, C. Watts, and J. Hermens. 2003. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting potential ecological hazard of organic chemicals for use in regulatory risk assessments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:1822-1828.
    • (2003) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.22 , pp. 1822-1828
    • Comber, M.H.1    Walker, J.D.2    Watts, C.3    Hermens, J.4
  • 26
    • 0242502133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pesticide industry sales and usage, 1998 and 1999 market estimates
    • Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Donaldson, D., T. Kiely, and A. Grube. 2002. Pesticide industry sales and usage, 1998 and 1999 market estimates. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (2002)
    • Donaldson, D.1    Kiely, T.2    Grube, A.3
  • 27
    • 0027286256 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of sediments containing atrazine and carbofuran and to larvae of the midge C. tentans
    • Douglas, W. S., A. McIntosh, and J. C. Clausen. 1993. Toxicity of sediments containing atrazine and carbofuran and to larvae of the midge C. tentans. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12:847-853.
    • (1993) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.12 , pp. 847-853
    • Douglas, W.S.1    McIntosh, A.2    Clausen, J.C.3
  • 28
    • 0027423398 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of effects of atrazine on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in fish and insects and of the in vitro phase II atrazine metabolism in some fish, insects, mammals and one plant species
    • Egaas, E., J. U. Skaare, N. O. Svendsen, M. Sandvik, J. G. Falls, W. C. Dauterman, T. K. Collier, and J. Netland. 1993. A comparative study of effects of atrazine on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in fish and insects and of the in vitro phase II atrazine metabolism in some fish, insects, mammals and one plant species. Comparative Biological Physiology C 106:141-149.
    • (1993) Comparative Biological Physiology C , vol.106 , pp. 141-149
    • Egaas, E.1    Skaare, J.U.2    Svendsen, N.O.3    Sandvik, M.4    Falls, J.G.5    Dauterman, W.C.6    Collier, T.K.7    Netland, J.8
  • 29
    • 0003667316 scopus 로고
    • Technical support document for water quality-based toxics control
    • EPA. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
    • EPA. 1991. Technical support document for water quality-based toxics control. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
    • (1991)
  • 30
    • 0003627834 scopus 로고
    • Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations. Phase II: Toxicity identification procedures for samples exhibiting acute and chronic toxicity
    • EPA. EPA/600/R92/081. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
    • EPA. 1993a. Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations. Phase II: Toxicity identification procedures for samples exhibiting acute and chronic toxicity. EPA/600/R92/081. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1993)
  • 31
    • 2342506799 scopus 로고
    • Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations. Phase III: Toxicity identification procedures for acutely and chronically toxic samples
    • EPA. EPA/600/R92/080. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
    • EPA. 1993b. Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations. Phase III: Toxicity identification procedures for acutely and chronically toxic samples. EPA/600/R92/080. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1993)
  • 32
    • 27244446009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of August 3, 1996
    • EPA. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
    • EPA. 1997. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of August 3, 1996 Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1997)
  • 33
    • 27244450072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pesticide registration facts
    • EPA. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA. Available online at USEPA Pesticide Registration
    • EPA. 2000a. Pesticide registration facts. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA. Available online at USEPA Pesticide Registration.
    • (2000)
  • 34
    • 0003958686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stressor identification guidance document
    • EPA. EPA/822/B-00/025. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
    • EPA. 2000b. Stressor identification guidance document. EPA/822/B-00/025. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (2000)
  • 35
    • 0003526589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures
    • EPA. EPA/630/R-00/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. USA
    • EPA. 2000c. Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures. EPA/630/R-00/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. USA.
    • (2000)
  • 36
    • 0003726765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996
    • EPA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA. Available online at: USEPA FOPA
    • EPA. 2003. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA. Available online at: USEPA FOPA.
    • (2003)
  • 37
    • 0037107331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modes of action in ecotoxicology: Their role in body burdens, species sensitivity, QSARs, and mixture effects
    • Escher, B. L, and J. L. Hermens. 2002. Modes of action in ecotoxicology: their role in body burdens, species sensitivity, QSARs, and mixture effects. Environmental Science and Technology 36:4201-4217.
    • (2002) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.36 , pp. 4201-4217
    • Escher, B.L.1    Hermens, J.L.2
  • 39
    • 0027750796 scopus 로고
    • Additive effects of herbicide combinations on aquatic non-target organisms
    • Faust, M., R. Altenburger, W. Boedeker, and L. Grimme. 1993. Additive effects of herbicide combinations on aquatic non-target organisms. Science of the Total Environment (Supplement): 941-952.
    • (1993) Science of the Total Environment , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 941-952
    • Faust, M.1    Altenburger, R.2    Boedeker, W.3    Grimme, L.4
  • 41
    • 0003993010 scopus 로고
    • Insecticide concentrations and invertebrate bioassay mortality in agricultural return water from the San Joaquin Basin
    • California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region, Sacramento, California, USA
    • Foe, C. G. 1995. Insecticide concentrations and invertebrate bioassay mortality in agricultural return water from the San Joaquin Basin. California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region, Sacramento, California, USA.
    • (1995)
    • Foe, C.G.1
  • 42
    • 0004086930 scopus 로고
    • Pesticides in surface water from applications on orchards and alfalfa during the winter and spring of 1991-92
    • California Regional. Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region. Sacramento, California, USA
    • Foe, C. G., and R. Sheipline. 1993. Pesticides in surface water from applications on orchards and alfalfa during the winter and spring of 1991-92. California Regional. Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region. Sacramento, California, USA.
    • (1993)
    • Foe, C.G.1    Sheipline, R.2
  • 43
    • 0000981390 scopus 로고
    • Organic phosphorus pesticides
    • W. J. Hayes and E. R. Laws, editors. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • Gallo, M. A., and N. J. Lawryk. 1991. Organic phosphorus pesticides. Pages 917-1123 in W. J. Hayes and E. R. Laws, editors. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (1991) Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology , pp. 917-1123
    • Gallo, M.A.1    Lawryk, N.J.2
  • 44
    • 0142126799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the probabilistic ecological risk assessment-toxic equivalent combination approach for evaluating pesticide mixture toxicity to zooplankton in outdoor microcosms
    • George, T. K., K. Liber, K. R. Solomon, and P. K. Sibley. 2003. Assessment of the probabilistic ecological risk assessment-toxic equivalent combination approach for evaluating pesticide mixture toxicity to zooplankton in outdoor microcosms. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45:453-461.
    • (2003) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.45 , pp. 453-461
    • George, T.K.1    Liber, K.2    Solomon, K.R.3    Sibley, P.K.4
  • 46
    • 0035129511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QSAR approach for the selection of congeneric compounds with a similar toxicological mode of action
    • Gramatica, P., M. Vighi, F. Consolaro, R. Todeschini, A. Finizio, and M. Faust. 2001. QSAR approach for the selection of congeneric compounds with a similar toxicological mode of action. Chemosphere 42:873-883.
    • (2001) Chemosphere , vol.42 , pp. 873-883
    • Gramatica, P.1    Vighi, M.2    Consolaro, F.3    Todeschini, R.4    Finizio, A.5    Faust, M.6
  • 47
    • 0003606448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental setting of the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California
    • Water Resources Investigation Report 97-4205. U.S. Geological Society, Sacramento, California, USA
    • Gronberg, J. M., N. M. Dubrovsky, C. R. Kratzer, J. L. Domagalski, L. R. Brown, and K. R. Burow. 1998. Environmental setting of the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California. Water Resources Investigation Report 97-4205. U.S. Geological Society, Sacramento, California, USA.
    • (1998)
    • Gronberg, J.M.1    Dubrovsky, N.M.2    Kratzer, C.R.3    Domagalski, J.L.4    Brown, L.R.5    Burow, K.R.6
  • 48
    • 0029080388 scopus 로고
    • The expanding role of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) in toxicology
    • Hansch, C., D. Hoekman, A. Leo, L. Zhang, and P. Li. 1995. The expanding role of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) in toxicology. Toxicology Letters 79:45-53.
    • (1995) Toxicology Letters , vol.79 , pp. 45-53
    • Hansch, C.1    Hoekman, D.2    Leo, A.3    Zhang, L.4    Li, P.5
  • 49
    • 0038274167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna. I. An enteractive mechanisms
    • Herbrandson, C., S. P. Bradbury, and D. L. Swackhamer. 2003a. Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna. II. An enteractive mechanisms. Aquatic Toxicology 63:333-342.
    • (2003) Aquatic Toxicology , vol.63 , pp. 333-342
    • Herbrandson, C.1    Bradbury, S.P.2    Swackhamer, D.L.3
  • 50
    • 0037598882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna. II. An evaluation of potential interactive mechanisms
    • Herbrandson, C., S. P. Bradbury, and D. L. Swackhamer. 2003b. Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna. II. An evaluation of potential interactive mechanisms. Aquatic Toxicology 63:343-355.
    • (2003) Aquatic Toxicology , vol.63 , pp. 343-355
    • Herbrandson, C.1    Bradbury, S.P.2    Swackhamer, D.L.3
  • 51
    • 0029040498 scopus 로고
    • Concentrations, transport and biological effects of dormant spray pesticides in the San Francisco Estuary, California
    • Staff report. California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region, Sacramento, California, USA
    • Kuivila, K., and C. G. Foe. 1995. Concentrations, transport and biological effects of dormant spray pesticides in the San Francisco Estuary, California. Staff report. California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region, Sacramento, California, USA.
    • (1995)
    • Kuivila, K.1    Foe, C.G.2
  • 53
    • 12944320857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of pesticide mixtures from the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta using Chironomus tentans
    • in press
    • Lydy, M. J., and K. R. Austin. 2004. Assessment of pesticide mixtures from the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta using Chironomus tentans. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46, in press.
    • (2004) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.46
    • Lydy, M.J.1    Austin, K.R.2
  • 54
    • 0141456413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the impact of triazine herbicides on organophosphate insecticide toxicity to the earthworm Eisenia fetida
    • Lydy, M. J., and S. L. Linck. 2004. Assessing the impact of triazine herbicides on organophosphate insecticide toxicity to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45:343-349.
    • (2004) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.45 , pp. 343-349
    • Lydy, M.J.1    Linck, S.L.2
  • 55
    • 0025314901 scopus 로고
    • Influence of pH, temperature and sediment type on the toxicity, accumulation, and degradation of parathion in aquatic systems
    • Lydy, M. J., T. W. Lohner, and S. W. Fisher. 1990. Influence of pH, temperature and sediment type on the toxicity, accumulation, and degradation of parathion in aquatic systems. Aquatic Toxicology 17:27-44.
    • (1990) Aquatic Toxicology , vol.17 , pp. 27-44
    • Lydy, M.J.1    Lohner, T.W.2    Fisher, S.W.3
  • 56
    • 27244445712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of temperature on the toxicity of three insecticides against the fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae)
    • Mahboob, S. M., A. J. Howlader, and R. M. Shahjahan. 1999. Effect of temperature on the toxicity of three insecticides against the fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 27:185-189.
    • (1999) Bangladesh Journal of Zoology , vol.27 , pp. 185-189
    • Mahboob, S.M.1    Howlader, A.J.2    Shahjahan, R.M.3
  • 58
    • 0033966836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atrazine induction of P-450 in Chironomus tentans larvae
    • Miota, F., B. D. Siegfried, M. E. Scharf, and M. J. Lydy. 2000. Atrazine induction of P-450 in Chironomus tentans larvae. Chemosphere 40:285-291.
    • (2000) Chemosphere , vol.40 , pp. 285-291
    • Miota, F.1    Siegfried, B.D.2    Scharf, M.E.3    Lydy, M.J.4
  • 60
    • 0035657772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the effect of new and established insecticides on nontarget invertebrates of winter wheat fields
    • Moreby, S. J., S. Southway, A. Barker, and J. M. Holland. 2001. A comparison of the effect of new and established insecticides on nontarget invertebrates of winter wheat fields. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:2243-2254.
    • (2001) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.20 , pp. 2243-2254
    • Moreby, S.J.1    Southway, S.2    Barker, A.3    Holland, J.M.4
  • 61
    • 0034285053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature dependence of pyrethroid modification of single sodium channels in rat hippocampal neurons
    • Motomura, H., and T. Narahashi. 2000. Temperature dependence of pyrethroid modification of single sodium channels in rat hippocampal neurons. Journal of Membrane Biology 177:23-39.
    • (2000) Journal of Membrane Biology , vol.177 , pp. 23-39
    • Motomura, H.1    Narahashi, T.2
  • 62
    • 0026078787 scopus 로고
    • QSAR modelling of the ERL-D fathead minnow acute toxicity database
    • Nendza, M., and C. L. Russom. 1991. QSAR modelling of the ERL-D fathead minnow acute toxicity database. Xenobiotica 21:147-170.
    • (1991) Xenobiotica , vol.21 , pp. 147-170
    • Nendza, M.1    Russom, C.L.2
  • 63
    • 0029455906 scopus 로고
    • Classification of contaminants by mode of action based on in vitro assays
    • Nendza, M., A. Wenzel, and G. Wienen. 1995. Classification of contaminants by mode of action based on in vitro assays. SAR QSAR Environmental Research 4:39-50.
    • (1995) SAR QSAR Environmental Research , vol.4 , pp. 39-50
    • Nendza, M.1    Wenzel, A.2    Wienen, G.3
  • 64
    • 0025739790 scopus 로고
    • Application of toxicity identification evaluation procedures to the ambient waters of the Colusa basin drain, California
    • Norberg-King, T. J., E. J. Durhan, G. T. Ankley, and E. Robert. 1991. Application of toxicity identification evaluation procedures to the ambient waters of the Colusa basin drain, California. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10:891-900.
    • (1991) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.10 , pp. 891-900
    • Norberg-King, T.J.1    Durhan, E.J.2    Ankley, G.T.3    Robert, E.4
  • 65
    • 0003791011 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity identification evaluation: Characterization of chronically toxic effluents, phase I
    • EPA/600/6-91/005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C., USA
    • Norberg-King, T., D. Mount, J. Amato, D. Jensen, and J. Thompson. 1992. Toxicity identification evaluation: characterization of chronically toxic effluents, phase I. EPA/600/6-91/005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1992)
    • Norberg-King, T.1    Mount, D.2    Amato, J.3    Jensen, D.4    Thompson, J.5
  • 66
    • 0030874507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic toxicity of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides contravenes the response addition mixture model
    • Pape-Lindstrom, P. A., and M. J. Lydy. 1997. Synergistic toxicity of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides contravenes the response addition mixture model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:2415-2420.
    • (1997) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.16 , pp. 2415-2420
    • Pape-Lindstrom, P.A.1    Lydy, M.J.2
  • 68
    • 0034765781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural products as insecticides: The biology, biochemistry and quantitative structure-activity relationships of spinosyns and spinosoids
    • Sparks, T. C., G. D. Crouse, and G. Durst. 2001. Natural products as insecticides: the biology, biochemistry and quantitative structure-activity relationships of spinosyns and spinosoids. Pest Management Science 57:896-905.
    • (2001) Pest Management Science , vol.57 , pp. 896-905
    • Sparks, T.C.1    Crouse, G.D.2    Durst, G.3
  • 69
    • 27244449714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Water Resources Control Board. Available online at www.swrcb.ca.gov
    • State Water Resources Control Board. 2000. 2000 California 305(b) report on water quality. Available online at www.swrcb.ca.gov.
    • (2000) 2000 California 305(b) Report on Water Quality
  • 70
    • 0003840303 scopus 로고
    • Guidance for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses
    • Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
    • Stephan, D. E., D. I. Mount, D. J. Hansen, J. H. Gentile, G. A. Chapman, and W. A. Brungs. 1985. Guidance for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1985)
    • Stephan, D.E.1    Mount, D.I.2    Hansen, D.J.3    Gentile, J.H.4    Chapman, G.A.5    Brungs, W.A.6
  • 72
    • 2442431406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Washington, D.C., USA
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2003. Agricultural chemical usage. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (2003) Agricultural Chemical Usage
  • 73
    • 0003705604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pesticides in surface and ground water of the United States: Summary of the results of the National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA)
    • U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., USA
    • U.S. Geological Survey. 1998. Pesticides in surface and ground water of the United States: summary of the results of the National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1998)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.