Disarmament in Mozambique

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 191-205

  Vines, Alex ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 26444474714     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057079808708572     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. M. Klare, 'The Global Trade in Light Weapons and the International System in the Post-Cold War Era', in J. Boutwell, M. Klare and L. Reed (eds), Lethal Commerce: the global trade in small arms and light weapons (American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, 1995), pp. 31-13.
2. M. Berdal, 'Disarmament and Demobilisation after Civil Wars. Arms, soldiers and the termination of armed conflicts', Adelphi Paper, 303 (August, 1996).
3. S. Hill, 'Disarmament in Mozambique: Learning the Lessons of Experience', Contemporary Security Policy, 17, 1 (1996), pp. 127-145.
4. A. Vines, 'Angola and Mozambique. The Aftermath of Conflict', Conflict Studies, 280 (Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, May/June 1995).
5. In early 1992, Russia provided a Swiss funded project with details of weapons shipped to Mozambique as part of the planning process for demobilization, but these details have remained confidential.
6. A. Vines, Renamo. From Terrorism to Democracy in Mozambique? (James Currey, Oxford, 1996).
7. 'General Peace Accord for Mozambique', reproduced in United Nations Department of Public Information, The United Nations and Mozambique 1992-1995 (United Nations Department of Public Information, New York, 1995), p. 116.
8. Interview, Maputo, March 1995.
9. Interview, Maputo, April 1995.
10. E. Breman, Managing Anns in Peace Processes: Mozambique (UNIDIR, Geneva, 1996), p. 73.
11. UN Cease-Fire Commission, 'Report of CCF Chairman to CSC Meeting on 18 July, 1994', CSC/MIN/033, annex 1.
12. M. Hamlyn, 'Poll raises Mozambican fears', The Times, London, 21 October 1994.
13. UN Supervision and Control Commission, 'Minutes of CSC meeting of September 19, 1994', CSC/MIN/042.
14. South African Press Association (SAPA), 24 July 1996.
15. See Human Rights Watch, 'Mozambique', Human Rights Watch World Report 1995 (Human Rights Watch, New York, 1994), p. 32.
16. Interview, Paris, February 1995.
17. R. Synge, Mozambique. UN Peacekeeping in Action (US Institute of Peace Press, Washington, 1997), p. 110.
18. B. Phillips 'Renamo's "phantoms" of the bush worry UN', The Daily Telegraph, London, 18 November 1994.
19. Interview, Xai Xai, September 1994.
20. Interview, Xai Xai, September 1994.
21. See J. Wurst, 'Mozambique Disarms', The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 50, 5 (1994), pp. 36-39.
22. R. Synge, Mozambique. UN Peacekeeping in Action, p. 111.
23. M. Fried, 'The Gun', Cosmopolitan, Johannesburg, November 1994.
24. J.-P. Borges Coelho and A. Vines, Pilot Study on Demobilization and Re-integration of Ex-combatants in Mozambique (Refugee Studies Programme, Oxford, 1995).
25. J.-P. Borges Coelho, The Re-integration of Ex-combatants in Maputo (Refugee Studies Programme, Oxford, 1997).
26. C. Dolan and J. Schafer, The Re-integration of Ex-combatants in Mozambique. Manica and Zambezia Provinces (Refugee Studies Programme, Oxford, 1997).
27. According to Maputo's official police statistics, there were 19,630 crimes committed between July 1993 and March 1994, 22,602 between July 1994 and March 1995, and 24,300 between July 1995 and March 1996.
28. A total of 1,070 arms came from Sofala Province, followed by Zambezia Province with 1,047.
29. S. Daley, 'In Mozambique, Guns for Ploughs and Bicycles', The New York Times, New York, 2 March 1997.
30. Noticias, Maputo, 15 September 1997.
31. Radio Mozambique, Maputo, in Portuguese 1730 gmt, 3 October 1997.
32. C. Bishop, 'Arms for Africa. Deadly trade poses threat to stability'. The Sunday Times, Johannesburg, 27 August 1995.
33. The working group fell short of an earlier demand by Renamo for a tripartite commission involving the South African and Mozambican police forces and former Renamo military officers. The issue subsequently became politically contentious, with Renamo wanting a higher profile for itself on a commission and the government arguing for a lower key working group which it could control.
34. Interview, Lionel van Dyke, Harare, April 1996.
35. Interview, Bernie Auditorie, director of SCS, Maputo, 27 February 1997. See also SCS, 'Company Profile', no date.
36. Interview, Manjacaze, 7 April 1997.
37. This unit was subsequently deployed on other routes, such as the Maputo-Beira road and the Ponta do Ouro-Maputo roads.
38. Interview, Maputo, March 1995.
39. SAPA news agency, 24 July 1996.
40. Interview, Maputo, March 1995.
41. Interview, Maputo, March 1995.
42. At least seven companies were involved, namely Delta, Proteg, Alfa, Sosep, Securitas, Tivonele and Bassopa.
43. M. Massingue, 'Mozambique. Riding on a Crime Wave', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly, Harare, November 1996.
44. In other areas, however, serious problems continued. Armed robberies in the last quarter of 1995 increased by 30 per cent along Zimbabwe's eastern border with Mozambique. Zimbabwean police source, Harare, April 1996. While Zimbabweans blame Mozambicans, the Mozambican authorities complained of increasing numbers of Zimbabwean-based criminals who entered Mozambique.
45. The police recorded 2,370 crimes against property in 1996, of which 658 were robbery (135 of these armed), a slight reduction from 1995. Noticias, Maputo, 4 March 1997.
46. Interview with Jakkie Potgieter, senior researcher, Institute for Security Studies, Eskom Conference Centre, Midrand, 3 July 1997.
47. Mozambican army chief of staff Lieutenant-General Lagos Lidimo has rejected these allegations as the fabrications of former officers of the South African apartheid army bent on disturbing the good relationships among southern African states. SouthScan, 12, 25 (4 July 1997).
48. In 1991, even a small Protestant church's 'Arms into Ploughshares' project in Malawi, sponsored partly by the British High Commission in Lilongwe, to deal with the increasing number of guns coming into Malawi from Mozambique had to be stopped because the Mozambique government found that its troops in garrisons like Malanje were selling their weapons. Interview with Dennis Osborne, ex-British High Commissioner, Lilongwe, December 1991.
49. Noticias, Maputo, 26 May 1995.
50. Interview, Boaventura Zita, CCM, Maputo, 4 March 1997.
51. ELO Ecumenico, 32 (August 1996).
52. Daley, 'In Mozambique, Guns for Ploughshares and Bicycles'.
53. A. Vines and J.-P. Borges Coelho, 'Trinta Anos de Guerras e Minas em Moçambique', in Arquivo (ed.), Moçambique: Desminagem e Desenvolvimento (Maputo, Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique, 1995) pp. 11-49. Both government and Renamo forces have laid a limited number of mines since the peace accord, in some cases simply to wage local vendettas. Bandit groups, criminals and poachers have also used mines.
54. See Human Rights Watch Arms Project, Still Killing: Landmines in Southern Africa (Human Rights Watch, New York, 1997), pp. 62-99.
55. SAPA news agency, 10 June 1997.
56. The total captured was 685 AK-47 rifles, 154 sub-machine guns, 255 rifles, 47 mortar tubes, 29 RPG-7s, 2 anti-aircraft heavy machine guns, 170 mortar bombs, 84 anti-personnel mines, 5 pistols and 23,415 rounds of ammunition.
57. M. Naude, 'Control of illegal weapons across borders: practical examples', paper presented at First International Conference on Comparative Regional Security, Institute for Security Studies, 1-3 July 1997; SAPA news agency, 10 June 1997.
58. News Media Statement by the Divisional Commissioners National Detective Service and the Crime Prevention and Response Division, 'Joint Operation: South Africa Police Service and Police of the Republic of Mozambique (PRM): Arms Caches in Mozambique (Operation Rachel III)', Pretoria, 11 August 1997. Other weapons found and destroyed included 336 hand-grenades, 153 detonators, 3,726 mortar bombs, 79 rocket and mortar launchers/tubes, 2,340 projectiles (including 158 RPG-7 projectiles), 13 cannons, and 3,674 magazines of ammunition.
59. Domingo, Maputo, 11 February 1996.
60. See J. de Cock, 'A Sociological Account of Light Weapons Proliferation in Southern Africa', in J. Singh (ed.), Light Weapons and International Security (Delhi, Indian Pugwash Society and BASIC, 1995).
61. G. Oosthuysen, Small Arms Proliferation and Control in Southern Africa (South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, 1996), p. 10.
62. D. Besdziek, 'Into the Breech: Reversing the Proliferation of Firearms in South Africa', African Security Review, 5, 6 (1996).
63. The Star and SA Times International, London, 12 March 1997.
64. The Sowetan, Soweto, 20 June 1996.
65. J. de Cock, 'A Sociological Account of Light Weapons Proliferation in Southern Africa', p. 110.
66. Interview, Johannesburg, 7 March 1997.
67. Oosthuysen, Small Arms Proliferation and Control in Southern Africa, p. 14.
68. An example of this was a huge weapons cache found by police in the Kruger National Park on 16 July 1997. The cache was about five kilometres from the park's border with Mozambique. It contained 105 AK-47 assault rifles, 1,700 rounds of Tokarev 7.62 mm ammunition and two RPG-7 projectiles. The weaponry, all of Russian origin, apparently emanated from Mozambique. SAPA news agency, 16 July 1997.
69. Hill, 'Disarmament in Mozambique: Learning the Lessons of Experience', pp. 127-145.
70. C. Smith, 'Light Weapons and International Trade', in UNIDIR (ed.), Small Arms Management and Peacekeeping in Southern Africa (UNIDIR, Geneva, 1996), p. 55.